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E NERGY C ONVERSIONS Do Now A jelly donut contains about 1 x 10 6 J of energy. A gallon of gasoline contains about 1 x 10 8 J of energy. How many jelly donuts would provide the same amount of energy as a 20 gallon tank of gasoline?`

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E NERGY AND SOCIETY It is not a coincidence that large-scale human slavery in the Western world ended around the same time fossil fuels were rapidly expanding. A human doing physical work for 8-hours a day can produce about 5 x 10 5 J of useful work. A gallon of gasoline produces about 2 x 10 6 J of useful energy when burned in an engine. How many gallons of gasoline produce the same amount of work as 50 humans working all day?

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S OLUTION (2 x 10 6 J) [gasoline] / (5 x 10 5 J) [human] = 4. 1 gallon of gasoline produces as much work as 4 humans working all day. 50 [humans] / 4 = 12 Conclusion: the same amount of work can be done by 50 laborers or about 13 gallons of gasoline.

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T AKE - HOME MESSAGE The amount of energy produced by burning fossil fuels is huge in comparison to human labor. Example: You could not power a large TV by riding a bicycle but coal can.

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T ROPH = EATING F ROM B IO II M ICROBIAL E COLOGY Do Now: Make a list (on your notes handout) of the things EVERY organism needs to survive.

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J UST 3 THINGS Water Energy Carbon Different organisms get these materials in very different ways but we all get them!

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T HE F IRST O RGANISMS The very first organisms that arose on Earth were very simple in structure. We call these simple cells prokaryotes. There are millions of species of prokaryotes alive today, and science has described only 0.1- 5% of them!

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T HEY RE EVERYWHERE !!! This is from a soil sample about 2,000x magnification notice how many different kinds are in such a small space.

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S OME FAMOUS PROKARYOTES

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E SCHERICHIA COLI

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S TAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

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H ELICOBACTER PYLORI

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C YANOBACTER SP.

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B ACILLUS SUBTILIS

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M ICROBES A RE E VERYWHERE ! Prokaryote : A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and all other membrane- bound organelles. Microbe : An organism too small to be seen by the naked eye.

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W AYS THEY S URVIVE Prokaryotes may be heterotrophs or autotrophs. Heterotroph : an organism that gets carbon from organic molecules produced by other organisms. Heterotrophs are consumers. Autotroph : an organism that uses an energy source (such as light) directly to build organic molecules from inorganic carbon source (usually CO 2 )

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H ETERO VS. A UTO Hetero means different, and auto means self does this make sense, since troph means eat? Hetrotroph and Autotroph refer to how an organism gets carbon.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis. The cells feed on the lung cells of their hosts. Heterotroph or autotroph?

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Thyobacilus ferroxidans gets its energy from turning iron (II) oxide into iron (III) oxide. They use the energy they get to take CO 2 from the environment and build sugars and other compounds. Heterotroph or autotroph?

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H OW DO YOU GET ENERGY? Energy is another critical thing all organisms need access to. The prefix photo indicates an organism gets energy from light. The prefix chemo indicates an organism gets energy from a chemical. Phototroph and chemotroph describe how an organism gets energy: from light, or from chemicals.

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B URGER OR N AILS ? Chemotrophs, which get their energy from chemicals come in two flavors: Organotrophs (like you & I) who break down organic chemicals they take in. Lithotrophs (litho = rock) who break down inorganic substances

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Only 4 ways to Survive on Earth! Get carbon from food to build molecules Use inorganic carbon (CO 2 ) to build molecules Get energy directly (light) PhotoheterotrophPhotoautotroph Get energy from chemicals ChemoheterotrophChemoautotroph

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D IATOMS ARE UNICELLULAR ALGAE THAT GET CARBON FROM CO 2 IN WATER, AND ENERGY FROM LIGHT. W HAT ARE THEY ?

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Heres another one

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Some more varieties

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How organisms get the energy to survive & reproduce B IOENERGETICS :

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2 nd Law of Thermodynamics: In an isolated system, entropy (disorder) increases So how do living things remain so organized, and in fact increase the organization in and around themselves? ENERGY. Living things use energy to prevent entropy from destroying them. Living things are negative entropy machines E NTROPY

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E NTROPY AND E NERGY ORDER Cha os Energy Released (G < 0) Energy Required (G > 0) Spontaneous Nonspontaneous

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P HOTOSYNTHESIS & R ESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 o 2 ATP Energy Produced Light Energy Required 6 Co 2 + 6 H 2 O PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis RespirationRespiration

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O RDER VS. C HAOS ATP Energy Produced Light Energy Required PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis RespirationRespiration

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Photosynthesis : the process by which plants and other photoautotrophs store the energy of light as chemical energy in carbohydrates. (Cellular) Respiration : the process by which animals and other chemotrophic organisms transform chemical energy stored in carbohydrates (or other sources) into available energy (ATP). C RITICAL D EFINITIONS

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C HEMISTRY II S TUDENTS

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Reducing carbon (adding more H to it) requires energy (i.e. photosynthesis) Oxidizing carbon (adding more O to it) releases energy (i.e. combustion) R EDOX R EACTIONS

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B IOENERGETIC C HEMISTRY

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O RGANISMS

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C HLOROPHYTA : GREEN ALGAE

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P HAEOPHYCEAE : B ROWN ALGAE

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R HODOPHYTA : R ED A LGAE

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H UMAN E COLOGY & E NERGY U SE

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H UMAN E NERGY U SE

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C ONSEQUENCES