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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates(Appearingin2+studies)

Do

Reticent,self---doubting,unassertive,unambitious,sociallyawkward,easilyembarrassed,self---defeating,andworrying.

Self---confident,assertive,talkative,task---oriented,outgoing,andpersuasive.---Veryhigh:maybeseenasdomineeringandoverlycontrolling

Cs

Feelingsofinadequacy,difficultycopingwithcomplexsocialsituations,poorverbalskills,andatendencytogiveupinthefaceofsetbacksoradversity.

Poised,self---confident,verballyfluent,andwitty.

Sy Shy,reticent,ruminative,andillateaseinmostsocialsituations.

Ambitiousandfreeofself---doubt,andself---defeatingtendencies.

Sp Inhibited,illateaseinmanysocialsituations,worrying,self---defeating,unassertive,withdrawn

Talkative,clever,spontaneous,self---assured,andindependent.

Sa

Hesitanttotakefirmordecisiveactions,reluctanttogetintosituationsinvolvingdirectcompetitionwithothers.Theydoubttheirownability,seektostayinthebackground,andhavedifficultyinexpressingtheirideas.

Thinkwellofthemselvesandtendtobeliked by others. Talkative, take theinitiative in meeting and conversingwithothers,noteasilyembarrassed---Very high Sa scorers may displaynarcissistic attributes, and tend to beopportunistic, exploitative, anddemanding.

In

Acquiesceinresponsetomajorityviews,staysilent,andtosubmit.Theyfeelinferiorandinadequateinmanysettings,worry,andarecautiousaboutdoinganythingthatwillpromptscrutinyfromothers.

Self---confident,assertive,perseveranceinpursuitofgoals;hasboththestrengthandinclinationtostandapartfromothersinevaluatingsituations.---VeryhighInscorersmayexhibittoomuchindifferencetotheopinionsofothers,andanunwillingnesstocompromiseoryield.

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Em Unsureofself,,self---defeating,andpoorindealingwithuncertainty,change,andcomplexity.

Versatility,socialinsight,urbanity,wit,verbalfluency,andinitiative.

Re Impulsive,rebellious,reckless,careless,temperamental,cynical,dissatisfied,andsuspicious.

Responsible,reliable,dependable,conscientious,organized,persevering,logical,andmethodical.

• Beingdisciplinedasanofficer(Sarchioneet.al.,1998)

• Beingdisciplinedasanofficer(Cuttler&Muchinsky,2006)

So

Rashandself---serving,pooratestablishingrelationships.Theyalsohaveproblemswithimpulsecontrol,andarepronetosubstanceabuse,crime,andviolence.

Easy,ego---syntoniccompliancewithsocietalrulesandconventions.---Very highSoscorerscanbeharshandpunitivejudgesofdeviationorweaknessinothers.

• Negativejoboutcomes(Hargrave&Hiatt,1989)• Beingdisciplinedasanofficer(Sarchioneet.al.,

1998)• Beingdisciplinedasanofficer(Cuttler&

Muchinsky,2006)• InvoluntaryDeparture(Roberts,etal.,2014)• RelationswithCo-workersProblems(Roberts,et

al.,2017)• Dishonesty/LackofIntegrity(Roberts,etal.,

2017)Sc Disposedtowardheadstrong,

undercontrolledbehaviorthatcanleadtoseriousconflictwithothers.

Seektoplease,andwanttobeacceptedasadmirable,upstandingpeople.---Very highScscorersmayexhibitjudgmentalattitudestowardotherswhoaremorecandidandopen.

• Negativejoboutcomes(Hargrave&Hiatt,1989)

• Beingdisciplinedasanofficer(Sarchioneet.al.,1998)

• Beingdisciplinedasanofficer(Cuttler&Muchinsky,2006)

• InternalAffairsComplaintsSustained(Roberts,etal.,2014)

• AlcoholAbuse(Roberts,etal.,2017)

Gi Quicktocomplain,criticize,andvoiceskepticismabouttheallegedpurposesandqualitiesoftheirmoreconventionalpeers.

ImplicationsofGiforfakinggoodbeginatTscoresbasedonCommunityNormsof=>80(=IncumbentT=>62)

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Cm

Lowscores(below25rawscore)suggestrandomorerraticrespondingandpossibleinvalidityoftheprotocol,butalsoofself---doubt,andgeneralinstability.Note:IncumbentT=<32mayalsoindicateareckless,carelessdispositiontowardtasks/work

Espousesconsensualgoalsandvalues,andgetsalongwellwithothers.---Very highCmscorersmaybeveryconventionalandundulyconforming.

Wb Worrying,besetbyproblems,andunsureabouthowtodealwiththem.

Havegeneralfeelingsofwell---beingandcompetence.

To Intolerant,doubtfulaboutothers,andmayalsohaveinternalconflictsandbroaddissatisfactions.

Tolerantandwillingtoacceptothersandtoacceptdifferencesfromone’sownviews.

Ac

Giveupeasily,tendtobeunsureoftheirownability,self---defeating,andtendtovaluepersonalpleasureandshort---termgains.

Sufficientlyself---disciplinedandorganizedtopersevereinpursuitoftheirgoals.

Ai Havedoubtsabouttheirownability,areuncomfortablewithill---definedorambiguoussituations,andhavenarrowinterests.

Aspiretodowellandarecapableofself---direction.

Ie

Lackofskillsfordealingwiththedemandsoflifeandwork,dealpoorlywithstressandtrauma,havefeelingsofvictimization,andareoftenself---defeating.

Efficientuseofintellectualability.

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Py

Avoidsintellectualcomplexity,holdsconventionalviews,illateaseinsocialsituations,feelsput---uponbythevicissitudesoflife,andhasdifficultyusingwhatevertalentstheymightpossess.

Possessverbalfluency,intelligence,andcreativepotential.

Fx Exhibitsseriousnessofpurpose,conscientiousness,practicality,andfirmmoralbeliefsandprinciples.

Zest,imaginative,spontaneous,abletoadapttochangeandtheunexpected

So1 Optimism,self-confidence,positiveaffect

So2 Self-discipline,cathexisofsocialnorms

So3 Goodmemoriesofhomeandparents

• InternalAffairsComplaintsSustained(Roberts,etal.,2014)

• OverallHonestyandIntegrityProblems(Roberts,etal.,2014)

• VerbalCommunicationProblems(Roberts,etal.,2017)

• ProblemSolvingandDecisionMaking(Roberts,etal.,2017)

• Dishonesty/LackofIntegrity(Roberts,etal.,2017)

So4 Interpersonalawarenessandsituationalsensitivity

• CivilianComplaints(Roberts,etal.,2014)• PersonalRelationshipProblems(Roberts,etal.,

2017)

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Mp

Lowscorersarefoundamongstudentsinartinstitutes,prisoninmates,andemployeeswhodonotadvancetomiddlemanagementafteraseven---yearperiod.

Highscorersarefoundamongentrepreneurialinnovators,bankingandbusinessexecutives,salesmanagers,andemployeeswhodidadvancetomiddlemanagementafteraseven---yearperiod.

Wo

Careless,changeable,distractible,reckless,andtemperamental.Lowscorersarefoundamongjuveniledelinquentsandpsychiatricinpatients.

Conscientious, dependable, moderate,organized, and reasonable. Highscorers are foundamong teachers forstudents of education, optometrystudents,andpoliceofficers.

Lp

Awkward,dissatisfied,immature,quitting,andtimid.Lowscorersarefoundamonghighschooldisciplinaryproblems,psychiatricpatients,andstudentsofart.

Alert,ambitious,energetic,poised,andresourceful.HighscorersarefoundamongMBAcandidates,salesmanagers,andmilitaryofficers.

Ami

Argumentative,headstrong,intolerant,self---centered,andsuspicious.Lowscorersarefoundamongjuveniledelinquentsandprisoninmates.

Appreciative,fair---minded,modest,reasonable,andtactful.Highscorersarefoundamongcounselors,priests,andhomeeconomicsmajors.

Leo

Absent---minded,artistic,lazy,pessimistic,andworrying.Lowscorersarefoundamongpsychologygraduatestudents,socialworkgraduatestudents,andmathematicians.

Confident,conventional,healthy,organized,andpractical.Highscorersarefoundamonglawenforcementofficers,paroleofficers,andprobationofficers.

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Itg Bitter,boastful,reckless,complaining,prejudice,rebellious,superstitious,suspicious.

Fair---minded,clear---thinking,conscientious,foresighted,honest,mature,moderate,practical.

• OverallNegativeOutcome(Roberts,etal.,2014)• InvoluntaryDeparture(Roberts,etal.,2014)• InternalAffairsComplaintsSustained(Roberts,

etal.,2014)• CivilianComplaints(Roberts,etal.,2014)• NegativeRatingonEmployeeSurvey(Roberts,

etal.,2014)• RudeBehavior(Roberts,etal.,2014)• ControlofConflictProblems(Roberts,etal.,

2017)• ReliabilityProblems(Roberts,etal.,2017)• RelationswithCo-workersProblems(Roberts,

etal.,2017)• RelationswithCitizensProblems(Roberts,et

al.,2017)Anx NOTE:Developedtodifferentiatea

criteriongroupofundergraduatesseekingpsychologicalcounselingforsocialandemotionalproblemsfromacontrolgroupofstudentsnotseekingcounseling.

Nar

Moderate,modest,gentle,andquiet.Lowscorersarefoundamongcollegecounselors,teachers,andpriests.

Argumentative,egotistical,opinionated,andself---centered.HighscorersarefoundamongMBAcandidates,studentsofart,andjuveniledelinquents.

Hos

Hold negative views of others, havehostilefeelingsaboutthem,arecynicalabout others and attribute negativemotivesthem,andtrytoavoidothersandelserespondaggressively

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Prob.Invol.Dep.

Moderate,modest,obliging,peaceable,reliable,cooperative,dependable,reasonable,responsible,tactful,unassuming.

Arrogant,bitter,boastful,cynical,dissatisfied,headstrong,impulsive,rebellious,reckless,restless,rude,temperamental.

• InternalAffairsComplaintsSustained(Roberts,etal.,2014)

• InvoluntaryDeparture(Roberts,etal.,2014)• VerbalCommunicationProblems(Roberts,et

al.,2017)• ProblemSolvingandDecisionMaking

(Roberts,etal.,2017)• ControlofConflictProblems(Roberts,etal.,

2017)• RelationswithCo-workersProblems(Roberts,

etal.,2017)• RelationswithCitizensProblems(Roberts,et

al.,2017)• PersonalRelationshipProblems(Roberts,et

al.,2017)

Prob.Neg.Psy.

Conscientious,conservative,conventional,dependable,efficient,industrious,moderate,organized,reliable,responsible,stable,thorough.

Careless,cynical,disorderly,dissatisfied,impulsive,moody,rebellious,reckless,restless,temperamental,sarcastic.

• InternalAffairsComplaintsSustained(Roberts,etal.,2014)

• InvoluntaryDeparture(Roberts,etal.,2014)

• NegativeEmployeeSurveyRating(Roberts,etal.,2014)

• VerbalCommunicationProblems(Roberts,etal.,2017)

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Prob.Alc.Abuse

CriterionPsyQitems:

Prob.Ang.

CriterionPsyQitems:

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Prob.Alc.Abuse

CriterionPsyQitems:

Prob.Ang.

CriterionPsyQitems:

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Prob.Sub.Use

CriterionPsyQitems:

Prob.Drugs

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CPIScale

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyLowScores(≤10thPercentile)

AdjectivalDescriptionsSuggestedbyHighScores(≥90thPercentile)

JobRelevantCorrelates

Prob.JobPrbs.

CriterionPsyQitems:

Prob.Integ

CriterionPsyQitems:

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The CPI Selection Report and the California Commission on POST

PatrolOfficerPsychologicalScreeningDimensionsPOSTDimension CPIScale(s)SocialCompetence • Sociability(Sy)

• SocialPresence(Sp)• Empathy(Em)• GoodImpression(Gi)

Teamwork • AchievementviaConformance(Ac)• Tolerance(To)

Assertiveness/Persuasiveness • Dominance(Do)• CapacityforStatus(Cs)• Self-Acceptance(Sa)• Independence(In)• AlphaType

Decision-Making/Judgment • IntellectualEfficiency(Ie)Adaptability/Flexibility • Flexibility(Fx)EmotionalSelf-Regulation/StressTolerance • Self-Control(Sc)

• WellBeing(Wb)AvoidingSubstanceAbuse&Risk-TakingBehavior • Integrity(Itg)(lyingaboutrecentillegaldruguse)ImpulseControl/AttentiontoSafety • GammaType

• Responsibility(Re)Conscientiousness/Dependability • Socialization(So)

• Reliability(Re)Integrity/Ethics • Socialization(So)

• IntegrityRiskStatement

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IndeterminableProfiles(FakeGoodGi≥80CommunityT):SuggestedLanguage

“TheapplicanthasrespondedtotheCPIinsuchadefensiveandminimizingfashionthathis/hertestprofilecannotbeusedtoruleoutthepresenceofcounterproductivetraitsandcharacteristics.”

InterpretingComparisonGroup(Percentile)andJobOutcomeFindingsSuggestedInterpretiveGuidelines:

• CustomizethestatementsyoumakeinthenarrativereporttobeconsistentwiththeCPItestresultssothatwhatyoureportreflectsthedegreeofcorroboratingevidencefromothertestmeasures,theface-to-faceinterview,andtheapplicant’shistoryderivedfromthePsyQ,backgroundandpolygraph.

• Iftest-basedconcernsarecorroboratedbybehavioralhistoryand/ornegativeinterviewimpressions:

o IncludecomparisongroupCPIfindingswhenascaleorpredictionequationisanoutlier(≤10thpercentile(or≥90thpercentilewhere

applicable.o IncludejoboutcomeCPIfindingswhenascaleorpredictionequationisanoutlierandjobrelevantfindingsarepresent.

• Ifthereisnocorroborationofthetestdataormitigatinginformationispresent,considerdeemphasizingtheconcernsbasedon

testing.SuggestedInterpretiveStatements:

ScaleorPredictionEquation≤10thPercentile(or≥90thPercentileWhereApplicable)

ExampleusingalowIncumbentRescore:Theapplicant’sCPItestprofileindicatesthatheismorelikelytobedescribedbyothersasimpulsive,rebellious,reckless,andcarelessthan90%ofsuccessfulpoliceofficerapplicants.

ScaleorPredictionEquation≤10thPercentile(or≥90thPercentileWhereApplicable)ANDJobRelevantFindingsArePresent:

ExampleusingalowIncumbentSoscore:Theapplicant’sCPItestprofileindicatesthatheismorelikelytobedescribedbyothersasrash,self-serving,ashavingproblemswithimpulsecontrol,andbeingpooratestablishingrelationshipsthan90%ofsuccessfulpoliceofficerapplicants.JoboutcomestudiessuggestthatapplicantswithsimilarCPIprofilesaremorelikelytohaveproblemsrelatingtoco-workers,toexhibitproblemswithdishonestyandlackofintegrity,tobedisciplined,andtobeterminatedfromlawenforcementworkthantheaveragepoliceofficerwhoishired.

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ReferencesAdams, S. H., & John, O. P. (1997). A Hostility scale for the California Psychological Inventory: MMPI, Observer Q-Sort, and Big-Five correlates. Journal of

Personality Assessment, 69(2), 408-424. Cuttler, M., J., & Muchinsky, P. M. (2006). Prediction of law enforcement training performance and dysfunctional job performance with general mental

ability, personality, and life history variables. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(1), 3-25. Gough, H. & Bradley. P. (1996). CPI Manual. CPP, Inc; Palo Alto, CA. Hargrave, G. E., & Hiatt, D. (1989). Use of the California Psychological Inventory in law enforcement officer selection. Journal of Personality Assessment,

53, 267-277. Leventhal, A. M. (1966). An Anxiety scale for the CPI. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 459-461. Roberts,R.,(2014).Are-analysisofFischler’s2005joboutcomestudy(publishedasSellbom,etal.,2008).PresentedatJR&A.Roberts,R.,Terascavage,A.,Ben-Porath,Y.,&Roberts,M.(2017).Predicting Post-Probationary Job Performance of Police Officers Using CPI and MMPI-

2 RF Test Data Obtained During Preemployment Psychological Screening. Submitted for publication.Sarchione, C. D., Cuttler, M. J., Muchinsky, P. M., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (1998). Prediction of dysfunctional job behaviors among law enforcement officers.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6), 904-912.

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COMPARINGDISTRIBUTIONSONMEASURESOFPROBLEMSOLVINGABILITY

SDs(Z---score) ---1SD Mean +1SD +2SDPercentile 16% 50% 85thpercentile 98%WAIS---IQ 85 100 115 130

Wonderlic(PublisherNorms) 14 21 28 35

Wonderlic(PoliceNorms) 21 26 31 36

SAT–1600max 797 1010 1223 1436SAT–2400max 1175 1490 1805 2120

ACT1 16.1 21 26 31CAPOSTTestT---Score 30 40 50 60

The distribution of Wonderlic scores in police and public safety samples is not normally distributed because most police and public safety agencies use cognitive ability screening tests (written civil service exams) and other screening measures to eliminate less qualified applicants before the psychologist administers the Wonderlic as part of their pre-offer or post-offer test battery.

The distribution of police applicant Wonderlic scores is:

---2SD ---1SD Mean +1SD +2SD16 21 26 31 36

Using the POST Dimension Problem Solving/Learning on the PRF: =<16: High Risk; 17-20 Moderate Risk. Either of these risk ratings raise concerns and may lower the overall rating, but must not be used to justify a bottom-line negative recommendation.