Post on 18-Dec-2021
#4 Parts of Speech
ELA
EXCEED STANDARDS
CRCT
Nouns: Beyond the Basics
Appositive Proper Abstract
Concrete Plural Collective
Possessive Predicate
Noun Gerund
NOUNS: COMMON & PROPER • Names one person, place, thing or
idea • i.e. shoe, fish, bubble, head, girl,
trash.
• I threw my shoe in the trash.
SINGULAR
• A general name for a person, place, thing, or idea • girl, hand, face, school, car, hospital
Common
Nouns
• Names a specific person, place, thing or idea
• i.e. Michael Jackson was a fabulous dancer.
• Campbell Middle School is where I go to school.
Proper
Nouns
NOUNS : ABSTRACT & CONCRETE
Abstract Nouns are “ideas” such as freedom, peace, devastation or unity. They are also “emotions” such as pain, pleasure, joy, happiness, or anger.
Concrete Nouns person, place or things such as desk, shoe, aunt, school, ball, kids, or basketball practice
NOUNS: PLURAL & COLLECTIVE
Collective Nouns
Refers to a group of collection of things but is
singular
•class
•team
•group
•collection
Plural Nouns
Names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Often formed by adding an –s or –es.
• Boys
• churches
• children
• women
• men
NOUNS: POSSESSIVE •Shows ownership or relationship.
•Use an apostrophe to show possession.
•Example: The man’s car broke down.
• Add an apostrophe and -s
• Example: I ate the dog’s bone. SINGULAR
• Add an apostrophe. Example. The dogs’ race was long.
• EXCEPTION – Proper Names. Ex. Mrs. Jenkins’s desk.
PLURAL
ENDING IN -S
• Add an apostrophe and –s
• Example: The children’s book was good.
PLURAL NOT
ENDING IN -S
PREDICATE NOUN Also called a Predicate Nominative, it is a noun that
renames and defines the subject . It always comes
after a linking verb predicate.
1. The circus is a special place. circus = place
2. Mrs. Jenkins is a teacher.
Mrs. Jenkins = teacher.
Note: if a word is in the prepositional phrase and an O.P. it cannot be a PN!
*Predicate Pronoun * A pronouns that renames and defines the subject and
follows linking verb predicate.
It was him who ran into your
car.
Note: if a word is in the prepositional phrase and an O.P. it cannot be a PPN!
GERUND a special kind of noun
•Is a noun that looks like a verb because it
always ends with –ing or -ed. Can be direct object,
subject, predicate nominative, appositive or indirect
object
•Examples
•Eating solid food is hard for babies.
•His favorite sport is running.
APPOSITIVE a special kind of noun
•is a noun that identifies or explains the noun or
pronoun it follows. May use commas to set off an
appositive or appositive phrase
•Examples
•My brother Kevin arrived late.
•My dog, Fido, won a medal.
INFINITIVE *Is the base from of the verb preceded
by the word “to”.
*An infinitive may be used as a noun, adverb or adjective.
Examples:
*NOUN - To know him is to like him.
*ADVERB - She came here to study.
*ADJECTIVE - That is the movie to see.
*ACTION VERBS *A verb is a word used to express an action, a condition or state of being. The two main kinds of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs. Both kids can be accompanied by helping verbs.
*Action Verbs….tells what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. The action may be physical or mental.
*The cook picked up the fish.
*I believe the fish spit at me.
*Linking Verbs A linking verb links the subject of a sentence to a word in the predicate. The
most common linking verbs are forms of the verb “be”
Forms of Be
• be
• is
• am
• are
• was
• were
• been
• being
Express a Condition
• appear
• become
• feel
• grow
• look
• seem
• smell
• sound
• remain
• taste
State of being verbs
• has
• was
• is
• have
• were
*HELPING VERB *Helping verbs help the main verb express action or show time.
Forms of
be
• is
• am
• was
• are
• were
• be
• been
Forms of
do
• do
• does
• did
Forms of have
• has
• have
• had
Others
• may
• might
• can
• should
• could
• would
• shall
• will
*VERB PHRASE &
MAIN VERB
A main verb can stand by itself as the
simple predicate of a sentence.
The verb phrase is made up the main
verb and any helping verbs. Together,
these words are called the verb phrase.
*Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verb is an action verb that has a direct object
*Good drivers avoid accidents.
Intransitive Verb is an action verb that
does not have a direct object. *
* They stay alert.
*PRINCIPAL PARTS of a
VERB 4 Principal Parts - present, present participle, past, past participle
Used to indicate time of action
Present Present
Participle
Past Past
Participle
May add a
"S"
Helping verb
+ "ing" to the
present part
Add -ed or
-d to the
present part
Helping verb +
past part
*THE SIX VERB TENSES
Present Tense add -s to the present part
Past Tense past participle
Future Tense (Will) + present part
Present Progressive (am/are) + present participle (ing)
Past Progressive (was/were) + present participle
Future Progressive (will be) + present participle
Present
Part
Present
Participle
Past
Part
Past Participle
Part Helping verb + ing -ed or -d Helping verb + past
form
*VERB TENSES A tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or
condition. Verbs have six simple tenses.
TENSE Singular
Present principal part of the verb
Past Past principal participle
Future “Will” + the present principal part Present Progressive (am/are) + present participle(ing)
Past Progressive (was/were) + present participle
Future Progressive (will be) + present participle
*THE PERFECT TENSES
Present Perfect Tense
(Have/has + past participle
Past Perfect Tense
(Had) + past participle
Future Perfect Tense
(Will have) + past participle
Present perfect tense shows an action or condition that began in the past and
continues into the present. Past perfect tense shows an action or condition in the
past that came before another action. Future perfect tense shows an action or
condition in the future that will occur before another action.
*PRINCIPAL PART OF
IRREGULAR VERBS Present Past Past Participle
GROUP 1
Forms of the present,
past, and past participle
are all same
hit
hurt
let
Put
Set
split
hit
hurt
Let
Put
Set
split
(have) hit
(have) hurt
(have) let
(have) put
(have) set
(have) split
GROUP 2
The forms of past and
past participle are the
same
Bring
Catch
Lead
sit
Brought
Caught
Let
sat
(have)
brought
(have)
caught
(have) led
(have) sate
*PRINCIPAL PART OF
IRREGULAR VERBS Present Past Past Participle
GROUP3 The past participle is formed
by adding –n or –en to the
past.
Break
Lie
Speak
Steal
wear
Broke
Lay
Spoke
Stole
wore
(have) broken
(have) lain
(have) spoken
(have) stolen
(have) split
GROUP 4 The past participle is formed
from the present, often by
adding –n, -ne, or -en
Do
Drive
Eat
Fall
Go
Know
See
take
Did
Drove
Ate
Fell
Went
Knew
Saw
took
(have) done
(have) driven
(have) eaten
(have) fallen
(have) gone
(have) known
(have) seen
(have) taken
*PRINCIPAL PART OF
IRREGULAR VERBS Present Past Past Participle
GROUP 5
The last vowel changes
from “i” in the present to
“a” in the past and to “u”
in the past participle
Begin
Drink
Ring
swim
Began
Drank
Rang
swam
(have) begun
(have) drunk
(have) rung
(have) swum
GROUP 6
The different forms of the
verb “be” do not follow
any pattern.
Am, is, are Was,
were
(have) been
*Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
*ANTECEDENT
An antecedent is the name of the noun that
the pronoun replaces. It must agree in
gender, number and case.
*My father opened his mail first. He
couldn't wait any longer.
*My mother bought her shoes at the
shopping mall.
*DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUNS
Singular Plural
This
that
these
those
*
OBJECT SUBJECT
whom who
what, whose, which
NOTE: **Don’t confuse who’s with whose.
*
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
*Singular Plural Either
Another, each,
everything, one,
anybody, either,
neither, somebody,
anyone, everybody,
nobody, someone,
anything, everyone, no
one, something
Both
Few
Many
several
All
Any
Most
None
Some
SINGULAR PLURAL
My, mine Our, ours
Your, yours Your, yours
his, hers, her, its
Their, theirs
*
*
A pronoun that renames the subject
and comes after a linking verb.
Examples:
It is him.
The last donut was theirs.
Mr. Stickle has hers.
*ADJECTIVES
Proper Adjective
Predicate Adjective
Participle
Article
Demonstrative Adjectives
*A descriptive adjective…
describes (modifies)a noun or
pronoun
will usually proceed the noun that
it is describing
EXAMPLE:
The big black cat with the white mustache
farted on my dumb little brother.
*Articles are Adjectives
A
An
The
*Predicate Adjective
An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
1.Peanut Butter is sticky.
2.The leaves felt wet after the rain.
3.Peanuts look nasty when boiled.
4.Swimmers should be careful of sharks.
5.The space creature seemed friendly.
Note: if a word is in the prepositional phrase and an O.P. it cannot be a PA!
*Proper Adjective An adjective formed from a Proper Noun.
Proper Adjectives are always capitalized.
China Chinese
food
Mexico Mexican
flag
Georgia Georgia Peach
*
This shoe is pretty.
That kids has worked my last nerve.
Those students are Renaissance Students.
These girls are my favorite students.
This, That These, Those
*Participle The Participle looks like a verb but acts like an adjective as it
describes a noun or pronoun.
The rusted bridge fell into the deep gorge.
Running water is a sound some people find relaxing.
CAUTION:
i.e. Listening to music helps my studies. (In this case, "listening" is a gerund because
it acts like a noun and not an adjective
*DEGREES OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
*DEGREES OF ADVERBS •Use the comparative form when you compare a person or thing with
one other thing.
•Use the superlative form of an adjective or adverb when you compare
someone or something with more than one other person or thing.
One syllables
Add -er
Add -est
Two syllables
Add –er or more
Add –est or more
Three syllables
more
most
Irregular
No pattern
No pattern
• An adverb describes a verb, adjective or another
adverb
• It answers the questions: how, when, where or to
what extent.
• The most commonly used adverbs: Very, really
• Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to
adjectives. i.e. bright – brightly cozy – cozily
ADVERBS
*CONJUNCTIONS A word used to join words or groups of words.
Coordinating
Subordinating
Correlative
*Coordinating Conjunctions
F A N B O Y S
for and nor but or yet so
*Subordinating Conjunction
A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate
clause to a main clause.
An adverb clause is always introduced by a
subordinating conjunction. A noun clause and
adjective clause sometimes are.
A subordinating conjunction is always followed
by a clause. Many subordinating conjunctions can
be other parts of speech.
*SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
TIME CAUSE &
EFFECT
OPPOSITION CONDITION
after because although if
before since though unless
When,
whenever
now that even
though
only if
while as whereas whether or not
since in order
that
while even if
until so than in case (that)
As soon as which
*CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION..
…is a paired conjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses.
both . . . and
either . . . or
just as . . . so
neither . . . nor
not only . . . but also
whether . . . or
*DEGREES OF ADVERBS
Positive
• fast
• bravely
• much
• quickly
• well
• happily
• little
• Soon
• Large
• Carefully
• Dangerously
• bad
Comparative
• faster
• more bravely
• more
• more quickly
• better
• more happily
• less
• Sooner
• Larger
• more carefully
• More dangerously
• worse
Superlative
• fastest
• most bravely
• most
• most quickly
• best
• Most happily
• least
• Soonest
• Largest
• most carefully
• Most dangerously
• worst
Some Adverbs that are confused with
adjectives.
Here are the troublesome adverbs/adjectives
Good/well
real/really
bad/badly
*Interjections
A word or short phrase used to express emotions
“wow”
“my goodness”