Economic Activities Survey Design

Methods or Stages• Informal

– Documentary sources• History, economic anthropology, geography, …

– Observation– Household accounts and previous surveys

• Field & Participatory (RRA, PRA/ PLA) research– Ethnography– Mapping & transects– Seasonality charts– Participatory Budgeting (key informants, focus groups)

• Expenditure• Enterprises

– Agriculture– Non-agriculture – businesses, employment, home production

• Formal Surveys• Multi-purpose surveys

Multi-purpose surveys

Survey process

Research questions

Theories, concepts, variables

Choosing topics/modules

Objectives

draft testassemble

- How is well-being distributed andhow has well-being has well-being changed over time? ….

- Assess trends in and policies towards well-being

- Households and their composition, livelihoods & capabilities, risk and insurance (income/consumption/assets/health/nutrition

re-test implement, andmanage

capture, clean,process, validate

Analyse, report & communicate

-Household; housing & utilities; employment;agricultural income; household business; education; health & nutrition (children, women, men?); community (infrastructure, and public services, “environment”, markets & prices)

Design sample

Background research + stakeholders consultation (ethics)

Plan – funding, staffing, transport, accommodation, expenses, health & safety

Train enumerators & supervisors

Endowments

Production Exchange

Goods

Characteristics/commodities

Intra-household allocation

Goods are transformed into commodities/characteristics by combiningthem with time, household assets, utilities, knowledge

The division of commodities/characteristics among household members depends on:Household characteristicspersonal characteristics - desert, need, and culture

The transformation of commodities/characteristics into capabilities depends on:household characteristics (assets)personal characteristicsenvironment - climate, health (infectivity)agency

Capabilities

Functionings

Common and open accessresources (environmental entitlements)

Labour, land, capital, human capital

Endowments and common or open access resources are transformed intogoods that the household is entitled to directly by home production, and indirectly through labour markets and goods markets (e.g. for goods the householdproduces, such as agricultural products and consumer goodsthat it purchases)

The transformation of capabilities into functionings depends onpersonal characteristicschoices and agency

F1

F2

F3

F4

Figure 1: The Entitlements and Capabilities Framework

Utilities

Psychological characteristics

Note: 1. F1, F2, and F3 make up the “household technology” that transforms goods into capabilities 2. This is a particular interpretation of the entitlements and capabilities frameworks.

Entitlements

Ghana LSMS Method (multi-purpose survey)Multiple visits; semi panel; See Grosh, Margaret E. and Glewwe, G., 1998, The World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Study Household Surveys, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1):187-196. (also Grosh & Glewwe, 2000 in RTA Manual) And use of the Ghana data: See : Higgins, P. A. and Alderman, H., 1997. Labor And Women's Nutrition - The Impact Of Work Effort And Fertility On Nutritional Status In Ghana. Journal Of Human Resources. 32(3):577-595. Part ASection 0 Survey InformationSection 1 Household MembershipSection 2 Education & LiteracySection 3 Health status (previous 2 weeks) & health practices; fertility (15-49 yr old women)Section 4 Employment & time use, primary and secondary occupations – previous yearSection 5 Migration (all > 15 yrs), in and out, and work while migrantSection 6 Identification of Respondents chosen for Round 3 (50%) – semi-panelSection 7 Characteristics of Housing, and utilitiesPart BSection 8 Agricultural and Pastoral Assets and Activities (previous year) including harvests and sales, consumption of own productionSection 9. Household Consumption – non-food, infrequent and frequently purchased,; foodSection 10 Non-food Expenditures and Inventory of Durable Goods Non-farm enterprises – characteristics, expenditures on and income from Transfers Section 12 Credit, Assets and SavingsSection 13 Anthropometrics - childrenSection 14 Cognitive Skills -

Household Incomes & Wealth – “farming/agro-eco systems” & “livelihoods” frameworks & capabilities

Agriculture Non-agricultureFarming systems

crops

horticulture

homestead

livestock

Poultry (chickens, ducks, pigeons ..Small (sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits ..

Large (cattle, buffalo, horses, donkeys, camels …

ForestryFish

Gathering

Production

Trade

Financial – interest on Loans and security

Employment

Remittances/transfers (inc. pensions)

Rents of land & property

Expenditures

Raw materialsLabour & supervisionConsumablesUtilitiesFinancial (interest &working capital)

Household assets – material – wealth index – who owns/controls?Land, buildings (no. rooms, materials for walls, roofs, floors; water and sanitation, jewellery, bank accounts, furniture & household equipment, consumer durables (radio, TV, fridge, stove), bicycles …..

Business assets buildings & equipment, stocks, “good-will”(?)

Incomes sales change in stocks

Public Goods, Common and Open Access Properties and Environment

Crops – farm budgeting

areas Field mapping(by season)-tillage (tractors, power tillers, animal,human)-seed/lings-fertlisers (type, quantitytiming – cost with transport and credit)-Chemicals (pesticides/insecticides, herbicides)-Manure (household,farmyard, bought,grazing, gathered)-Labour (household,hired & exchange/communal)task (sowing, weeding,fertilising, spraying,other) and timing-Irrigation own costs, purchaseswater charges-Hired services & contractors-Finance & creditinterest …-Subsidies & taxes

-farmer report (local units)-Participatory mapping(relative sizes)-mapping withtape/wheel/rangefinder& compass(triangles)-Plan table &dumpy level(angle&distance)-GPS (waypointsor coupled to handheld computer-Total station-Electronic compass& laser rangefindercoupled to handheldcomputer-Remote sensing

Number & locationof fields/parcels (subplots)– soils, aspect, slope, hydrology,irrigation-Tenure – own, rented, mortgaged,shared, customary-Land use

Quantities Point (cereals,etc)- units, number and weights

Multiple -diaries, chitis?

Disposal-sale, storage home consumption,animal feed)-quantities-values (transport&marketing, credit)

Inputs Outputs

Livestock & Fish

Multi-purpose – store of wealth , savings, social statusMulti-output – meat, milk, progeny - multi-point/frequent/continuous outputs

Costs – purchase; feed, labour (multi-tasking); vetinary

Outputs - home consumption, sales, gifts & ceremonies,

Confusions of stock and flowOpening Stock

(Cattle, poultry …)Beginning stock + births – deaths+ purchases & gifts received – sales, gifts out & sacrifices..

Closing stock

Flow – quantities & values -> prices

Cattle - milk, whole animals, part animals, sold or home consumed (meat, hides … & manure (by-products)Poultry – eggs, whole animals, part animals

For poultry include hatchlings etc.

Avoid double counting – i.e. do not include value of sales in stock transactions;Consistency checks – stock change & transactions- Sales & disposals no greater than net stock transactions- compute unit values (+/- 2.5sd)