Optimizing)Crop)Yield)Through)Selective)Groundwater)Extraction

Avoiding)High)Elemental)Concentration)Improve)Yield)and)Save)Valued)Viticulture)Land

Presented(By:(Noah(Heller,(MS(PG((CA(5792)50(Tiburon(Street,(Suite(7,(San(Rafael,(CA((94901415.302.7354(/(nheller@besstinc.com

2

TCE,%PCE,%NitratesArsenic,)Nitrate,)Mn,)Fe,)Bacteria,)PCE

Arsenic(&(Nitrate,(Uranium,(TDS

PCE,)TCE,)Nitrates,)Manganese

Nitrates,))Manganese,)BoronArsenic,)Flouride

2005$2016:(BESST(Selective(Groundwater(Extraction(Database

Drought

Vs.

Groundwater

As,)Nitrate,))TDS,)Uranium,)NaCl,)TCE,)PCE,)Perchlorate,)Fe,)Mn,)Bacteria

="1"– 10"Production"Wells"Profiled"by"BESST

Hex)Chrome,)Arsenic,)Uranium

Nitrates,)Arsenic,)TDS,)Boron

• 700)Municipal)Production)Wells)Profiled)Since)2005

• Largest)Stratified,)Dissolved)Aqueous)Phase)Chemistry)Data)Base)in)California)for)Production)Wells

Dynamic"flow"contribution"

(%)"vs"depth"(ft"bgs)

60

0

0

0

0.5

0.7

4

10

7

5

4

0.5

3

3

2

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0

PWL9357

3579359

3599361

3619363

3639365

3659375

3759385

3859395

3959430

4309455

4559465

4659475

4759485

4859495

4959519

ft"bgs

0.55

0.97

0.67

0.60

0.49

0.55

0.56

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

3309357

3579365

3659385

3859430

4309465

4659485

4859519

Boron)Concentrationmg/l

Well)5S)/)200)GPM

Paso)Robles)Vineyard)Well

Profiling)to)Improve)Grape)Yield

4

318(ft

10.25”(Casing(ID

540(ft(

560(ft(

300(ft(

Pump(Column:(5”

Chemical(Mass(Balance(Analysis:((Iron

0( 500( 1000( 1500( 2000( 2500(

above(310310X318318X340340X360360X380380X420420X460460X500

below(500

2400(1086(

2053(720(

178(412(407(519(

1400(

µg/L

Sampling)Intervals)(ft.)bgs)

Dynamic)Chemistry)Profile:)DriesbachZHilltop2/18/10)))))))260)GPM

Iron((Fe)

Fe GPM µg/L GPM µg/L

Sample%Depth Interval Cumulative%Flow Lab%Results Incremental%FlowCalculated%Mass%%Concentration%by%Zone

310 above 310 0.73 2400 0.73 2400%318 310-318 68.41 1100 67.68 1086%318 318-340 191.59 1100 79.78 2053%340 340-360 111.80 420 10.16 720%360 360-380 101.64 390 16.11 178%380 380-420 85.53 430 30.61 412%420 420-460 54.92 440 42.32 407%460 460-500 12.60 550 12.16 519%500 Below 500 0.44 1400 0.44 1400%

Spigot 1 Composite 260.00 560Spigot 2 Composite 260.00 430

Lettuce)Production)Quality)Affected)By)Iron

Dynamic)Flow)Profile)Under)Steady)State)

DrawZDown

Fluorometer

Flow(From(Well(To(Fluorometer

Flow(From(Fluorometer(To(Waste

1,900)GPM

406080100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400

Dye)Injection)Shot)Points

Ft.)Below)Ground)Surface

Water(Sampling(Spool

Dye(Injection(Spool

Explanation(of(Dye(Injection(Process(For(Dynamic(Flow(Profiling(In(Production(Wells

Cumulative(Flow(Slices((CFS)

5

Dye(Logging(Method

Dynamic)Flow)Profile)Under)Steady)State)

DrawZDown

Fluorometer

Flow(From(Well(To(Fluorometer

Flow(From(Fluorometer(To(Waste

406080100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400

Dye)Injection)Shot)Points

Ft.)Below)Ground)Surface

When)we)subtract)Q2 from)Q1,)we)get)the)incremental)flow)(IF)or)GPM))contribution)between)the)two)measured)injection)points

Q1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q8Q9Q10Q11Q12Q13Q14Q15Q16Q17

Cumulative)Flow

Q1 =(V1 x(A(1V(1=((d1Xd2)/(t1Xt2)

A1)=) r2

Cumulative(Flow(Can(Be(Defined(As

No(Flow(Contribution

No(Flow(Contribution

Incremental(Flow(Can(Be(Defined(As

Q1 – Q2

Explanation(of(Basic(Flow(Calculations(When(Using(Dye(Injection(ProcessGPM(

Distribution

6

Dynamic)Groundwater)Sampling)Under)Steady)State)DrawZDown

406080100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400

Groundwater)Sampling)Points

Ft.)Below)Ground)Surface

Ca1Ca2Ca3Ca4Ca5Ca6Ca7Ca8Ca9Ca10Ca11Ca12Ca13Ca14Ca15Ca16Ca17

Cumulative)Concentration

Ca1 =((Q1C1 – Q2C2)/(Q1XQ2)

Average(Cumulative(Contaminant(Concentration(Can(Be(Defined(As

No(Contaminant(Contribution

No(Contaminant(Contribution

Incremental(Average(Contaminant(Concentration(between(two(imaginary(flow(planes(within(the(well(can(

be(expressed

Water(Sampling(Spool

Dye(Injection(Spool

Well(Vent(Tube

Explanation(of(Basic(Mass(Balance(Calculations

7 8

Central"Valley"CaliforniaArsenic"Reduction"at"Food"Processing"Facilities

Pump(Column(10”

Dynamic)Flow)Contribution)Profile

Dynamic)Flow)Profile

10%((((((((((((20%(((((((((((((30%((((((((((((40(%(((((((((((50%

Percent(of(Total((%)

500’

655(ft(

Clay

Pumping)Rate: 849(GPM(((Pumping)Water)Level: 340’

960’X1010’

1200ft(

Clay

Sand(&(Clay

655’X715’

890X830

745’X785’

11.4%

1.6%

11.4%

31.6%

21.8%Clay

Sand(&(Clay

Clay

Sand(and(Clay

Brown(Clay

900(ft(

660(ft(

730(ft(

870(ft(

930(ft(

1020(ft(

1150(ft

1210(ft(

570(ft(

1075(ft(

1190(ft(

960(ft(

1010(ft(

715ft(

745(ft(

785(ft(

825(ft(

870(ft(

890(ft(

920(ft(

650(ft(

Blue(Clay

22.1%

1075’X1190’

825’X870’

9

500(ft

16(”(Casing(ID

Pump%Column:%10”

16”(Casing(ID

1075(ft(

1190(ft(

960(ft(

1010(ft(

655(ft(

715ft(745(ft(

785(ft(825(ft(

870(ft(890(ft(

920(ft(

Chemical(Mass(Balance(Analysis:((Arsenic(

0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00

655-715

745-785

825-870

890-920

960-1010

1075-1125

below 1125

0.00

10.00

29.31

23.00

44.10

12.00

12.00

97.03

187.99

268.26

13.73

96.64

70.87

114.48

µg/L

Sampling)Intervales)(ft.)bgs)

Dynamic"Chemical"Profile:""849"GPMArsenic

10

11

Predicted Arsenic Discharge Average

Sample%Depth

Screen%Interval

Cumulative%Flow%Per%Screen%Interval

Incremental%Flow%Per%Screen%Interval

Measured%Concentration%(From%Lab) CnQn

CnQn9Cn+1Qn+1 Incremental%Flow%

Mass%Balance%Incremental%Concentration

6006559715 470.00 97.00 19.50 16555.5% 11.5% 97.00 0.12% 11.57307459785 373.00 188.00 22.00 16544.0% 1880.0% 188.00 10.00% 18808058259870 0.00 0.00 0.00 14664.0% 7856.0% 0.00 0.00% 08808909920 0.00 0.00 0.00 6808.0% 322.0% 0.00 0.00% 094096091010 0.00 0.00 0.00 6486.0% 4266.0% 0.00 0.00% 01055107591190 185.00 185.00 12.00 2220.0% 2220.0% 185.00 12.00% 2220

470.00 GPM55% of%849%GPM

Spigot%1 Cumulative 470.00 8.75 4111.5 8.75Spigot%2 Cumulative 470.00 8.75

Estimated(Arsenic(Distribution(By(Screen(IntervalBlocking(Off(3rd,(4th and(5th Screen(From(Top(Of(Well

0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% 120.00% 140.00% 160.00% 180.00% 200.00%

655971574597858259870890992096091010107591190

0.12%10.00%

0.00%0.00%0.00%

12.00%

97.00188.00

0.000.000.00

185.00

As"ug/l

Screen""Interval"(ft."bgs)

Dynamic"Arsenic"Profile:"Well"26849"GPM"""""""

StraddleZPacker)Test)Scenario)

• Production(blocked(from(the(3rd,(4th and(5th screens.(Production(loss(estimated(to(be(about(45%.

• Packer(test((performed(to(confirm(decrease(arsenic

12

Feasibility(Test(Strategies—Goal:(Produce(Less(Arsenic(and(Minimize(Production(Loss

13

23

19

1311

10

12

11

0

5

10

15

20

25

Arsenic(Reduction(Profile:(From(Straddle(Packer(System680(GPM(=(75%(of(Original( Production( Rate((850(GPM