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Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.
1 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An anti-theft system is any device or method used to prevent or deter the
unauthorized appropriation of items considered valuable. Theft is one of the most
common and oldest criminal behaviors. Where the ownership of a physical possession
can be altered without the rightful owner's consent, theft prevention has been
introduced to assert the ownership whenever the rightful owner is physically absent.
Anti-theft systems have been around since individuals began stealing other people's
property and have evolved accordingly to thwart increasingly complex methods of
theft.
From the invention of the first lock and key to the introduction of RFID tags and
biometric identification, anti-theft systems have evolved to match the introduction of
new inventions to society and the resulting theft of them by others. In the case of
vehicle theft, the best deterrent to theft is in the installation of an approved vehicle anti
theft immobilizer.
Many vehicles have OEM (factory installed) units and afford protection through
the ignition system. OEM immobilizers function through the ECM/PCM (computer)
under the hood of the vehicle. In general terms, the RFID tag attached to the key must
be read by the ECM in order to allow ignition to occur. Unfortunately, organized crime
is able to bypass these systems and steal any vehicle at will. An approved immobilizer
uses a 3 circuit isolation system which thwarts even the most experienced thief.
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CHAPTER 2
FEATURES OF THE SYSTEM
If anybody tries to steal your bike, this circuit turns on the buzzer to alert you of
the impending theft. Usually, a handle lock is used on the handle bar for the safety of
bikes, with the front mudguard in a slanted position.
When the handle lock is freed, the front mudguard can be aligned with the body
of the bike. This circuit consists of LED and LDR sections. The LED is fitted on the
back end of front mudguard and the LDR is fitted on the central portion of the crash
guard of the bike such that LED rays directly fall on the LDR when the front mudguard
comes in line with the body of the bike, there by activating the IC 555 to sound the
buzzer and alerting the nearby people for the action.
Also, when somebody try to steal the battery of the bike, a circuit connected to
the battery will activated and sounds buzzer if the leads of the battery is removed.
There by preventing the stealing of the battery.
If somebody tries to rest on the seat of the bike or try to disturb the position of
the seat, the circuit hidden inside the seat arrangement will activate the IC 555, there by
sounding the buzzer.
There is a separate arrangement built here that, when there is a daytime and if
we accidently left the head lamp turned on, the sensor in this circuit detects the sunlight
and immediately turn off the head lamp to help prevent the consumption of the battery.
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CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT
In its simple construction, irrespective of the system available in the
market, this project has three different types of sensor namely, Rider sensor, Vibration /
motion sensor and Battery removal sensor. There is a timer circuit based on NE555 IC
that has connected to a buzzer and an electro-magnetic relay. The whole system gets its
power from a separate battery of 9V DC. Thus this system works without vehicle‟s own
battery.
Fig.3.1 – Block diagram of the system
The rider sensor senses any person trying to sit on the seat of the two wheeler,
the vibration / motion sensor senses any vibration or any movement occurs in the
vehicle‟s body and the battery removal sensor, as the name suggest, senses the removal
of the battery.
Any theft event thus captured is passed on to the NE 555 IC where it gets
processed as a theft event and the same IC makes the buzzer and the relay ON. The
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buzzer is ON till it will be turned OFF manually and then the entire system will work in
its normal mode.
Thus whenever a theft tries to indulge in the activity of theft in concern with the
same vehicle in repeated manner, the system will stand as it retriggers itself.
The figure below shows the basic and heart circuit for this system. The IC 555
used here is works in bi-stable mode, which means this circuit requires manual input to
trigger and to reset the IC. In this system, we used the sensor as the manual input to the
IC 555 to trigger the IC at trigger input terminal (pin no. 2), so as to show the activity
of the bike being stolen or trying to steal.
Fig.3.2 – IC 555 as bi-stable multi-vibrator
The system can be turned off by giving another pulse to the IC 555 to
make the system reset and works as normal. The reset signal or pulse is given to the
reset terminal (pin no. 4). The output terminal (pin no. 3) is used to trigger the relay via
the transistor (BC547) so as to activate the buzzer to inform the activity to nearby
people. The IC 555 is powered by a regulated power supply from IC 7805 and relay is
powered by regulated power supply from IC 7812.
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The figure below shows the circuit for the prevention of turning the head lamp
ON accidently. The sensor used to detect the sunlight is general purpose LDR, which
will sense the sunlight and ultimately switched OFF the head lamp to help prevent the
consumption of the battery.
Fig.3.3 – Dark sensor to switch off head lamp during daytime.
In this circuit, when the daylight falls on the LDR, the resistance of the LDR
dramatically decreased. This will make the base terminal of T1 ground and OFF and
ultimately T2 will also be OFF. So no light or LED will turned ON.
When there is no sunlight available, which means during the night-time, no light
will fall on the LDR, making its resistance significantly larger and hence it is as good as
open circuit. So the base of T1 transistor will activate by the supply through 10K
resistor. So the base of transistor T2 triggered, making it active and current will flow
through it. So the light or LED will glow during the night time.
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CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION
Methodology adopted for the project consists of the following activities:
ACTIVITY 1: SURVEY
SURVEY is also called as feasibility analysis or the initial business study. It
begins with a request from the user for a new system. It involves the following:
Identify the responsible user for the system.
Identify deficiencies in the current system.
Establish goals and objective for the new system.
Determine feasibility for the new system.
Prepare a project charter that will be used to guide the remainder of the project.
ACTIVITY 2: SYSTEM ANALYSIS
The objective of system analysis activity is to develop structured system
specification for the proposed system. The structured system specification should
describe what the proposed system will do, independent of the technology which will
be used to implement these requirements.
This activity includes making list of the components needed in the project.
Thus, this step also includes the designing of circuits according to need.
For example, for an op-amp in inverting mode with a required gain of 100,
values of resistances should be chosen accordingly.
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ACTIVIYT 3: COMPONENT SEARCH
The objective of this activity is to search the components present in the
component list and other apparatus, which will be required during the project.
Once the components are arranged the apparatus required for PCB
manufacturing is arranged.
ACTIVITY 4: PRELIMIRY DESIGN
The primary objective of this step is to transform the functional specification of
the user requirement into the physical specification. The physical specification of the
system defines the appearance of the system for the user.
This step also includes the testing of the given i.e. designed circuit on
breadboard.
ACTIVITY 5: IMPLEMENTATION
This activity involves PCB manufacturing and component mounting on that
PCB. Thus this involves soldering; integration of various components.
The output of this activity is the complete integrated system.
ACTIVITY 6: QUALITY ASSURANCE
The objective of this activity is to check whether the desirable output is
produced for given set of inputs. Thus this test aims at ensuring that the functional
requirements of the user are being met.
Thus the output of this system is the accepted system. The new system will be
acceptable only if it produces satisfactory result on test data.
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ACTIVITY 7: PROCEDURE DESCRIPTION
The objective of this activity is to produce a manual, which may be used as a
guide for using or operating the system. In fact, there may be several manuals catering
to the needs of different types of person.
A manual should describe the manual procedures as well as the interface with
the automated portion of the system.
ACTIVITY 8: INSTALLATION
It means installing the new system in place of old system. Thus there is a
switching from an old system to a new one. Different change over techniques like direct
change over, phased change over, pilot run or parallel run may be used for switching
from the existing system to the new one.
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CHEPTER 5
SEMI-CONDUCTOR SPECIFICATION
NE 555 - GENERAL PURPOSE SINGLE BIPOLAR TIMERS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The NE555 monolithic timing circuit is a highly stable controller capable of
producing accurate time delays or oscillation. In the time delay mode of operation, the
time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For a stable
operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both
accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be
triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up
to 200mA. The NE555 is available in plastic and ceramic mini-dip package and in an 8-
lead micro-package and in metal can package version.
FEATURES
Low turn OFF time.
Maximum operating frequency greater than 500kHz.
Timing from micro-seconds to hours.
Operates in both Astable and Monostable modes.
High output current can source or sink 200mA.
Adjustable duty cycle.
TTL compatible.
Temperature stability of 0.005% per oC
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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 5.1
Symbol Parameter Value Unit
Vcc Supply Voltage 18 V
Toper
Operating Free Air Temperature Range for NE555
for SA555
for SE555
0 to 70
–40 to 105
–55 to 125
oC
oC
oC
Tj Junction Temperature 150 oC
Tstg Storage Temperature Range –65 to 150 oC
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Table 5.2
Symbol Parameter SE555 NE555 - SA555 Unit
Vcc Supply Voltage 4.5 to 18 4.5 to 18 V
Vth, Vtrig, Vcl, Vreset Maximum Input Voltage Vcc Vcc V
PIN CONNECTIONS (TOP VIEW)
Fig.5.1 – Pin diagram of NE 555 IC.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig.5.2 – Block diagram of NE 555 IC.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Fig.5.3 – Schematic diagram of NE 555 IC.
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PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA
Fig.5.4 – Mechanical data of NE 555 IC.
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PACKAGE MECHANICAL DATA
Table 5.3
Dimensions
Millimeters Inches
Min. Typ. Max. Min. Typ. Max.
A 3.32 0.131
a1 0.51 0.020
B 1.15 1.65 0.045 0.065
b 0.356 0.55 0.014 0.022
b1 0.204 0.304 0.008 0.012
D 10.92 0.430
E 7.95 9.75 0.313 0.384
e 2.54 0.100
e3 7.62 0.300
e4 7.62 0.300
F 6.6 0.260
i 5.08 0.200
L 3.18 3.81 0.125 0.150
Z 1.52 0.060
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LM78XX Series 3-Terminal Positive Regulators
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LM140/LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC monolithic 3-terminal positive
voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area
compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage
regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for
elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation.
In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents.
Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to
use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the
output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if
the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply.
The 5V, 12V, and 15V regulator options are available in the steel TO-3 power
package. The LM340A/LM340/LM78XXC series is available in the TO-220 plastic
power package, and the LM340-5.0 is available in the SOT-223 package, as well as the
LM340-5.0 and LM340-12 in the surface-mount TO-263 package.
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FEATURES
Complete specifications at 1A load
Output voltage tolerances of ±2% at Tj = 25°C and ±4% over the temperature
range (LM340A)
Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of ΔVIN at 1A load (LM340A)
Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A (LM340A)
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short-circuit current limit
Output transistor safe area protection
P+ Product Enhancement tested
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
DC Input Voltage 35V
Internal Power Dissipation Internally Limited
Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C
Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)
TO-3 Package (K) 300°C
TO-220 Package (T),
TO-263 Package (S) 230°C
ESD Susceptibility 2 kV
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OPERATING CONDITIONS
Temperature Range (TA)
LM140 −55°C to +125°C
LM340A, LM340 0°C to +125°C
LM7808C 0°C to +125°C
CONNECTION DIAGRAMS
Fig.5.5 – Connection diagram of IC 78XX series.
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EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC
Fig.5.6 – Equivalent schematic diagram of IC 78XX series.
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PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS INCHES (MILLIMETERS) UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE
Fig.5.7 – Physical dimensions of IC 78XX series.
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BC547 - NPN GENERAL PURPOSE TRANSISTORS
DESCRIPTION
NPN transistor in a TO-92, SOT54 plastic package.
PNP complements: BC556 AND BC557.
FEATURES
Low current (MAX. 100 MA)
Low voltage (MAX. 65 V)
PINNING
Fig.5.8 – Simplified outline and pin diagram of transistor BC547.
Table 5.4
PIN DESCRIPTION
1 emitter
2 base
3 collector
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ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING
Table 5.5
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT
VCBO
collector-base voltage
BC546
BC547
open emitter
-
-
80
50
V
V
VCEO
collector-emitter voltage
BC546
BC547
open base
-
-
65
45
V
V
VEBO
emitter-base voltage
BC546
BC547
open collector
-
-
6
6
V
V
IC collector current (DC) - 100 mA
ICM peak collector current - 200 mA
IBM peak base current - 200 mA
Ptot total power dissipation Tamb 25 °C - 500 mW
Tstg storage temperature -65 +150 °C
Tj junction temperature - 150 °C
Tamb operating ambient
temperature
-65 +150 °C
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PACKAGE OUTLINE
Plastic single-ended leaded (through hole) package; 3 leads
Fig.5.9 – Package outline of transistor BC547.
DIMENSIONS (mm are the original dimensions)
Table 5.6
UNIT A b b1 c D d E e e1 L L1(1)
mm
5.2
5.0
0.48
0.40
0.66
0.56
0.45
0.40
4.8
4.4
1.7
1.4
4.2
3.6
2.54 1.27
14.5
12.7 2.5
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W10M - SINGLE-PHASE SILICON BRIDGE
DESCRIPTION
REVERSE VOLTAGE : 50 TO 1000 VOLTS
FORWARD CURRENT : 1.5 AMPERES
FEATURES
Surge overload rating - 50 amperes peak
Ideal for printed circuit board
Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded plastic technique results in
inexpensive product
Mounting Position: Any
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = 25°C)
Table 5.7
Parameter Symbol W10M Unit
Maximum repetitive peak reverse voltage VRRM 1000 Volts
Maximum RMS voltage VRMS 700 Volts
Maximum DC blocking voltage VDC 1000 Volts
Maximum average forward rectified current TA=25°C I(AV) 1.5 Amps
Peak forward surge current, 8.3mS single half
sine-wave superimposed on rated load IFSM 50.0 Amps
12t Rating for fusing (t<8.35ms) I
2t 5.0 A
2t
Maximum forward voltage drop per element at 1.0A
peak VF 1.0 Volt
Maximum DC reverse current at rated TA=25
DC blocking voltage per element TA=100
IR
10.0
1.0
uA
mA
Operating temperature range TJ -55 to +125 °C
Storage temperature range TSTG -55 to +150 °C
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PACKAGE OUTLINE
Fig.5.10 – Package outline of W10M bridge rectifier.
DIMENSIONS
Table 5.8
DIM
inches mm
Note
Min. Max. Min. Max.
A 0.300 0.340 7.6 8.6 ɸ
B 0.180 0.220 4.6 5.6
C 1.20 - 30.5 -
D 1.27 - 32.3 -
E 0.180 0.220 4.6 5.6
F 0.028 0.032 0.71 0.81 ɸ
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CHAPTER 6
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
RESISTORS
The opposition to the flow of electrons or electric current is known as
resistance. The resistance of resistor is given by
R = V/I
There are two types of resistors
1. Fixed resistors:
It is used to limit the current and to reduce the voltage.
2. Variable resistor:
It is one whose ohmic value can be externally changed as desired. It is
used for varying the value of current or the amplitude of voltage. E.g.
volume control used in TV, radio receiver etc.
The construction of resistors includes three basic varieties.
1. Wire-wound
2. Composite
3. Film type.
These varieties differ primarily in their resistance materials. The ohmic structure
of a resistive material is such that, its electron is tightly held due to the nucleus so that it
does not pass electrons easily.
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CAPACITOR
A capacitor is used to store electrical energy and releases it whenever required.
Capacitance is a measure of ability of capacitor to store charge. It is measured in Farads
(After Michael Faraday). However, the unit farad being too large, capacitors are usually
specified in microfarads. Any two metal conductors when separated by a dielectric
constitute capacitance. An electric field is developed between plates. Energy stored in
the capacitor is in this electric field.
C = q /v = coulomb / volt.
CLASSIFICATION
The capacitors are divided into classes
1. Fixed
2. Variable
Fixed capacitor are further divided into Electrolytic (polarized) and Non-
electrolytic (Non-polarized). There are various types of material used for dielectric,
electrode plates and method of their manufacturing and internal construction.
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ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
These capacitors are called electrolytic because they use an electrolyte as
negative plate. These are low cost capacitors, which are used in radio and television
receivers, and consumer audio equipments for power supply filtering, bypass and audio
coupling applications.
These capacitors are sealed in tubular aluminum cases using typically rubber
phenolic end disc with a can securely spun over the elastomer so that the capacitor does
not leak out, dry out or be contaminated with atmospheric moisture.
The construction of such a type is shown in Fig. The capacitors are made in
single or insulated; some types have all lead wires at one end, some types are made
with solder tabs instead of wires. They are also made in non-polarized version.
Fig.6.1 – Electrolytic capacitor.
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NON ELECTROLYTIC
Ceramic Capacitors are manufactured in many shapes sizes for a multitude of
applications. In such capacitors the ceramic material like titanium dioxide and barium
titanate is used. Thin coating of silver compound is deposited on both the sides of the
dielectric disc, which acts as capacitor plates. Leads are attached to each side of the disc
and the whole unit is encapsulated in a moisture proof coating. This is the procedure of
preparing disc capacitor.
Tubular ceramic capacitors are constructed from ceramic mixes extruded
through a die to from the tube. The working voltages range from 3 V for use in solid-
state circuit up to 6000 volts for other applications. The usual range of capacitance
ratings for these small disc ceramics extends from 3 mfd to 2.2 mfd and their diameters
typically measure ¼ inch to ¾ with 5/32 inch thickness.
Disc and tubular types of ceramic capacitor are shown in Fig. And their
construction is shown in Fig.
Fig.6.2 – Non-electrolytic capacitor.
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TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a magnetic component that changes voltage, current or
impedance from one value to another by linking two electrical circuits with a magnetic
field.
Transformer consists of essential two inductors having the same core or
magnetic path separated electrically. The inductor or coil connected to the source of
voltage is called primary and other called secondary Types of Transformer
1. Power transformer
2. Auto transformer
3. Audio frequency transformer
4. RF and IF Transformer
5. Pulse transformer
6. Isolation transformer
7. High voltage transformer
8. Voltage transformer
9. Line transformer
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TRANSFORMER
Fig.6.3 – Transformer.
SYMBOL
Fig.6.4 – Symbol of transformer.
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RELAY
Relays are electrically operated switch. It is used in control system in order to
maintain the parameter such as temperature, pressure or electrical quantity such as
voltage. The stabilizer uses relays in order to maintain 230 volt of output even if AC
input from mains is low.
A relay is a device that functions as an electrically operated switch. Most relays
are electro-magnetically operated. Current through a coil generates a magnetic field that
attracts an armature, which in turn closes or opens the electrical contacts. Operation is
in the millisecond range. Relays are manufactured in a great variety. Classification by
application is very difficult, because each variety of relays is used in widely dissimilar
application.
One common type of relay has a normally closed and also a normally open
contact as shown in Fig. The normally closed contact provides continuity between the
armature and the upper contact when the coil is de-energized. A spring holds the
armature in this position.
When rated voltage is applied to the coil, the coil attracts the armature, the
armature is drawn downward, and breaking the normally closed contact and making
normally open contact. Continuity now exit‟s between armature and lower contact. In a
typical relay, a Potential Difference of 12V at just few mA is sufficient to energies or
pull in the relay. The load may be rated at 220 V AC and 1A or more. A wide variety of
AC and DC relays are available. Fig shows the symbol used to represent the relay in the
circuit. Great variety of relays is available in the market.
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The following types of relays are arranged in the order of increasing
specification
1. General purpose (common) relay
2. Power relay
3. Telephone relay
4. Card actuated relay
5. Sensitive relay
6. Crystal can relay
7. Dry reed relay
8. Mercury wetted reed relay
9. P.C. board relay
10. Stepping relay
11. Co-axial relay
12. Instrument relay
13. Hybrid relay
14. Solid state relay
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ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RELAY
Fig.6.5 – Relay.
SYMBOL
Fig.6.6 – Symbol of relay.
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CHAPTER 7
CONSTRUCTION
1. PCB MAKING PROCESS
The list of the items required for PC fabrication and assembling is as follows.
Copper Clad
Tracing Paper
Sketch Pen or Etching Pen
Drill Bit
Paint
Brush
Ferric Chloride Solution
Hydrochloric Acid
2. DRAWING PREPARATION
With the circuit diagram and the component draw the complete layout on the
plain sheet of tracing paper in the same way as if you are assembling the circuit keep
the ground lives one side, and line on the other side as bar as possible . When all the
components are mounted on the tracing paper take a sketch paper to make the
connection on the tracing paper so that all the connection are shown with equal width.
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3. PRINTING OF PCB
The drawings so prepared as to impose over the copper side of PCB. Take the
PCB laminated sheet and cut a required size of PCB by using hacksaw. Place the
copper plate sheet on the table, keeping the copper side on the table.
Now, rub away the dirt, grease and oxide with a sand paper. Now keep the
carbon paper of the same size on the PCB copper surface on the top of the carbon
paper, since the tracing paper is transferred, you can now reproduce the carbon print
over the PCB. After tracing the PCB layout, now paint over the track with the help of
oil paint or by using the etching pen, check the drawing carefully. Scratch out the
excessive paint.
4. ETCHING OF PCB
In a tray, take water and mix up with few tea-spoon of ferric chloride powder
and few drops of HCL. Shake the solution well to make the good solution. Now,
Immerse the PCB in the solution. Keep the PCB in the solution by keeping the solution
in the sunlight for about 40 to 50 minutes.
Reaction
2FeCl3 + 2Cu = 2CuCl2 + Fe2Cl2
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5. FLUX
It is used to dissolve and remove the oxide and other contains frames from the
surface of PCB. And to remove the ability of solder to spread over evenly on the
surface of PCB, after soldering, the coating of flux is removed from the PCB and
fabrication is completed.
6. DRILLING MOUNTING AND SOLDERING
After the etching process, drilling is done for mounting the component. Drill the
board by using hand drill or machine drill. Before inserting the leads of Components,
the components are placed on the respective position, this process is called “Component
Mounting”.
Now, the next process is soldering. Which involve joining of leads of
components to the PCB track with the help of solder gun or hand held solder.
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CHAPTER 8
ALIGNMENT (SOLDERING)
Fix the IC on the PCB in order of the number shown in the circuit diagram. Test
the working of IC. Also align the resistors one by one. Remember there is no need to
align the resistor in particular direction, because it has no polarity or no direction. Be
sure that not a single element can be short circuited with each other or be sure they
should not get short circuited by soldering process.
Now, the next element is transistor. To align the transistor, you must know the
pin configuration of the transistor. Once you know the pin configuration of the
transistor, you may ready to align it on the PCB. Generally the configuration for
transistor to identify it is, take the transistor in one hand. Now, keep the transistor in
your eye-sight in such a way that you can see the letter „C‟ when you look at the
transistor. As soon as you can see the letter „C‟, the ideal pins are, the upper pin is the
„Collector‟ pin, the middle pin is the „Base‟ pin and the lower one is the „Emitter‟ pin.
Once you get known about pins of transistor, you may safely align the transistor
on the PCB. Be sure it should not get short circuited any way. Now align the relay.
Attach the transformer in its given position. The main care should be taken is that not a
single solder should be dry sold. Dry solder should break the connections from the
PCB. So to avoid the breaking of the connections, all the solder should be done with the
help of flux.
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CHAPTER 9
TESTING OF COMPONENTS
1. RESISTOR TESTING
A resistor is always checked by using ohmmeter to check whether the resistor is
faulty or not. First of all, calculate the resistance of resistor by using the color codes
printed on its body. Then by using the ohmmeter with the proper range, the resistance is
actually measured. If the measured value of tolerance is limited, then the resistance is
ok otherwise it is faulty.
2. CAPACITOR TESTING
The capacitor is having one positive terminal and one negative terminal, if it is
electrolyte type. The corresponding positive and negative sign is printed on proper
leads of capacitor. It can be tested by using a millimeters by running under resistance
mode.
If the multi-meter probes are connected across the two terminal of capacitor, it
is slowly charges. Hence the effective resistance increases. Now if the probes are
connected in reverse direction, it will start discharging. If it is faulty it will not show
any deflection.
3. TESTING OF IC’s
Digital IC Tester in your electronic laboratory can test the IC. After pressing the
reset button we fed the number of pins on the IC. Then press the IC check button
weather the IC is ok or Not. It is indicated on the board of IC Tester.
Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.
38 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
CHAPTER 10
ADVANTAGES
This system is based on the general purpose IC available in the market and can
be easily made. Three simple sensors are used in this system to help prevent the theft
action in a very low cost. The system can also be used in house, car or in office to help
prevent any unauthorized entry. The system works on very low voltage and consumes
very low power, thus making it extremely suitable for low power vehicle batteries.
Another advantage of this system is that, this system has a built-in intensity
reduction assembly that reduces the intensity of the main head lamp when it is not in
used, i.e. in day time. If head lamp switch is accidently kept ON, this assembly detects
the presence of available day light and immediately switch OFF the main head lamp,
thus preventing unnecessary consumption of the battery power. The manufacturing cost
of such system is very low and very affordable compared to the system available in the
market.
Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.
39 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
CHAPTER 11
DISADVANTAGES
The main disadvantage of this system is that, when a theft tries to steal a
vehicle and alarm sounds, we have to manually switch OFF the system by
approaching near the vehicle. If we were unable to approach near the vehicle in
time, the theft might steal the vehicle with the system keeps sounding.
Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.
40 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
CHAPTER 12
APPLICATIONS
The system can be used in following applications.
1. To protect two wheelers.
2. Can be used in house to prevent burglars.
3. Can also be used in car.
4. Can be used to setup surveillance for precious materials.
Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.
41 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
CHAPTER 13
RESULT
A complete experimental setup is shown in circuit diagram. After
completion of the circuit it tasted successfully for sensing any theft activity that
might occur. The overall system functioned successfully. All the sensors are
operates successfully.
CONCLUSION
By this way, we have made and studied about “Economical anti-theft system
for two wheelers” and how this project is work has been done.
We study about their various specifications, features, components and
working of the anti-theft function of the system and their uses.
Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.
42 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
CHAPTER 14
REFERENCES
1. http://www.seminarprojects.com
2. http://www.electronicdesign.com
3. http://www.electrokits.com
4. http://www.etlibrary.org
5. http://www.penguintutor.com
6. http://www.motoredbikes.com
7. http://www.siliconindia.com
8. http://www.electronicsforu.com
9. http://www.google.com
10. http://www.wikipedia.com
BOOKS
1. Basic Electronics by J. S. Katre
2. Applied Electronics by J. S. Katre
Economical anti-theft system for two wheelers.
43 Government Polytechnic, Arvi.
CHAPTER 15
PART LIST
SEMI-CONDUCTORS COST
1. IC1 NE555
2. Transistor BC547
3. Voltage regulator 7805, 7812
RESISTORS
4. 1.2K ¼ watt
5. 10K ¼ watt
CAPACITOR
6. 470uF 25V Electrolyte
MISCELLENEOUS
7. Bridge rectifier W10M
8. Transformer 0-12V 500mA
9. LED Red, 5mm diameter
10. IC socket 8 pin
11. 3-pin wire with connector
12. Micro switch
13. LDR
14. Relay 12V