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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp. 137–151, Article ID: IJCIET_09_06_017
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
DRIVERS’ OPINION ON ROAD SAFETY FOR
INDIAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY 40 PASSING
THROUGH KURNOOL DISTRICT, ANDHRA
PRADESH-A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY
B. Naga Kiran
Research Scholar, School of Civil Engineering,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Anantapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. N. Kumara Swamy
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Vasi Reddy Venkataadri Institute of Technology,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dr. C. Sashidhar
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Anantapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Road traffic injuries are increasing day by day in developing countries like India,
with high number of crashes involving commercial vehicles on Indian National
Highways. This study examines the attitudes, behaviors, and other characteristics of
professional drivers on road safety who are travelling on this National Highway -40
passing through Kurnool District, State of Andhra Pradesh, using a questionnaire-
based survey conducted in NH-40 from July to Septmber 2017. In this questionnaire
survey consist of 23 questions covering various topics related to road safety such as
age of the person, type of vehicle, years of experience, follow of traffic rules, usage of
seat belt, maintenance of road condition, accident causes, danger zones, and many are
involved. The study results revealed that the bus drivers are majorly involved in the
survey having an experience more than 8 years stated that most of the accidents
occurs due to over speeding .Based on this results, the study concludes that to conduct
various training programmes to commercial vehicle drivers on road safety traffic
rules, and ultimately lead to less accidents on the National Highway40.
Key words: Drivers Behvaviour, Road safety, road traffic crashes.
Drivers’ Opinion on Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,
Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study
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Cite this Article: B. Naga Kiran and Dr. N. Kumara Swamy, Drivers’ Opinion on
Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,
Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study, International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp. 137–151.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=6
1. INTRODUCTION
Road safety is a multi-sectoral and multi-dimensional subject. It includes systematic
development and supervision of roads, provision of safer vehicles, and a comprehensive
response to traffic accidents. It relies on current traffic management systems and practices,
enhanced safety standards in design, construction, operation and maintenance of roads, and
production and maintenance of safer vehicles. due to unsafe conditions on roads, the rate of
accidents in India has been elevated. According to the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways 1,50,785 people were killed and another 4,94,624 were injured in 4,80,652 road
crashes in India in 2016.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Today, the driver’s behavior questionnaire (DBQ) intended by Reason et al. (1990) is one of
the most regularly used tools for measuring a driver’s self-reported driving behavior. A DBQ
questionnaire form was intended to collect each driver’s socio-demographic features, driving
behaviors, and self-reported accident involvement experiences (Bener et al., 2008; De Winter
and Dodou, 2010).numerous statistical analyses of traffic accident records revealed that
unsafe or risky driving behaviors are significantly associated with variables such as
personality, age, gender, habits, and occupation characteristics, as well as weather and traffic
flow; taken together or by themselves, all of these components can lead to traffic accidents,
injury, or death (Paleti et al., 2010; Weng and Meng, 2012; Tymula et al., 2012; Bosak et al.,
2013; Tseng et al., 2013; Poo and Ledesma, 2013).Seat-belt use reduces the severity of
injuries in crashes (McLellan et al., 1996) and is strictly enforced in many developed
countries with usage ranges from 53% to 92% (Steptoe et al., 2002).Poor vehicle condition
due to irregular or inadequate maintenance can lead to road traffic crashes (Barengo,
Mkamba, Mshana,&Miettola, 2006; McLean, Offler,& Sandow, 1979; Treat, 1977).Another
risky behavior identified for road traffic accident is taking alcohol and driving(Waller F et al.,
1996;Gururaj G,2004). Knowledge, belief, attitude on risky driving behaviors and driving
experience were also important aspects of risky behaviors identified with evidences(Sayder A
et al 1981; Deusk 2006,Veysely et al.,2006;Berg L 1993)Speeding refers to individual driving
with an exceeding speed over the limit on the road. Many researchers have indicated that
speeding is a very dangerous driving behavior and should be considered one of the most
important contributors to specific kinds of crashes (e.g., right of way violations, active shunts
or reversing, and loss of control) (West & Hall, 1997). Petridou and Moustaki (2000)
identified some behavioural factors that stimulate risk taking with a long term impact; these
factors include capacity overestimation, macho attitude, habitual speeding and disregard of
traffic laws, non-use of seatbelt and helmet, and crash proneness. Driving skill (ability) is
often closely related to driving experience: the more time a driver spends on the road the more
experienced that driver will be. Driving behavior (style), on the other hand, addresses the
particular way a driver chooses to operate the vehicle safely and quickly (Peer, 2011);
Clearly, drivers operating different types of vehicles, i.e. a private passenger car, taxi, bus,
and truck, will likely exhibit different driving behaviors (Bener et al., 2008). According to
Langford et al (2006), independent of age, drivers travelling more kilometers will typically
have lower crash rates per kilometer than those driving fewer kilometers.
B. Naga Kiran and Dr. N. Kumara Swamy
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3. METHOD OF STUDY
The study was conducted on a total random sample of 155 drivers. Some of the major
terminals at different areas along the stretch of National Highway -18(40) were randomly
selected. These survey locations are such that remarkable quantum of road trips originated
and destined to various destinations throughout stretch. Drivers having experience from 1 year
to 30 years were interviewed in the survey. The study was designed to reflect the opinion of
all classes of drivers.
4. RESULTS
Table 4.1 Age of Person
AGE NO.OF PERSONS
18-25 10(6.45%)
26-35 66(42.5%)
36-45 37(21.9%)
46-55 37(23.8%)
>56 5(3.22%)
When asked about their Age of the drivers, 42.5% drivers said that their age between 26-
35 and 3.22% drivers said that their age more than 56 as shown in table 4.1
Figure 4.1 Age of Person
Table 4.2 Gender of Person
It is clear that 100% drivers are male gender only as shown table 4.2
Figure 4.2 Gender of Person
GENDER NO.OF PERSONS
MALE 155(100%)
FEMALE 0
10
66
37 37
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 >56
NO
OF
PER
SON
S
AGE IN YEARS
155
0 0
50
100
150
200
MALE FEMALE
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
GENDER
Drivers’ Opinion on Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,
Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study
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Table 4.3 Marital Status
STATUS NO.OF PERSONS
MARRIED 137(88.38%)
UNMARRIED 18(11.61%)
When interrogated about their Martial Status of the drivers, they told that around 88.38%
drivers are got married and remaining 11.61% drivers are not married as shown in table 4.3
Figure 4.3 Marital Status
Table 4.4 Type of Occupation
OCCUPATION NO.OF PERSONS
PVT.EMPLOYEE 145 (93%)
GOVT.EMPLOYEE 10(6.45%)
When questioned about their type of occupation of the drivers, they informed that around
93% drivers are working as a Pvt. Employee and remaining 6.45% drivers as working as a
Govt employee as shown in table 4.4
Figure 4.4 Type of Occupation
Table 4.5 No. of Children
CHILDREN NO.OF PERSONS
NO 27(17.4%)
1 to 2 98(63.22%)
3 to 4 29(18.70%)
>=4 1(0.6%)
When asked about their children of the drivers, they revealed that most of the drivers
around 63.22% driving having children are 1 to 2 numbers and 0.6% drivers having children
more than 4numbers as shown in table 4.5
137
18
0
50
100
150
MARRIED UNMARRIED
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
MARITAL STATUS
145
10
0
50
100
150
200
PVT.EMPLOYEE GOVT.EMPLOYEE
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
OCCUPATION
B. Naga Kiran and Dr. N. Kumara Swamy
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Figure 4.5 No. of Children
Table 4.6 Years of Experience
NO.OF YEARS NO.OF PERSONS
1 to 2 6(3.8%)
2 to 4 6(3.8%)
4 to 6 16(10.3%)
6 to 8 16(10.3%)
>8 111(71.6%)
When questioned about their Experience in driving,71.6% of the drivers declared that
having experience on driving more than 8 years and 3.8% of the drivers brought to light that
having experience between 1 to 2 &2 to 4 years as shown in table 4.6
Figure 4.6 Years of Experience
Table 4.7 Type of Vehicle
VEHICLE TYPE NO.OF PERSONS
BUS 61(39.3%)
LORRY 50(32.25%)
TWO WHEELER 10(6.45%)
TRUCK 8(5.16%)
CAR 31(20%)
When interrogated about the utilisation of the type of vehicle in their service, majority of
the drivers announced the utilization of vehicle was buses is around 39.3% ,and remaining
drivers informed that lorry(32.25%),two wheeler(6.45%),truck(8%) and car(20%) as shown in
table 4.7
27
98
29
1 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
NO 1 to 2 3 to 4 >=4
NO
.OF
PER
SZO
NS
NO.OF CHILDREN
6 6 16 16
111
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 >8
NO
.OFP
ERSO
NS
NO.OF YEARS OF EXPIERENCE
Drivers’ Opinion on Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,
Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study
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Figure 4.7 Type of Vehicle
Table 4.8 Frequent of Travelling
FREQUENT NO.OF PERSONS
RARELY 7(4.5%)
REGULARLY 119(76.7%)
ONCE IN MONTHLY 16(10.32%)
ONCE IN QUARTERLY 8(5.16%)
ONCE INSIX MONTH 4(2.5%)
ONCE IN A YEAR 1(0.645)
When enquired about the drivers for the frequency of travelling on National highway
18(40), around 76.7% of the drivers stated that regularly travelling on this National highway
18(40) and 0.645% of the drivers revealed that travelling only once in a year as shown in table
4.8
Figure 4.8 Frequent of Travelling
Table 4.9 Purpose of Travelling
PURPOSE NO.OF PERSONS
COMMERCIAL 132(85.1%)
PERSONAL 23(14.8%)
61
50
10 8
31
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BUS LORRY TWOWHEELER
TRUCK CAR
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
TYPE OF VEHICLE
7
119
16 8 4 1 0
20406080
100120140
RARELY REGULARLY ONCE INMONTHLY
ONCE INQUARTERLY
ONCE INSIXMONTH
ONCE IN AYEAR
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
FREQUENT OF TRAVELLING
B. Naga Kiran and Dr. N. Kumara Swamy
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When interrogated about the drivers for the purpose of travelling on National highway
18(40), around 85.1% of the drivers revealed that travelling on national highway18(40) for the
commercial purpose and remaining i.e 14.8% says that travelling on highways for the
personal work as shown in table 4.9
Figure 4.9 Purpose of Travelling
Table 4.10 Following of traffic rules
FOLLOW UP NO.OF PERSONS
ALWAYS 148(95.4%)
RARELY 5(3.22%)
NEVER 2(1.29%)
When enquired about the drivers for the following of traffic rules on National Highway
18(40), around 95.4% of the drivers described that while travelling on highways always
follow the rules and regulations of the traffic and remaining 2% of drivers stated that never
following traffic rules while travelling as shown in table 4.10
Figure 4.10 Following of Traffic rules
Table 4.11 Usage of Seat belt/Helmet
USE NO.OF PERSONS
ALWAYS 79(50.9%)
RARELY 34(21.9%)
NEVER 42(27.0%)
When questioned about the drivers for the usage of seat belt/Helmet in their driving,
around 50.9% of the drivers brought to light that always using seat belts /Helmet in their
driving and only 42% of the drivers informed that never using seat belt/helmet while driving
as shown in table 4.11
132
23
0
50
100
150
COMMERCIAL PERSONAL
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
148
5 2 0
50
100
150
200
ALWAYS RARELY NEVERNO
.OF
PER
SON
S
FOLLOW ING OF TRAFFIC RULES
Drivers’ Opinion on Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,
Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study
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Figure 4.11 Usage of Seat belt/Helmet
Table 4.12 Habit of Drinking
HABIT NO.OF PERSONS
OCCASIONAL 25(16.1%)
REGULAR 3(1.9%)
NEVER 127(81.9%)
When inquired about the drivers for their habit of drinking, 81.9% of the drivers revealed
that never drinking in their service of the driving and 1.9% of the drivers answered that
regularly drinking on their service of the driving as shown in table 4.12
Figure 4.12 Habit of Drinking
Table 4.13 Frequent in Witnessing Accident
FREQUENT NO.OF PERSONS
NEVER 139(89.6%)
1 to 2 16(10.3%)
3 to 4 0
>4 0
When interrogated about the drivers their involvement of witnessing accident,89.6% of
the drivers replied that never involved as a witness when accident occurred on highways and
10.3% of the drivers stated that 1 to 2 times involved as a witness as shown in table 4.13
79
34 42
0
20
40
60
80
100
ALWAYS RARELY NEVER
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
USE OF SEAT BELTS/ HELMETS
25 3
127
0
50
100
150
OCCASIONAL REGULAR NEVERNO
.OF
PER
SON
S
HABIT OF DRINKING
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Figure 4.13 Frequent in Witnessing Accident
Table 4.14 Kind of Injuries Happened In Accident
MAJOR INJURY NO.OF PERSONS
MAJOR 5(3.22%)
MINOR 8(5.16)
NO 142(91.6%)
When questioned about the Kind of Injuries Happened in accident in their driving, 91.6%
of the drivers answered that no injuries happened in their service of driving and only 3.22% of
the drivers revealed that major accidents occurred in their service as shown in table 4.14
Figure 4.14 Kind of Injuries Happened in Accident
Table 4.15 Road Accident
TYPE NO.OF PERSONS
EXTREMELY SATISFIED 4(2.5%)
SATISFIED 76(49%)
DISSATISFIED 39(25.16%)
EXTREMELY DISSATISFIED 36(23.22%)
When the drivers were asked about the road accident, 49% said as satisfied and 2.5%
informed as extremely satisfied as shown in table 4.15
Figure 4.15 Road Accident
139
16 0 0
0
50
100
150
NEVER 1 to 2 3 to 4 >4N
O.O
F P
ERSO
N
ACCIDENTS WITNESSED
5 8
142
0
50
100
150
MAJOR MINOR NO
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
TYPE OF INJURY
4
76
39 36
0
20
40
60
80
EXTREMELYSATISFIED
SATISFIED DISSATISFIED EXTREMELYDISSATISFIED
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
TYPE
Drivers’ Opinion on Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,
Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study
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Table 4.16 Follow up of Traffic Rules by Government:
FOLLOW UP NO.OF PERSONS
REGULARLY 118(76.12%)
RARELY 21(13.5%)
NEVER 16(10.3%)
When the drivers were enquired about the Follow up of traffic rules by government, most
of the drivers around 76.12 % answered that regularly following the rules who formulated by
the government and only 10.3% of the drivers described that never follow the rules in their
driving as shown in table 4.16
Figure 4.16 Follow up of Traffic Rules by Government
Table 4.17 Checking the Condition of Vehicle
CHECK NO.OF PERSONS
VERY FREQUENTLY 50(32.25%)
FREQUENTLY 48(30.96%)
RARELY 19(12.2%)
ALWAYS BEFORE STARTING 38(24.51%)
NEVER 0
When the drivers were questioned about the Condition of vehicle, around 32.25% of the
drivers responded that continuously or frequently checking the condition of the vehicle during
their driving as shown in table 4.17
Figure 4.17 Checking of Condition of Vehicle
Table 4.18 Maintenance of NH-18
TYPE NO.OF PERSONS
EXTREMELY SATISFIED 5(3.2%)
SATISFIED 70(45.16%)
NEITHER OR NOR SATISFIED 0
DISSATISFIED 73(47.0%)
EXTREMELY DISSATISFIED 7(4.5%)
118
21 16
0
50
100
150
REGULARLY RARELY NEVER
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
FOLLOW UP
50 48 19
38 0
0
50
100
VERYFREQUENTLY
FREQUENTLY RARELY ALWAYS BEFORESTARTING
NEVERNO
.OF
PER
SON
S
CHECKING THE CONDITION
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When the drivers were inquired about the Maintenance of National Highway-18(40), 47%
of the drivers answered that they have not satisfied about the maintenance of the national
highway-18 as shown in table 4.18
Figure 4.18 Maintenance of NH-18
Table 4.19 Reasons that cause of Road Accidents in NH-18
REASONS NO.OF PERSONS
OVER SPEEDING 57(36.77%)
DRUNKEN DRIVING 44(28.38%)
AVOIDING RULES 22(14.19%)
IMPROPER ROAD 21(13.54%)
OVERTAKING 14(9.03%)
IMPROPER SIGNAL 10(6.45%)
OTHERS 10(6.45%)
When the drivers were interrogated about the reasons that cause of road accidents on NH-
18, around 36.77% of the drivers answered that over speeding is the major factor involving in
road accidents on National highway. Only 6.45 % of the drivers stated that accidents are
occurring due to the improper fixation of signals on the National highway as shown in table
4.19
Figure 4.19 Reasons that cause of Road accidents in NH-18
5
70
0
73
7
020406080
EXTREMELYSATISFIED
SATISFIED NEITHER OR NORSATISFIED
DISSATISFIED EXTREMELYDISSATISFIEDN
OO
F P
ERSO
NS
MAINTANANCE OF TYPE
57
44
22 21
14 10 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
OVERSPEEDING
DRUNKENDRIVING
AVOIDINGRULES
IMPROPERROAD
OVERTAKING IMPROPERSIGNAL
OTHERS
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
REASONS
Drivers’ Opinion on Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,
Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study
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Table 4.20 The Most Dangerous Area on NH-18
AREA NO.OF PERSONs
THAMMARAJIPALLE 41(26.45)
OORVAKALLU 31(20)
RGM/SANTIRAM 20(12.90)
SUGALIMETTA 18(11.61)
NANNURU 14(9.0)
SPY DAIRY 12(7.74)
HUSSAINAPURAM 12(7.74)
SPINNING MILL 11(7.09)
OBALPANURU 6(3.87)
OTHERS 12(7.74)
When the drivers were interrogated about the Dangerous areas on the NH-18(Selected
stretch from Kurnool to venkateswarapuramu), around 26.45% of the drivers brought in to
light that Thammarajipalle was the most dangerous accident prone location on NH-18 as
shown in table 4.20
5. DISCUSSIONS
Regarding socio demographic characteristics, the results of this study indicate that the typical
interviewed drivers are male, aged between 18 and 56 & more than 56 years, got married and
employed and possessing children in the selected areas. Most of the authors (Paleti et al.,
2010; Weng and Meng, 2012; Tymula et al., 2012; Bosak et al., 2013; Tseng et al., 2013; Poo
and Ledesma, 2013) had also considered socio demographic characteristics in their research
work and explained clearly about its importance and this study results also can be comparable.
Driving experience mainly depends on skill,Knowledge and behaviour of the drivers.
According to study results, most of the drivers are having driving experience more than 8
years and more over utilization of vehicle was buses. The authors(Bener et al., 2008 and
41
31
20 18
14 12 12 11
6
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
NO
.OF
PER
SON
S
AREA
B. Naga Kiran and Dr. N. Kumara Swamy
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peer,2011) results were also comparable to study results and clearly mentioned the ability
skills and operating vehicles of the drivers are desirable in the Literature review.
Frequency and purpose of travelling is also very important factor for occurring accidents
on National highway. As per the study results, 76.7% of the drivers were regularly travelling
on National Highway 18(40) and 85.1% of the drivers travelling on highways for the purpose
of commercial work.
Most of the accidents were occurring due to the improper maintenance of vehicles. As per
the study results, 32.25% of the drivers said that very frequently checking the condition of the
vehicle while driving. Most of the authors(Barengo, Mkamba, Mshana,&Miettola, 2006;
McLean, Offler,& Sandow, 1979; Treat, 1977) had also explained in their research, Poor
vehicle condition due to irregular or inadequate maintenance can lead to road traffic crashes
When the drivers were asked questions about witnessing of accidents and kind of injury
happened while in their driving,89.6% drivers stated that never involved witnessing
accidents,91.6% drivers revealed that not involved any kind of injuries happened in accidents,
Following of traffic rules, usage of seat belt, Habit of drinking is also very important
parameters for occurring accidents on National Highways. According to the results of this
study,95.4% of drivers answered that following traffic rules,81.9% never habit of drinking
while driving. This finding is positive sign for reduction of road accidents. In comparison of
other authors, seat belt use reduces the severity of injuries in crashes(MC Lellan et al., 1996)
and is strictly enforced in many developed countries with usage ranges from 53% to
92%(Steptoe et al al., 2002)
Unfortunately many reasons exist which are responsible for cause of accidents. A
staggering revealed that over speed(36.77%), drink driving (28.38%),Avoiding
rules(14.96%),Improper signal (6.45%) and others(6.45%).In comparison of other authors,
Manna et al (2013) highlighted the interaction of several factors involved in the occurrence of
road traffic accidents lack of experience of drivers and over speeding. According to Waller F
et al 1996;Gurura J G 2004 identified for traffic accident is due to taking of alcohol and
driving. Knowledge of traffic rules is also essential for the manifestation of responsible
behaviour on the road.
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In the study bus drivers are majorly involved in the survey having an experience more than 8
years stated that most of the accidents occurs due to over speeding and the most accident
causative zone is Tammarjupalli.
Based on the results of this study , the following conclusions and recommendations are
proposed to help and to fill the gaps and short falls
Need to Improve the knowledge of road traffic rules and instructions to all road users through
public education activities.
Education shall also employ a diversity of methods and means to reach to most at risk, yet
underserved groups of road users.
Driver training and in-service education should be regularly organized for refreshment,
motorists and cyclists also need to have basic training and education on road traffic rules and
safety.
Traffic officers should also monitor more frequently& effectively on driver training and
licensing, and this should also apply to motorists as well
Drivers’ Opinion on Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,
Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study
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Road design and maintenance should also be improved from time to time to ensure essential
facilities are available and functional all the time to serve the specific needs of all road users.
Study revealed that people are always moving from one places to another. It is better to
organize meeting in the villages and talk with the people on the burden and cause of road
traffic accidents.
Motor cyclists are always in hurry, they don’t know how to drive in a reasonable speed, they
do not stop in a zebra crossing, they overtake randomly without obeying the law. They
deserve for moderate punishment as per the law enforces by traffic Police, they punish to pay
Rs 30,000/- only. It is suggested that for those who done mistake like driving in a speed
beyond limit should be produced before the court to for awareness and punishment.
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