Post on 28-Jun-2020
ELTR 1223 Survey of Renewable
Energy Technology
Unit 5 Wind Energy Technology
Source:
REEC 120 Sustainability and Renewable Energy
Use Policy This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community
College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No.
0802786.
Additional changes were incorporated for REED 120 with funding from the Trade
Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training (TAACCCT)
SGA/DFA PY 10-03
All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only.
They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes.
Source:
Author, Editors/Reviewers
Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee
Community College
Editors/Modifier: Chris Miller Heartland
Community College
Source:
Objectives
Students will be able to describe, in very simple
terms, at least three different styles of “prime
mover” used to convert linear air movement
(wind) into rotational shaft movement.
Students will be able to briefly describe, in very
simple terms, at least two of the basic criteria for
properly siting a modern wind turbine.
Source:
Objectives
Students will be able to describe, in very simple
terms, how change in wind speed affects the
output of a modern wind-driven generator.
Students will be able to describe, in very simple
terms, three different size-groups of modern
wind turbines and their typical applications.
Source:
Objectives
Students will be able to describe, in very simple
terms, at least three advantages and three
disadvantages, to a local community, relative to
the local construction of a commercial wind
farm.
Source:
One of the Earliest Applications of Wind
Power
Source: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energyexplained/images/WINDENERGY1.gif
Wind Energy History
5000 BC – Wind-driven sail boats were moving
on the Nile River
200 BC – Wind-powered pumps were moving
water in China;
and, sail-wing windmills (with woven-reed sails)
were used in Persia and the Middle East
What is a mill?
Mill (noun):
a. A building equipped with machinery for grinding
grain into flour or meal.
b. A device or mechanism that grinds grain.
Mill (verb):
a. To grind, pulverize, or break down into smaller
particles.
Driving a Mill
Horse-Powered vs. Wind-Powered
Source: http://www.tvnet.lv/men/images/upload/04.jpg
The Term “Mill” Stuck…
Wind “Mill” pumps have been used for centuries
in the Netherlands.
Windmills to Drive Generators
Charles Bruch – GE, Cleveland, OH
Brush Windmill – 1888
50’ diameter
144 cedar blades
12KW generator
Battery charger
Source:
http://ecoinventos.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/220237i1.jpg
Source:
http://centros5.pntic.mec.es
/ies.victoria.kent/Rincon-
C/Curiosid/rc-
74/image006.jpg
How to Divert Wind Energy
Vertical Axis Machines
Simplest
Least efficient
Horizontal Axis Machines
Requires “yaw” control – face the wind
Can be “upwind” or “downwind”
Drag-type blades – applies to both V and H
Lift-type airfoils – applies to both V and H
Drag vs. Lift
Linear wind
PUSHES
against angled
surface and
resulting force
vectors create
torque.
Drag vs. Lift
Lift-type airfoils use the Bournelli Effect.
Single-sided vs. true airfoil
Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-0226-01/liftmovi.gif
Machine Types – VA va HA
Source: http://www.redriven.net/skin1/images/wtconfig.gif
Vertical vs. Horizontal Axis
Vertical axis machines do not care
which direction the wind is from.
Simple, but inefficient.
Unless shrouded, they fight
themselves.
Vertical vs. Horizontal Axis
Vertical requires yaw
control and often a
mechanical power
transmission.
More complex.
More efficient.
Source: http://www.acsaeolica.com/img/productos_torre06.jpg
Savonius – Vertical Axis, Drag
Source: http://www.reuk.co.uk/Savonius-Wind-Turbines.htm
Darius – Vertical Axis, Lift
Source: http://www.reuk.co.uk/OtherImages/darrieus-rotor.jpg
Midwest Windpumper -- Drag
Modern Windgennie -- Lift
Source: http://i.treehugger.com/files/airx.jpg
Upwind vs Downwind
Source:
http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-
0226-01/sotovento.jpg
Source: http://hensonelectric.com/Excel.Color.jpg
2-Blade vs. 3-Blade (vs. 1Blade?)
Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_PpVQS40h-
MA/R5j4vqOuD9I/AAAAAAAAAKA/F3sOpAGsZdc/s320/aerogerador%
2Bmoinho%2Bvento.jpg
Wind-Driven Electrical Generators
PM Field DC Generators Smaller machines
Battery charging and inversion
PM Field AC Alternators “Wild” AC
Rectified for battery charging and inversion
Synchronous Alternators Larger machines
Often 3-phase
Grid-tied, only
Modern Wind Generators
Horizontal axis
3-bladed
True airfoil
Loss-of-load protection
Modern electronics
High Wind protection
Yaw control
Pitch control
Modern Wind Generators
Source: http://www.testek.com/images/diagram.gif
High-Wind Yaw Control
High winds mechanically
force the face of the turbine
away from the direct force of
the wind.
Some machines rotate face
sideways.
Some machines tilt face back
toward the sky.
Pitch Control – relies on “Stall”
PLC Control
maintains constant
rpm needed for AC
grid-tie machines.
Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-0226-01/stallmov.gif
Source: http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-
0226-01/pitchmo.gif
Wind Siting – Wind Speed is CRITICAL
Power is proportional to the cube of the wind
speed…(wind speed)3 !
Wind Turbine
Siting – Wind
Speed
Estimates
Source: http://www.seps.sk/zp/fond/2002/vietor/enq2.jpg
Wind Turbine Siting – Wind Rose
Wide wedges gives the relative frequency of each of the 12 wind directions.
2nd wedge tells how much each sector contributes to the average wind speed.
Red wedge how much each sector contributes to the energy content of the wind.
Source: www.windpower.org
Wind Turbine Siting – Terrain Effects
Laminar flow vs turbulent flow
Roughness and obstacles
Laminar flow (straight-line) winds are available aloft.
Rule of Thumb:
Bottom of turbine’s swept area should be 30’ to 50’
above anything within a 300’ horizontal radius.
Power-cubed – wind-speed relationship…taller tower
is cheaper than heavier machine with heavier tower.
Speed up effect
Hill effect
Speed up effects
Tunnel effect
Sizes and Applications
Small wind – residential
10KW and less
Small wind – commercial
100KW and less
Large wind – commercial wind farms, industrial
applications
Small wind issues
Suitable wind resource
Sufficient property/space
Allowed by zoning
Accepted by neighbors
Technical ability of the owner to maintain the
machine
Tower types – monopole, lattice, guyed, tilt-up
Tower types
Source:
http://www.northerntool.com/images/product/images/339987_m
ed.gif
Commercial wind siting
Same as small wind, plus…
Sufficient participating land owners
Proper zoning ordinance
Special Use Permit Application
County Planning Commission
County Zoning Board of Appeals
County Board
Special Use Permit Granted
Building Permit Application and Approval
Commercial Wind issues
Shadow Flicker
Blade Glimmer
Amplitude Modulation Noise
Infrasound
Disturbance of the natural vista
Vibro-Acoustic Disease/Wind Turbine Syndrome
TV and Communications Interference
Future? Maglev Wind Turbine
Source: http://www.technogeek.ro/images/turbina_maglev.jpg