DRIVERS’ OPINION ON ROAD SAFETY FOR INDIAN ...... 137 [email protected] International Journal of...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2018, pp. 137–151, Article ID: IJCIET_09_06_017

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=6

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

DRIVERS’ OPINION ON ROAD SAFETY FOR

INDIAN NATIONAL HIGHWAY 40 PASSING

THROUGH KURNOOL DISTRICT, ANDHRA

PRADESH-A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY

B. Naga Kiran

Research Scholar, School of Civil Engineering,

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,

Anantapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. N. Kumara Swamy

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Vasi Reddy Venkataadri Institute of Technology,

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. C. Sashidhar

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,

Anantapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

Road traffic injuries are increasing day by day in developing countries like India,

with high number of crashes involving commercial vehicles on Indian National

Highways. This study examines the attitudes, behaviors, and other characteristics of

professional drivers on road safety who are travelling on this National Highway -40

passing through Kurnool District, State of Andhra Pradesh, using a questionnaire-

based survey conducted in NH-40 from July to Septmber 2017. In this questionnaire

survey consist of 23 questions covering various topics related to road safety such as

age of the person, type of vehicle, years of experience, follow of traffic rules, usage of

seat belt, maintenance of road condition, accident causes, danger zones, and many are

involved. The study results revealed that the bus drivers are majorly involved in the

survey having an experience more than 8 years stated that most of the accidents

occurs due to over speeding .Based on this results, the study concludes that to conduct

various training programmes to commercial vehicle drivers on road safety traffic

rules, and ultimately lead to less accidents on the National Highway40.

Key words: Drivers Behvaviour, Road safety, road traffic crashes.

Drivers’ Opinion on Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,

Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study


Cite this Article: B. Naga Kiran and Dr. N. Kumara Swamy, Drivers’ Opinion on

Road Safety for Indian National Highway 40 Passing Through Kurnool District,

Andhra Pradesh — A Questionnaire Study, International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Technology, 9(6), 2018, pp. 137–151.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=6

1. INTRODUCTION

Road safety is a multi-sectoral and multi-dimensional subject. It includes systematic

development and supervision of roads, provision of safer vehicles, and a comprehensive

response to traffic accidents. It relies on current traffic management systems and practices,

enhanced safety standards in design, construction, operation and maintenance of roads, and

production and maintenance of safer vehicles. due to unsafe conditions on roads, the rate of

accidents in India has been elevated. According to the Ministry of Road Transport and

Highways 1,50,785 people were killed and another 4,94,624 were injured in 4,80,652 road

crashes in India in 2016.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Today, the driver’s behavior questionnaire (DBQ) intended by Reason et al. (1990) is one of

the most regularly used tools for measuring a driver’s self-reported driving behavior. A DBQ

questionnaire form was intended to collect each driver’s socio-demographic features, driving

behaviors, and self-reported accident involvement experiences (Bener et al., 2008; De Winter

and Dodou, 2010).numerous statistical analyses of traffic accident records revealed that

unsafe or risky driving behaviors are significantly associated with variables such as

personality, age, gender, habits, and occupation characteristics, as well as weather and traffic

flow; taken together or by themselves, all of these components can lead to traffic accidents,

injury, or death (Paleti et al., 2010; Weng and Meng, 2012; Tymula et al., 2012; Bosak et al.,

2013; Tseng et al., 2013; Poo and Ledesma, 2013).Seat-belt use reduces the severity of

injuries in crashes (McLellan et al., 1996) and is strictly enforced in many developed

countries with usage ranges from 53% to 92% (Steptoe et al., 2002).Poor vehicle condition

due to irregular or inadequate maintenance can lead to road traffic crashes (Barengo,

Mkamba, Mshana,&Miettola, 2006; McLean, Offler,& Sandow, 1979; Treat, 1977).Another

risky behavior identified for road traffic accident is taking alcohol and driving(Waller F et al.,

1996;Gururaj G,2004). Knowledge, belief, attitude on risky driving behaviors and driving

experience were also important aspects of risky behaviors identified with evidences(Sayder A

et al 1981; Deusk 2006,Veysely et al.,2006;Berg L 1993)Speeding refers to individual driving

with an exceeding speed over the limit on the road. Many researchers have indicated that

speeding is a very dangerous driving behavior and should be considered one of the most

important contributors to specific kinds of crashes (e.g., right of way violations, active shunts

or reversing, and loss of control) (West & Hall, 1997). Petridou and Moustaki (2000)

identified some behavioural factors that stimulate risk taking with a long term impact; these

factors include capacity overestimation, macho attitude, habitual speeding and disregard of

traffic laws, non-use of seatbelt and helmet, and crash proneness. Driving skill (ability) is

often closely related to driving experience: the more time a driver spends on the road the more

experienced that driver will be. Driving behavior (style), on the other hand, addresses the

particular way a driver chooses to operate the vehicle safely and quickly (Peer, 2011);

Clearly, drivers operating different types of vehicles, i.e. a private passenger car, taxi, bus,

and truck, will likely exhibit different driving behaviors (Bener et al., 2008). According to

Langford et al (2006), independent of age, drivers travelling more kilometers will typically

have lower crash rates per kilometer than those driving fewer kilometers.

B. Naga Kiran and Dr. N. Kumara Swamy


3. METHOD OF STUDY

The study was conducted on a total random sample of 155 drivers. Some of the major

terminals at different areas along the stretch of National Highway -18(40) were randomly

selected. These survey locations are such that remarkable quantum of road trips originated

and destined to various destinations throughout stretch. Drivers having experience from 1 year

to 30 years were interviewed in the survey. The study was designed to reflect the opinion of

all classes of drivers.

4. RESULTS

Table 4.1 Age of Person

AGE NO.OF PERSONS

18-25 10(6.45%)

26-35 66(42.5%)

36-45 37(21.9%)

46-55 37(23.8%)

>56 5(3.22%)

When asked about their Age of the drivers, 42.5% drivers said that their age between 26-

35 and 3.22% drivers said that their age more than 56 as shown in table 4.1

Figure 4.1 Age of Person

Table 4.2 Gender of Person

It is clear that 100% drivers are male gender only as shown table 4.2

Figure 4.2 Gender of Person

GENDER NO.OF PERSONS

MALE 155(100%)

FEMALE 0

10

66

37 37

5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 >56

NO

OF

PER

SON

S

AGE IN YEARS

155

0 0

50

100

150

200

MALE FEMALE

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

GENDER




Table 4.3 Marital Status

STATUS NO.OF PERSONS

MARRIED 137(88.38%)

UNMARRIED 18(11.61%)

When interrogated about their Martial Status of the drivers, they told that around 88.38%

drivers are got married and remaining 11.61% drivers are not married as shown in table 4.3

Figure 4.3 Marital Status

Table 4.4 Type of Occupation

OCCUPATION NO.OF PERSONS

PVT.EMPLOYEE 145 (93%)

GOVT.EMPLOYEE 10(6.45%)

When questioned about their type of occupation of the drivers, they informed that around

93% drivers are working as a Pvt. Employee and remaining 6.45% drivers as working as a

Govt employee as shown in table 4.4

Figure 4.4 Type of Occupation

Table 4.5 No. of Children

CHILDREN NO.OF PERSONS

NO 27(17.4%)

1 to 2 98(63.22%)

3 to 4 29(18.70%)

>=4 1(0.6%)

When asked about their children of the drivers, they revealed that most of the drivers

around 63.22% driving having children are 1 to 2 numbers and 0.6% drivers having children

more than 4numbers as shown in table 4.5

137

18

0

50

100

150

MARRIED UNMARRIED

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

MARITAL STATUS

145

10

0

50

100

150

200

PVT.EMPLOYEE GOVT.EMPLOYEE

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

OCCUPATION



Figure 4.5 No. of Children

Table 4.6 Years of Experience

NO.OF YEARS NO.OF PERSONS

1 to 2 6(3.8%)

2 to 4 6(3.8%)

4 to 6 16(10.3%)

6 to 8 16(10.3%)

>8 111(71.6%)

When questioned about their Experience in driving,71.6% of the drivers declared that

having experience on driving more than 8 years and 3.8% of the drivers brought to light that

having experience between 1 to 2 &2 to 4 years as shown in table 4.6

Figure 4.6 Years of Experience

Table 4.7 Type of Vehicle

VEHICLE TYPE NO.OF PERSONS

BUS 61(39.3%)

LORRY 50(32.25%)

TWO WHEELER 10(6.45%)

TRUCK 8(5.16%)

CAR 31(20%)

When interrogated about the utilisation of the type of vehicle in their service, majority of

the drivers announced the utilization of vehicle was buses is around 39.3% ,and remaining

drivers informed that lorry(32.25%),two wheeler(6.45%),truck(8%) and car(20%) as shown in

table 4.7

27

98

29

1 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

NO 1 to 2 3 to 4 >=4

NO

.OF

PER

SZO

NS

NO.OF CHILDREN

6 6 16 16

111

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 >8

NO

.OFP

ERSO

NS

NO.OF YEARS OF EXPIERENCE




Figure 4.7 Type of Vehicle

Table 4.8 Frequent of Travelling

FREQUENT NO.OF PERSONS

RARELY 7(4.5%)

REGULARLY 119(76.7%)

ONCE IN MONTHLY 16(10.32%)

ONCE IN QUARTERLY 8(5.16%)

ONCE INSIX MONTH 4(2.5%)

ONCE IN A YEAR 1(0.645)

When enquired about the drivers for the frequency of travelling on National highway

18(40), around 76.7% of the drivers stated that regularly travelling on this National highway

18(40) and 0.645% of the drivers revealed that travelling only once in a year as shown in table

4.8

Figure 4.8 Frequent of Travelling

Table 4.9 Purpose of Travelling

PURPOSE NO.OF PERSONS

COMMERCIAL 132(85.1%)

PERSONAL 23(14.8%)

61

50

10 8

31

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

BUS LORRY TWOWHEELER

TRUCK CAR

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

TYPE OF VEHICLE

7

119

16 8 4 1 0

20406080

100120140

RARELY REGULARLY ONCE INMONTHLY

ONCE INQUARTERLY

ONCE INSIXMONTH

ONCE IN AYEAR

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

FREQUENT OF TRAVELLING



When interrogated about the drivers for the purpose of travelling on National highway

18(40), around 85.1% of the drivers revealed that travelling on national highway18(40) for the

commercial purpose and remaining i.e 14.8% says that travelling on highways for the

personal work as shown in table 4.9

Figure 4.9 Purpose of Travelling

Table 4.10 Following of traffic rules

FOLLOW UP NO.OF PERSONS

ALWAYS 148(95.4%)

RARELY 5(3.22%)

NEVER 2(1.29%)

When enquired about the drivers for the following of traffic rules on National Highway

18(40), around 95.4% of the drivers described that while travelling on highways always

follow the rules and regulations of the traffic and remaining 2% of drivers stated that never

following traffic rules while travelling as shown in table 4.10

Figure 4.10 Following of Traffic rules

Table 4.11 Usage of Seat belt/Helmet

USE NO.OF PERSONS

ALWAYS 79(50.9%)

RARELY 34(21.9%)

NEVER 42(27.0%)

When questioned about the drivers for the usage of seat belt/Helmet in their driving,

around 50.9% of the drivers brought to light that always using seat belts /Helmet in their

driving and only 42% of the drivers informed that never using seat belt/helmet while driving

as shown in table 4.11

132

23

0

50

100

150

COMMERCIAL PERSONAL

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

PURPOSE OF TRAVEL

148

5 2 0

50

100

150

200

ALWAYS RARELY NEVERNO

.OF

PER

SON

S

FOLLOW ING OF TRAFFIC RULES




Figure 4.11 Usage of Seat belt/Helmet

Table 4.12 Habit of Drinking

HABIT NO.OF PERSONS

OCCASIONAL 25(16.1%)

REGULAR 3(1.9%)

NEVER 127(81.9%)

When inquired about the drivers for their habit of drinking, 81.9% of the drivers revealed

that never drinking in their service of the driving and 1.9% of the drivers answered that

regularly drinking on their service of the driving as shown in table 4.12

Figure 4.12 Habit of Drinking

Table 4.13 Frequent in Witnessing Accident

FREQUENT NO.OF PERSONS

NEVER 139(89.6%)

1 to 2 16(10.3%)

3 to 4 0

>4 0

When interrogated about the drivers their involvement of witnessing accident,89.6% of

the drivers replied that never involved as a witness when accident occurred on highways and

10.3% of the drivers stated that 1 to 2 times involved as a witness as shown in table 4.13

79

34 42

0

20

40

60

80

100

ALWAYS RARELY NEVER

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

USE OF SEAT BELTS/ HELMETS

25 3

127

0

50

100

150

OCCASIONAL REGULAR NEVERNO

.OF

PER

SON

S

HABIT OF DRINKING



Figure 4.13 Frequent in Witnessing Accident

Table 4.14 Kind of Injuries Happened In Accident

MAJOR INJURY NO.OF PERSONS

MAJOR 5(3.22%)

MINOR 8(5.16)

NO 142(91.6%)

When questioned about the Kind of Injuries Happened in accident in their driving, 91.6%

of the drivers answered that no injuries happened in their service of driving and only 3.22% of

the drivers revealed that major accidents occurred in their service as shown in table 4.14

Figure 4.14 Kind of Injuries Happened in Accident

Table 4.15 Road Accident

TYPE NO.OF PERSONS

EXTREMELY SATISFIED 4(2.5%)

SATISFIED 76(49%)

DISSATISFIED 39(25.16%)

EXTREMELY DISSATISFIED 36(23.22%)

When the drivers were asked about the road accident, 49% said as satisfied and 2.5%

informed as extremely satisfied as shown in table 4.15

Figure 4.15 Road Accident

139

16 0 0

0

50

100

150

NEVER 1 to 2 3 to 4 >4N

O.O

F P

ERSO

N

ACCIDENTS WITNESSED

5 8

142

0

50

100

150

MAJOR MINOR NO

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

TYPE OF INJURY

4

76

39 36

0

20

40

60

80

EXTREMELYSATISFIED

SATISFIED DISSATISFIED EXTREMELYDISSATISFIED

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

TYPE




Table 4.16 Follow up of Traffic Rules by Government:

FOLLOW UP NO.OF PERSONS

REGULARLY 118(76.12%)

RARELY 21(13.5%)

NEVER 16(10.3%)

When the drivers were enquired about the Follow up of traffic rules by government, most

of the drivers around 76.12 % answered that regularly following the rules who formulated by

the government and only 10.3% of the drivers described that never follow the rules in their

driving as shown in table 4.16

Figure 4.16 Follow up of Traffic Rules by Government

Table 4.17 Checking the Condition of Vehicle

CHECK NO.OF PERSONS

VERY FREQUENTLY 50(32.25%)

FREQUENTLY 48(30.96%)

RARELY 19(12.2%)

ALWAYS BEFORE STARTING 38(24.51%)

NEVER 0

When the drivers were questioned about the Condition of vehicle, around 32.25% of the

drivers responded that continuously or frequently checking the condition of the vehicle during

their driving as shown in table 4.17

Figure 4.17 Checking of Condition of Vehicle

Table 4.18 Maintenance of NH-18

TYPE NO.OF PERSONS

EXTREMELY SATISFIED 5(3.2%)

SATISFIED 70(45.16%)

NEITHER OR NOR SATISFIED 0

DISSATISFIED 73(47.0%)

EXTREMELY DISSATISFIED 7(4.5%)

118

21 16

0

50

100

150

REGULARLY RARELY NEVER

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

FOLLOW UP

50 48 19

38 0

0

50

100

VERYFREQUENTLY

FREQUENTLY RARELY ALWAYS BEFORESTARTING

NEVERNO

.OF

PER

SON

S

CHECKING THE CONDITION



When the drivers were inquired about the Maintenance of National Highway-18(40), 47%

of the drivers answered that they have not satisfied about the maintenance of the national

highway-18 as shown in table 4.18

Figure 4.18 Maintenance of NH-18

Table 4.19 Reasons that cause of Road Accidents in NH-18

REASONS NO.OF PERSONS

OVER SPEEDING 57(36.77%)

DRUNKEN DRIVING 44(28.38%)

AVOIDING RULES 22(14.19%)

IMPROPER ROAD 21(13.54%)

OVERTAKING 14(9.03%)

IMPROPER SIGNAL 10(6.45%)

OTHERS 10(6.45%)

When the drivers were interrogated about the reasons that cause of road accidents on NH-

18, around 36.77% of the drivers answered that over speeding is the major factor involving in

road accidents on National highway. Only 6.45 % of the drivers stated that accidents are

occurring due to the improper fixation of signals on the National highway as shown in table

4.19

Figure 4.19 Reasons that cause of Road accidents in NH-18

5

70

0

73

7

020406080

EXTREMELYSATISFIED

SATISFIED NEITHER OR NORSATISFIED

DISSATISFIED EXTREMELYDISSATISFIEDN

OO

F P

ERSO

NS

MAINTANANCE OF TYPE

57

44

22 21

14 10 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

OVERSPEEDING

DRUNKENDRIVING

AVOIDINGRULES

IMPROPERROAD

OVERTAKING IMPROPERSIGNAL

OTHERS

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

REASONS




Table 4.20 The Most Dangerous Area on NH-18

AREA NO.OF PERSONs

THAMMARAJIPALLE 41(26.45)

OORVAKALLU 31(20)

RGM/SANTIRAM 20(12.90)

SUGALIMETTA 18(11.61)

NANNURU 14(9.0)

SPY DAIRY 12(7.74)

HUSSAINAPURAM 12(7.74)

SPINNING MILL 11(7.09)

OBALPANURU 6(3.87)

OTHERS 12(7.74)

When the drivers were interrogated about the Dangerous areas on the NH-18(Selected

stretch from Kurnool to venkateswarapuramu), around 26.45% of the drivers brought in to

light that Thammarajipalle was the most dangerous accident prone location on NH-18 as

shown in table 4.20

5. DISCUSSIONS

Regarding socio demographic characteristics, the results of this study indicate that the typical

interviewed drivers are male, aged between 18 and 56 & more than 56 years, got married and

employed and possessing children in the selected areas. Most of the authors (Paleti et al.,

2010; Weng and Meng, 2012; Tymula et al., 2012; Bosak et al., 2013; Tseng et al., 2013; Poo

and Ledesma, 2013) had also considered socio demographic characteristics in their research

work and explained clearly about its importance and this study results also can be comparable.

Driving experience mainly depends on skill,Knowledge and behaviour of the drivers.

According to study results, most of the drivers are having driving experience more than 8

years and more over utilization of vehicle was buses. The authors(Bener et al., 2008 and

41

31

20 18

14 12 12 11

6

12

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

NO

.OF

PER

SON

S

AREA



peer,2011) results were also comparable to study results and clearly mentioned the ability

skills and operating vehicles of the drivers are desirable in the Literature review.

Frequency and purpose of travelling is also very important factor for occurring accidents

on National highway. As per the study results, 76.7% of the drivers were regularly travelling

on National Highway 18(40) and 85.1% of the drivers travelling on highways for the purpose

of commercial work.

Most of the accidents were occurring due to the improper maintenance of vehicles. As per

the study results, 32.25% of the drivers said that very frequently checking the condition of the

vehicle while driving. Most of the authors(Barengo, Mkamba, Mshana,&Miettola, 2006;

McLean, Offler,& Sandow, 1979; Treat, 1977) had also explained in their research, Poor

vehicle condition due to irregular or inadequate maintenance can lead to road traffic crashes

When the drivers were asked questions about witnessing of accidents and kind of injury

happened while in their driving,89.6% drivers stated that never involved witnessing

accidents,91.6% drivers revealed that not involved any kind of injuries happened in accidents,

Following of traffic rules, usage of seat belt, Habit of drinking is also very important

parameters for occurring accidents on National Highways. According to the results of this

study,95.4% of drivers answered that following traffic rules,81.9% never habit of drinking

while driving. This finding is positive sign for reduction of road accidents. In comparison of

other authors, seat belt use reduces the severity of injuries in crashes(MC Lellan et al., 1996)

and is strictly enforced in many developed countries with usage ranges from 53% to

92%(Steptoe et al al., 2002)

Unfortunately many reasons exist which are responsible for cause of accidents. A

staggering revealed that over speed(36.77%), drink driving (28.38%),Avoiding

rules(14.96%),Improper signal (6.45%) and others(6.45%).In comparison of other authors,

Manna et al (2013) highlighted the interaction of several factors involved in the occurrence of

road traffic accidents lack of experience of drivers and over speeding. According to Waller F

et al 1996;Gurura J G 2004 identified for traffic accident is due to taking of alcohol and

driving. Knowledge of traffic rules is also essential for the manifestation of responsible

behaviour on the road.

6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In the study bus drivers are majorly involved in the survey having an experience more than 8

years stated that most of the accidents occurs due to over speeding and the most accident

causative zone is Tammarjupalli.

Based on the results of this study , the following conclusions and recommendations are

proposed to help and to fill the gaps and short falls

Need to Improve the knowledge of road traffic rules and instructions to all road users through

public education activities.

Education shall also employ a diversity of methods and means to reach to most at risk, yet

underserved groups of road users.

Driver training and in-service education should be regularly organized for refreshment,

motorists and cyclists also need to have basic training and education on road traffic rules and

safety.

Traffic officers should also monitor more frequently& effectively on driver training and

licensing, and this should also apply to motorists as well




Road design and maintenance should also be improved from time to time to ensure essential

facilities are available and functional all the time to serve the specific needs of all road users.

Study revealed that people are always moving from one places to another. It is better to

organize meeting in the villages and talk with the people on the burden and cause of road

traffic accidents.

Motor cyclists are always in hurry, they don’t know how to drive in a reasonable speed, they

do not stop in a zebra crossing, they overtake randomly without obeying the law. They

deserve for moderate punishment as per the law enforces by traffic Police, they punish to pay

Rs 30,000/- only. It is suggested that for those who done mistake like driving in a speed

beyond limit should be produced before the court to for awareness and punishment.

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