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ICCBT 2008 - A - (16) - pp185 -190
ICCBT2008
Effects of used Engine Oil as Chemical Admixtures on the
Properties of High Strength Concrete
S. Beddu, Universiti Teknologi Petronas,MALAYSIA
M. F. Nuruddin, Universiti Teknologi Petronas,MALAYSIA
N. Shafiq, Universiti Teknologi Petronas,MALAYSIA
ABSTRACT
High strength concrete was produced using locally available materials. Nowadays, there are
many research conducted based on the processed and unprocessed industrial by-products and
domestic wastes as raw material in cement and concrete. This is a positive environmental
impact due to the ever-increasing cost of waste disposal and sticker environmental regulation.
The previous research shows that used engine oil have potential on increasing concrete
strength and also acting as air-entraining chemical admixture to the concrete. The effect of
using used engine oil in high strength concrete will be investigate and compare with concretewith superplasticizer. This paper presents the results of en experimental investigation on the
effect of different amount of used engine oil and water to binder ratio on residual compressive
strength of high-strength concrete at 28 days. 10% silica fume used was used as cement
replacement material for six trial mixes. Based on the results obtained the compressive
strength at 28 days can reach 60MPa which is the target strength for this study. This study
can be concluded that used engine oil can produce high-strength concrete up to 76MPa.
Keywords: Used engine oil, Admixture, High strength concrete
*Correspondence Authr: S. Beddu, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia
http://www.uniten.edu.my/newhome/content_list.asp?contentid=40178/3/2019 Effects of Used Engine Oil as Chemical Admixtures on the Properties of High Strength Concrete
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Effects of used engine oil as chemical admixtures on the properties of high strength concrete
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1. INTRODUCTION
In high strength concrete, admixtures and additives are added into the mix. Frequently, there
are three kinds of admixtures, including silica fume, fly ash, and blast furnace slag. Silica
fume is a byproduct of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. One of the mostbeneficial uses for silica fume is in concrete. Because of its chemical and physical properties,
it is a very reactive pozzolan. Concrete containing silica fume can have very high strength and
can be very durable [3].
High-strength concrete is a very economical material for carrying vertical loads in high-rise
structures. Until a few years ago, 42 MPa concrete was considered to be high strength. Today,
using silica fume, concrete with compressive strength in excess of 105 MPa can be readily
produced. The structure shown at the above right used silica-fume concrete with a specified
compressive strength of 84 MPa in columns reaching from the ground through the 57th story
[3].
Silica fume is a recent arrival among cementitious materials. It was originally introduced as
pozzolana. However, its action in concrete is not only that of a very reactive pozzolana but is
also beneficial in other respects. Due to this, silica fume is an expensive material. Silica in the
form of glass (amorphous) is highly reactive and the smallness of the particles speeds up the
reaction with calcium hydroxide produced by the hydration of Portland cement [4].
Silica fume consists primarily of amorphous (non-crystalline) silicon dioxide (SiO2). The
individual particles are extremely small, approximately 1/100th the size of an average cement
particle. Because of its fine particles, large surface area, and the high SiO2 content, silica
fume is a very reactive pozzolan when used in concrete. The quality of silica fume is specified
by ASTM C 1240 and AASHTO M 307 [3].
[1] has been reported that the leakage of oil into the cement in older grinding units result in
concrete with greater resistance to freezing and thawing. This implies that adding used engine
oil to the fresh concrete mix could be similar to adding an air-entraining chemical admixture,
thus enhancing some durability properties of concrete while serving as another technique of
disposing the oil waste.
The study of the effect of used engine oil on properties of concrete has been carried out by
Bilal et. al.(2003) [2]. Mixes was contained with 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30% used engine oil by
weight of cement. The result shows that used engine oil acted as a chemical plasticizer
improving the fluidity and almost doubling the slump of the concrete mix. Furthermore, usedengine oil also increased the air content of the fresh concrete mix (almost double), whereas
the commercial chemical air-entraining admixture almost quadrupled the air content. They
also found that used engine oil maintained the concrete compressive strength whereas the
chemical air-entraining admixture caused a loss of approximately 50% compressive strength
at all ages.
The effect of used engine oil on structural behavior of reinforced concrete elements by using
0.15% used engine oil by weight of cement also been studied. The result shows that used
engine oil could be used in concrete to improve fluidity and air content without adversely
affecting strength properties and structural behavior [5].
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The successful of producing high strength concrete by using used engine oil is an advantage in
order to produce an economical material for carrying vertical loads and also give the effort to
utilize liquid chemical waste.
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
2.1 Materials and Testing Program
Six trial mixes were made with water/binder ratios (w/b) of 0.36 to 0.46 for silica fume. Water
and admixture was measured in percentage by weight proportion of cement used. Six trial
mixes includes a concrete 10% silica fume. Nine cubes of 150 mm were cast in order to study
the mechanical behavior of each concrete. The trial mixing conducted until the mix is properly
compacted.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Type 1 was used in this research, according to BS EN 197-12000 with the physical and chemical properties listed in Table 1. OPC Type 1 was preferred
because the observation on concrete properties can be done in normal hydration process hence
the advantages of silica fume usage in concrete can be optimized.
Aggregate that used to prepare concrete are confirming to BS 882: 1992. In this experimental
program, water reducer such as used engine oil. Chemical composition and physical
properties of Portland cement, silica fume and used engine oil were given in Table 1.
Table 1. Chemical compositions of OPC, silica fume and used engine oil
Chemical Composition Ordinary PortlandCement (%)
SF (%) Used EngineOil (%)
SiO2 21.98 91.7 -
Al2O3 4.65 1 -
Fe2O3 2.27 0.9 0.43
CaO 61.55 1.68 15.9
MgO 4.27 1.8 -
SO3 2.19 0.87 37.0
K2O 1.04 - -Na2O 0.11 0.1 -
CaO - - 15.9
P2O5 - - 8.95
ZnO - - 17.7
Cl- - - 15.9
The mixture proportions and the properties of fresh concrete and the compressive strength
results are given in Table 2. The used engine oil (UEO) content and water to binder ratio were
advised to obtain concrete that could be compacted easily. The specimens were compacted by
external vibration, varying the vibration time according to its consistency. After casting the
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ICCBT 2008 - A - (16) - pp185 -190188
specimens in the moulds, they were covered with polythene sheet to prevent evaporation and
left for 24 hours. Eventually, all specimens were removed from the moulds and were
transferred into the water bath at room temperature for curing until the desired age of testing
at 3, 7 and 28 days
Table 2. Details of mix proportion
Cement
Fine
Agg.
Coarse
Agg. Slump
Compressive strength
(Mpa)
Mix w/b
SF
(%)
UEO
(%) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (mm)
3
days 7 days
28
days
SF500a 0.36 3 0 29.15 50.4 51.64
SF500b 0.46 4 500 690 1150 15 35.26 53.67 76.39
SF550a 0.46 3 50 28.83 33.74 35.4
SF550b 0.40 4 550 670 1120 15 56.42 59.15 61.58
SF600a 0.45 3 12 45.27 55.27 61.78
SF600b 0.45 10
4 600 650 1090 30 34.74 41.13 48.51
2.2 Test Methods
Concrete cubes of 150x150x150 mm were cast, cured and tested for each mixes at ages 3,7,
and 28 days. Compressive strength test were carried out according to BS 1881: Part 116, 1983
whereby the concrete cubes was then compressed between two parallel faces. The
compressive strength of each mixture was obtained by calculating the average of three
specimens strengths. The stress at failure is taken to be the compressive strength of the
concrete. The specimens were tested by using Universal Hydraulic Testing machine with a
maximum capacity 2000 kN.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Strength Development
Compressive strength of each mix measured at the age 3, 7 and 28 days, the result are shown
in Figure 1. As shown in the figure the maximum compressive strength in this experimental
program was achieved as 76 MPa at the age of 28 days. In reference to the Table 3.1, the
strength development with respect to age of concrete can be analyzed, a maximum increment
in compressive strength from 3 to 7days was observed as 73% while the maximum incrementfrom 7 to 28 days was obtained as 42%. It may be due to the fact that the finer particle size
enabled silica fume to act as filler that managed to fill the tiny spaces between cement
particles and as well as spaces between cement particles and aggregate. A greater surface area
providing space for nucleation of C-S-H and calcium hydroxide CaOH)2. That accelerated the
reactions and form smaller calcium hydroxide crystals.
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S. Beddu et. al.
ICCBT 2008 - A - (16) - pp185 -190 189
Figure 1. Compressive strength development of HCS containing used engine oil
The improvement of compressive strength was due to the pozzolanic reaction betweenPortland cement and silica fume. According to Gambhir [6], about 40% of Portland cement is
composed of the primary mineral tricalcium silicate, which on hydration forms calcium
silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 . In these mixes, silica fume act as
pozzolana because of a very high non crystalline silica (SiO2) glass content which is the
principal reactive constituent of pozzolana. This silica combines with the calcium hydroxide
released on the hydration of Portland cement. Calcium hydroxide in hydrated Portland cement
as such does not contribute to development of strength, but by adding pozzolana such as silica
fume will utilized with reactive silica. Slowly, and gradually it forms additional C-S-H which
is a binder and fills up the space, and give impermeability and ever-increasing strength.
Table 3. Percentage increment in strength and correlation between SF concrete containing used engineoil.
% increment in strengthMix w/b
3 to 7 days 7 to 28 daysCorrelation (R
2)
SF500a 0.36 73 2 0.9299
SF500b 0.46 52 42 0.9502
SF550a 0.46 17 5 0.9910
SF550b 0.40 5 4 0.9570
SF600a 0.45 22 12 0.9793
SF600b 0.45 18 18 0.9936
On the other hand, used engine oil did not acted as a water reducer because high water was
added to concrete mix in order to achieve relevant workability and could be compacted well.
4. CONCLUSION
From this experimental study following conclusions were made:
1. Used engine oil did not adversely affect the strength development process of concrete, 28
days strength was achieved as 76MPa with 4% engine oil.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Age (days)
CompressiveStrength,
fcu(MPa)
SF500a
SF500b
SF550a
SF550b
SF600a
SF600b
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2. High strength concrete can be produced with high w/c such as 0.46 with the addition of a
chemical admixture such as used engine oil.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to extend their acknowledgement to the university technology
PETRONAS for providing the facilities for accomplishing the present research. It is further
extend to Mr. Meor and Mr. Johan the lab. Technologist at civil engineering department,
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for their great contribution and assistance to complete this
work.
REFERENCES
[1]. Mindess S, Young J. Concrete. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1981.[2]. Bilal S. Hamad, Ahmad A. Rteil, Muttassem El-Fadel, (2003). Effect of used engine oil on
properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Elsevier Sceince Ltd, Construction and building
materials. pp 311-318.
[3]. Neville A.M., Properties of concrete, Fourth and final edition, England, Addison WesleyLongman Limited, 1995.
[4]. Bilal S. Hamad, Ahmad A. Rteil, (2002). Effect of used engine oil on structural behavior ofreinforcement concrete elements. Elsevier Sceince Ltd, Construction and building materials. pp
203-211.
[5]. M.L. Gambhir, Concrete technology, third edition, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004.