Effects of Used Engine Oil as Chemical Admixtures on the Properties of High Strength Concrete

8/3/2019 Effects of Used Engine Oil as Chemical Admixtures on the Properties of High Strength Concrete

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ICCBT 2008 - A - (16) - pp185 -190

ICCBT2008

Effects of used Engine Oil as Chemical Admixtures on the

Properties of High Strength Concrete

S. Beddu, Universiti Teknologi Petronas,MALAYSIA

M. F. Nuruddin, Universiti Teknologi Petronas,MALAYSIA

N. Shafiq, Universiti Teknologi Petronas,MALAYSIA

ABSTRACT

High strength concrete was produced using locally available materials. Nowadays, there are

many research conducted based on the processed and unprocessed industrial by-products and

domestic wastes as raw material in cement and concrete. This is a positive environmental

impact due to the ever-increasing cost of waste disposal and sticker environmental regulation.

The previous research shows that used engine oil have potential on increasing concrete

strength and also acting as air-entraining chemical admixture to the concrete. The effect of

using used engine oil in high strength concrete will be investigate and compare with concretewith superplasticizer. This paper presents the results of en experimental investigation on the

effect of different amount of used engine oil and water to binder ratio on residual compressive

strength of high-strength concrete at 28 days. 10% silica fume used was used as cement

replacement material for six trial mixes. Based on the results obtained the compressive

strength at 28 days can reach 60MPa which is the target strength for this study. This study

can be concluded that used engine oil can produce high-strength concrete up to 76MPa.

Keywords: Used engine oil, Admixture, High strength concrete

*Correspondence Authr: S. Beddu, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia
http://www.uniten.edu.my/newhome/content_list.asp?contentid=4017


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Effects of used engine oil as chemical admixtures on the properties of high strength concrete

ICCBT 2008 - A - (16) - pp185 -190186

1. INTRODUCTION

In high strength concrete, admixtures and additives are added into the mix. Frequently, there

are three kinds of admixtures, including silica fume, fly ash, and blast furnace slag. Silica

fume is a byproduct of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. One of the mostbeneficial uses for silica fume is in concrete. Because of its chemical and physical properties,

it is a very reactive pozzolan. Concrete containing silica fume can have very high strength and

can be very durable [3].

High-strength concrete is a very economical material for carrying vertical loads in high-rise

structures. Until a few years ago, 42 MPa concrete was considered to be high strength. Today,

using silica fume, concrete with compressive strength in excess of 105 MPa can be readily

produced. The structure shown at the above right used silica-fume concrete with a specified

compressive strength of 84 MPa in columns reaching from the ground through the 57th story

[3].

Silica fume is a recent arrival among cementitious materials. It was originally introduced as

pozzolana. However, its action in concrete is not only that of a very reactive pozzolana but is

also beneficial in other respects. Due to this, silica fume is an expensive material. Silica in the

form of glass (amorphous) is highly reactive and the smallness of the particles speeds up the

reaction with calcium hydroxide produced by the hydration of Portland cement [4].

Silica fume consists primarily of amorphous (non-crystalline) silicon dioxide (SiO2). The

individual particles are extremely small, approximately 1/100th the size of an average cement

particle. Because of its fine particles, large surface area, and the high SiO2 content, silica

fume is a very reactive pozzolan when used in concrete. The quality of silica fume is specified

by ASTM C 1240 and AASHTO M 307 [3].

[1] has been reported that the leakage of oil into the cement in older grinding units result in

concrete with greater resistance to freezing and thawing. This implies that adding used engine

oil to the fresh concrete mix could be similar to adding an air-entraining chemical admixture,

thus enhancing some durability properties of concrete while serving as another technique of

disposing the oil waste.

The study of the effect of used engine oil on properties of concrete has been carried out by

Bilal et. al.(2003) [2]. Mixes was contained with 0.075, 0.15 and 0.30% used engine oil by

weight of cement. The result shows that used engine oil acted as a chemical plasticizer

improving the fluidity and almost doubling the slump of the concrete mix. Furthermore, usedengine oil also increased the air content of the fresh concrete mix (almost double), whereas

the commercial chemical air-entraining admixture almost quadrupled the air content. They

also found that used engine oil maintained the concrete compressive strength whereas the

chemical air-entraining admixture caused a loss of approximately 50% compressive strength

at all ages.

The effect of used engine oil on structural behavior of reinforced concrete elements by using

0.15% used engine oil by weight of cement also been studied. The result shows that used

engine oil could be used in concrete to improve fluidity and air content without adversely

affecting strength properties and structural behavior [5].


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ICCBT 2008 - A - (16) - pp185 -190 187

The successful of producing high strength concrete by using used engine oil is an advantage in

order to produce an economical material for carrying vertical loads and also give the effort to

utilize liquid chemical waste.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

2.1 Materials and Testing Program

Six trial mixes were made with water/binder ratios (w/b) of 0.36 to 0.46 for silica fume. Water

and admixture was measured in percentage by weight proportion of cement used. Six trial

mixes includes a concrete 10% silica fume. Nine cubes of 150 mm were cast in order to study

the mechanical behavior of each concrete. The trial mixing conducted until the mix is properly

compacted.

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Type 1 was used in this research, according to BS EN 197-12000 with the physical and chemical properties listed in Table 1. OPC Type 1 was preferred

because the observation on concrete properties can be done in normal hydration process hence

the advantages of silica fume usage in concrete can be optimized.

Aggregate that used to prepare concrete are confirming to BS 882: 1992. In this experimental

program, water reducer such as used engine oil. Chemical composition and physical

properties of Portland cement, silica fume and used engine oil were given in Table 1.

Table 1. Chemical compositions of OPC, silica fume and used engine oil

Chemical Composition Ordinary PortlandCement (%)

SF (%) Used EngineOil (%)

SiO2 21.98 91.7 -

Al2O3 4.65 1 -

Fe2O3 2.27 0.9 0.43

CaO 61.55 1.68 15.9

MgO 4.27 1.8 -

SO3 2.19 0.87 37.0

K2O 1.04 - -Na2O 0.11 0.1 -

CaO - - 15.9

P2O5 - - 8.95

ZnO - - 17.7

Cl- - - 15.9

The mixture proportions and the properties of fresh concrete and the compressive strength

results are given in Table 2. The used engine oil (UEO) content and water to binder ratio were

advised to obtain concrete that could be compacted easily. The specimens were compacted by

external vibration, varying the vibration time according to its consistency. After casting the


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ICCBT 2008 - A - (16) - pp185 -190188

specimens in the moulds, they were covered with polythene sheet to prevent evaporation and

left for 24 hours. Eventually, all specimens were removed from the moulds and were

transferred into the water bath at room temperature for curing until the desired age of testing

at 3, 7 and 28 days

Table 2. Details of mix proportion

Cement

Fine

Agg.

Coarse

Agg. Slump

Compressive strength

(Mpa)

Mix w/b

SF

(%)

UEO

(%) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (mm)

3

days 7 days

28

days

SF500a 0.36 3 0 29.15 50.4 51.64

SF500b 0.46 4 500 690 1150 15 35.26 53.67 76.39

SF550a 0.46 3 50 28.83 33.74 35.4

SF550b 0.40 4 550 670 1120 15 56.42 59.15 61.58

SF600a 0.45 3 12 45.27 55.27 61.78

SF600b 0.45 10

4 600 650 1090 30 34.74 41.13 48.51

2.2 Test Methods

Concrete cubes of 150x150x150 mm were cast, cured and tested for each mixes at ages 3,7,

and 28 days. Compressive strength test were carried out according to BS 1881: Part 116, 1983

whereby the concrete cubes was then compressed between two parallel faces. The

compressive strength of each mixture was obtained by calculating the average of three

specimens strengths. The stress at failure is taken to be the compressive strength of the

concrete. The specimens were tested by using Universal Hydraulic Testing machine with a

maximum capacity 2000 kN.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Strength Development

Compressive strength of each mix measured at the age 3, 7 and 28 days, the result are shown

in Figure 1. As shown in the figure the maximum compressive strength in this experimental

program was achieved as 76 MPa at the age of 28 days. In reference to the Table 3.1, the

strength development with respect to age of concrete can be analyzed, a maximum increment

in compressive strength from 3 to 7days was observed as 73% while the maximum incrementfrom 7 to 28 days was obtained as 42%. It may be due to the fact that the finer particle size

enabled silica fume to act as filler that managed to fill the tiny spaces between cement

particles and as well as spaces between cement particles and aggregate. A greater surface area

providing space for nucleation of C-S-H and calcium hydroxide CaOH)2. That accelerated the

reactions and form smaller calcium hydroxide crystals.


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Figure 1. Compressive strength development of HCS containing used engine oil

The improvement of compressive strength was due to the pozzolanic reaction betweenPortland cement and silica fume. According to Gambhir [6], about 40% of Portland cement is

composed of the primary mineral tricalcium silicate, which on hydration forms calcium

silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 . In these mixes, silica fume act as

pozzolana because of a very high non crystalline silica (SiO2) glass content which is the

principal reactive constituent of pozzolana. This silica combines with the calcium hydroxide

released on the hydration of Portland cement. Calcium hydroxide in hydrated Portland cement

as such does not contribute to development of strength, but by adding pozzolana such as silica

fume will utilized with reactive silica. Slowly, and gradually it forms additional C-S-H which

is a binder and fills up the space, and give impermeability and ever-increasing strength.

Table 3. Percentage increment in strength and correlation between SF concrete containing used engineoil.

% increment in strengthMix w/b

3 to 7 days 7 to 28 daysCorrelation (R

2)

SF500a 0.36 73 2 0.9299

SF500b 0.46 52 42 0.9502

SF550a 0.46 17 5 0.9910

SF550b 0.40 5 4 0.9570

SF600a 0.45 22 12 0.9793

SF600b 0.45 18 18 0.9936

On the other hand, used engine oil did not acted as a water reducer because high water was

added to concrete mix in order to achieve relevant workability and could be compacted well.

4. CONCLUSION

From this experimental study following conclusions were made:

1. Used engine oil did not adversely affect the strength development process of concrete, 28

days strength was achieved as 76MPa with 4% engine oil.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Age (days)

CompressiveStrength,

fcu(MPa)

SF500a

SF500b

SF550a

SF550b

SF600a

SF600b


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2. High strength concrete can be produced with high w/c such as 0.46 with the addition of a

chemical admixture such as used engine oil.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to extend their acknowledgement to the university technology

PETRONAS for providing the facilities for accomplishing the present research. It is further

extend to Mr. Meor and Mr. Johan the lab. Technologist at civil engineering department,

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for their great contribution and assistance to complete this

work.

REFERENCES

[1]. Mindess S, Young J. Concrete. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1981.[2]. Bilal S. Hamad, Ahmad A. Rteil, Muttassem El-Fadel, (2003). Effect of used engine oil on

properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Elsevier Sceince Ltd, Construction and building

materials. pp 311-318.

[3]. Neville A.M., Properties of concrete, Fourth and final edition, England, Addison WesleyLongman Limited, 1995.

[4]. Bilal S. Hamad, Ahmad A. Rteil, (2002). Effect of used engine oil on structural behavior ofreinforcement concrete elements. Elsevier Sceince Ltd, Construction and building materials. pp

203-211.

[5]. M.L. Gambhir, Concrete technology, third edition, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Effects of Used Engine Oil as Chemical Admixtures on the Properties of High Strength Concrete

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