Transcript of E NERGY C ONVERSIONS Do Now A jelly donut contains about 1 x 10 6 J of energy. A gallon of gasoline...
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- E NERGY C ONVERSIONS Do Now A jelly donut contains about 1 x 10
6 J of energy. A gallon of gasoline contains about 1 x 10 8 J of
energy. How many jelly donuts would provide the same amount of
energy as a 20 gallon tank of gasoline?`
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- E NERGY AND SOCIETY It is not a coincidence that large-scale
human slavery in the Western world ended around the same time
fossil fuels were rapidly expanding. A human doing physical work
for 8-hours a day can produce about 5 x 10 5 J of useful work. A
gallon of gasoline produces about 2 x 10 6 J of useful energy when
burned in an engine. How many gallons of gasoline produce the same
amount of work as 50 humans working all day?
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- S OLUTION (2 x 10 6 J) [gasoline] / (5 x 10 5 J) [human] = 4. 1
gallon of gasoline produces as much work as 4 humans working all
day. 50 [humans] / 4 = 12 Conclusion: the same amount of work can
be done by 50 laborers or about 13 gallons of gasoline.
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- T AKE - HOME MESSAGE The amount of energy produced by burning
fossil fuels is huge in comparison to human labor. Example: You
could not power a large TV by riding a bicycle but coal can.
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- T ROPH = EATING F ROM B IO II M ICROBIAL E COLOGY Do Now: Make
a list (on your notes handout) of the things EVERY organism needs
to survive.
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- J UST 3 THINGS Water Energy Carbon Different organisms get
these materials in very different ways but we all get them!
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- T HE F IRST O RGANISMS The very first organisms that arose on
Earth were very simple in structure. We call these simple cells
prokaryotes. There are millions of species of prokaryotes alive
today, and science has described only 0.1- 5% of them!
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- T HEY RE EVERYWHERE !!! This is from a soil sample about 2,000x
magnification notice how many different kinds are in such a small
space.
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- S OME FAMOUS PROKARYOTES
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- E SCHERICHIA COLI
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- S TAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
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- H ELICOBACTER PYLORI
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- C YANOBACTER SP.
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- B ACILLUS SUBTILIS
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- M ICROBES A RE E VERYWHERE ! Prokaryote : A unicellular
organism that lacks a nucleus and all other membrane- bound
organelles. Microbe : An organism too small to be seen by the naked
eye.
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- W AYS THEY S URVIVE Prokaryotes may be heterotrophs or
autotrophs. Heterotroph : an organism that gets carbon from organic
molecules produced by other organisms. Heterotrophs are consumers.
Autotroph : an organism that uses an energy source (such as light)
directly to build organic molecules from inorganic carbon source
(usually CO 2 )
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- H ETERO VS. A UTO Hetero means different, and auto means self
does this make sense, since troph means eat? Hetrotroph and
Autotroph refer to how an organism gets carbon.
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- Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis. The cells feed
on the lung cells of their hosts. Heterotroph or autotroph?
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- Thyobacilus ferroxidans gets its energy from turning iron (II)
oxide into iron (III) oxide. They use the energy they get to take
CO 2 from the environment and build sugars and other compounds.
Heterotroph or autotroph?
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- H OW DO YOU GET ENERGY? Energy is another critical thing all
organisms need access to. The prefix photo indicates an organism
gets energy from light. The prefix chemo indicates an organism gets
energy from a chemical. Phototroph and chemotroph describe how an
organism gets energy: from light, or from chemicals.
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- B URGER OR N AILS ? Chemotrophs, which get their energy from
chemicals come in two flavors: Organotrophs (like you & I) who
break down organic chemicals they take in. Lithotrophs (litho =
rock) who break down inorganic substances
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- Only 4 ways to Survive on Earth! Get carbon from food to build
molecules Use inorganic carbon (CO 2 ) to build molecules Get
energy directly (light) PhotoheterotrophPhotoautotroph Get energy
from chemicals ChemoheterotrophChemoautotroph
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- D IATOMS ARE UNICELLULAR ALGAE THAT GET CARBON FROM CO 2 IN
WATER, AND ENERGY FROM LIGHT. W HAT ARE THEY ?
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- Heres another one
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- Some more varieties
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- How organisms get the energy to survive & reproduce B
IOENERGETICS :
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- 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics: In an isolated system, entropy
(disorder) increases So how do living things remain so organized,
and in fact increase the organization in and around themselves?
ENERGY. Living things use energy to prevent entropy from destroying
them. Living things are negative entropy machines E NTROPY
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- E NTROPY AND E NERGY ORDER Cha os Energy Released (G < 0)
Energy Required (G > 0) Spontaneous Nonspontaneous
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- P HOTOSYNTHESIS & R ESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 o 2 ATP
Energy Produced Light Energy Required 6 Co 2 + 6 H 2 O
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis RespirationRespiration
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- O RDER VS. C HAOS ATP Energy Produced Light Energy Required
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis RespirationRespiration
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- Photosynthesis : the process by which plants and other
photoautotrophs store the energy of light as chemical energy in
carbohydrates. (Cellular) Respiration : the process by which
animals and other chemotrophic organisms transform chemical energy
stored in carbohydrates (or other sources) into available energy
(ATP). C RITICAL D EFINITIONS
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- C HEMISTRY II S TUDENTS
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- Reducing carbon (adding more H to it) requires energy (i.e.
photosynthesis) Oxidizing carbon (adding more O to it) releases
energy (i.e. combustion) R EDOX R EACTIONS
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- B IOENERGETIC C HEMISTRY
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- O RGANISMS
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- C HLOROPHYTA : GREEN ALGAE
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- P HAEOPHYCEAE : B ROWN ALGAE
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- R HODOPHYTA : R ED A LGAE
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- H UMAN E COLOGY & E NERGY U SE
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- H UMAN E NERGY U SE
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- C ONSEQUENCES