Economic Systems: Concepts and Definitions IB Anthropology UWC Costa Rica.
Economic Activities Survey Design. Methods or Stages Informal –Documentary sources History,...
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Transcript of Economic Activities Survey Design. Methods or Stages Informal –Documentary sources History,...
![Page 1: Economic Activities Survey Design. Methods or Stages Informal –Documentary sources History, economic anthropology, geography, … –Observation –Household.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55160c73550346cf6f8b607b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Economic Activities Survey Design
![Page 2: Economic Activities Survey Design. Methods or Stages Informal –Documentary sources History, economic anthropology, geography, … –Observation –Household.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082805/55160c73550346cf6f8b607b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Methods or Stages• Informal
– Documentary sources• History, economic anthropology, geography, …
– Observation– Household accounts and previous surveys
• Field & Participatory (RRA, PRA/ PLA) research– Ethnography– Mapping & transects– Seasonality charts– Participatory Budgeting (key informants, focus groups)
• Expenditure• Enterprises
– Agriculture– Non-agriculture – businesses, employment, home production
• Formal Surveys• Multi-purpose surveys
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Multi-purpose surveys
Survey process
Research questions
Theories, concepts, variables
Choosing topics/modules
Objectives
draft testassemble
- How is well-being distributed andhow has well-being has well-being changed over time? ….
- Assess trends in and policies towards well-being
- Households and their composition, livelihoods & capabilities, risk and insurance (income/consumption/assets/health/nutrition
re-test implement, andmanage
capture, clean,process, validate
Analyse, report & communicate
-Household; housing & utilities; employment;agricultural income; household business; education; health & nutrition (children, women, men?); community (infrastructure, and public services, “environment”, markets & prices)
Design sample
Background research + stakeholders consultation (ethics)
Plan – funding, staffing, transport, accommodation, expenses, health & safety
Train enumerators & supervisors
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Endowments
Production Exchange
Goods
Characteristics/commodities
Intra-household allocation
Goods are transformed into commodities/characteristics by combiningthem with time, household assets, utilities, knowledge
The division of commodities/characteristics among household members depends on:Household characteristicspersonal characteristics - desert, need, and culture
The transformation of commodities/characteristics into capabilities depends on:household characteristics (assets)personal characteristicsenvironment - climate, health (infectivity)agency
Capabilities
Functionings
Common and open accessresources (environmental entitlements)
Labour, land, capital, human capital
Endowments and common or open access resources are transformed intogoods that the household is entitled to directly by home production, and indirectly through labour markets and goods markets (e.g. for goods the householdproduces, such as agricultural products and consumer goodsthat it purchases)
The transformation of capabilities into functionings depends onpersonal characteristicschoices and agency
F1
F2
F3
F4
Figure 1: The Entitlements and Capabilities Framework
Utilities
Psychological characteristics
Note: 1. F1, F2, and F3 make up the “household technology” that transforms goods into capabilities 2. This is a particular interpretation of the entitlements and capabilities frameworks.
Entitlements
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Ghana LSMS Method (multi-purpose survey)Multiple visits; semi panel; See Grosh, Margaret E. and Glewwe, G., 1998, The World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Study Household Surveys, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1):187-196. (also Grosh & Glewwe, 2000 in RTA Manual) And use of the Ghana data: See : Higgins, P. A. and Alderman, H., 1997. Labor And Women's Nutrition - The Impact Of Work Effort And Fertility On Nutritional Status In Ghana. Journal Of Human Resources. 32(3):577-595. Part ASection 0 Survey InformationSection 1 Household MembershipSection 2 Education & LiteracySection 3 Health status (previous 2 weeks) & health practices; fertility (15-49 yr old women)Section 4 Employment & time use, primary and secondary occupations – previous yearSection 5 Migration (all > 15 yrs), in and out, and work while migrantSection 6 Identification of Respondents chosen for Round 3 (50%) – semi-panelSection 7 Characteristics of Housing, and utilitiesPart BSection 8 Agricultural and Pastoral Assets and Activities (previous year) including harvests and sales, consumption of own productionSection 9. Household Consumption – non-food, infrequent and frequently purchased,; foodSection 10 Non-food Expenditures and Inventory of Durable Goods Non-farm enterprises – characteristics, expenditures on and income from Transfers Section 12 Credit, Assets and SavingsSection 13 Anthropometrics - childrenSection 14 Cognitive Skills -
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Household Incomes & Wealth – “farming/agro-eco systems” & “livelihoods” frameworks & capabilities
Agriculture Non-agricultureFarming systems
crops
horticulture
homestead
livestock
Poultry (chickens, ducks, pigeons ..Small (sheep, goats, pigs, rabbits ..
Large (cattle, buffalo, horses, donkeys, camels …
ForestryFish
Gathering
Production
Trade
Financial – interest on Loans and security
Employment
Remittances/transfers (inc. pensions)
Rents of land & property
Expenditures
Raw materialsLabour & supervisionConsumablesUtilitiesFinancial (interest &working capital)
Household assets – material – wealth index – who owns/controls?Land, buildings (no. rooms, materials for walls, roofs, floors; water and sanitation, jewellery, bank accounts, furniture & household equipment, consumer durables (radio, TV, fridge, stove), bicycles …..
Business assets buildings & equipment, stocks, “good-will”(?)
Incomes sales change in stocks
Public Goods, Common and Open Access Properties and Environment
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Crops – farm budgeting
areas Field mapping(by season)-tillage (tractors, power tillers, animal,human)-seed/lings-fertlisers (type, quantitytiming – cost with transport and credit)-Chemicals (pesticides/insecticides, herbicides)-Manure (household,farmyard, bought,grazing, gathered)-Labour (household,hired & exchange/communal)task (sowing, weeding,fertilising, spraying,other) and timing-Irrigation own costs, purchaseswater charges-Hired services & contractors-Finance & creditinterest …-Subsidies & taxes
-farmer report (local units)-Participatory mapping(relative sizes)-mapping withtape/wheel/rangefinder& compass(triangles)-Plan table &dumpy level(angle&distance)-GPS (waypointsor coupled to handheld computer-Total station-Electronic compass& laser rangefindercoupled to handheldcomputer-Remote sensing
Number & locationof fields/parcels (subplots)– soils, aspect, slope, hydrology,irrigation-Tenure – own, rented, mortgaged,shared, customary-Land use
Quantities Point (cereals,etc)- units, number and weights
Multiple -diaries, chitis?
Disposal-sale, storage home consumption,animal feed)-quantities-values (transport&marketing, credit)
Inputs Outputs
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Livestock & Fish
Multi-purpose – store of wealth , savings, social statusMulti-output – meat, milk, progeny - multi-point/frequent/continuous outputs
Costs – purchase; feed, labour (multi-tasking); vetinary
Outputs - home consumption, sales, gifts & ceremonies,
Confusions of stock and flowOpening Stock
(Cattle, poultry …)Beginning stock + births – deaths+ purchases & gifts received – sales, gifts out & sacrifices..
Closing stock
Flow – quantities & values -> prices
Cattle - milk, whole animals, part animals, sold or home consumed (meat, hides … & manure (by-products)Poultry – eggs, whole animals, part animals
For poultry include hatchlings etc.
Avoid double counting – i.e. do not include value of sales in stock transactions;Consistency checks – stock change & transactions- Sales & disposals no greater than net stock transactions- compute unit values (+/- 2.5sd)
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