Post on 20-Dec-2015
Diet And Heath
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Lifestyle• Physical inactivity
• Overweight
• Tobacco use
• Alcohol and drug abuse
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The Immune System• Skin and mucus membranes are the first line of defense
– If those are overcome then the immune system comes into play• Antigens
– Foreign substances that elicit an immune response– They may be proteins, carbohydrates etc inside and on the surface of
bacteria, viruses and other organisms.– They may be toxins or allergens (substances that cause allergies)
either in the environment or in foods– They may be abnormal proteins produced by cancer cells– Thus the immune system also protects against cancer in normal life
• Phagocytes– Phagocytosis
• Literally means cell eating• Bacteria, viruses etc as well as infected human cells are “eaten by
phagocytes and their antigens made available to the rest of the immune system
– Cytokines• Chemical signals released by phagocytes to activate metabolic
and immune responses to infection
The Immune System• Lymphocytes
– Are very specific– Each one recognizes only one type of antigen– Two types of lymphocytes
• B-cells
– Antibodies »Proteins that kill or inactivate bacteria,
viruses etc• T-cells
– Release powerful chemicals to destroy bacteria, viruses etc
• Memory– Both T and B memory cells are created– These memory cells will “remember” the antigen they have
seen before and protect against future infections– This is how vaccines work
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Nutrition and Immunity
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• Synergistic effects– Multiple factors working
together cause combined effects greater than each one can produce by itself
– In this case, malnutrition and diseases work together to make things worse than one or the other alone can.
• PEM– Protein energy malnutrition
Nutrition and Immunity
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Immune system cells are some of the few types of cells that are always growing and reproducing.Making new cells need proteins.In addition, cytokines and antibodies are proteins.Many of the enzymes necessary to kill the invaders are proteins
Nutrition and Immunity• Protein• Fatty acids
– Omega-3
• Vitamins A, E, B6, C
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• Folate• Iron• Zinc• Selenium
How AIDS Develops• Opportunistic infections
– Infections that would not affect a healthy person but can be very serious (even causing death) in people whose immune system is damaged
– Most of the people who die of AIDS, die from opportunistic infections
• CD4+ T-lymphocytes– Main targets of the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)– It is like fighting a war without some of
your best weapons
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The HIV Wasting Syndrome• Causes of malnutrition and wasting
– Inadequate nutrient intakes• Tendency towards anorexia (both physical
and psychological components)
– Malabsorption (poor absorption)– Excessive nutrient losses
• Some of the treatments lead to nausea, vomiting or diarrhea
– Accelerated metabolism (fever and other causes)
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Nutrition Support• Zinc
– Zinc supplementation can reduce rate of opportunistic infections
• No specific dietary strategy– Try to prevent anorexia
• Foodborne infections– HIV/AIDS sufferers are more susceptible to
foodborne infections – So extra care must be taken
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Nutrition And Chronic Disease
• Leading causes of death in the U.S.
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Nutrition And Chronic Disease
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Cardiovascular Disease
• CVD (Cardiovascular disease)– Diseases affecting heart and blood
vessels• CHD (Coronary Heart Disease)
– Atherosclerosis•Narrowing of coronary arteries•Coronary arteries carry blood to the heart
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How Atherosclerosis Develops• Damage to artery walls (cells lining the blood vessel)
due to– Normal pressure from blood flow in branches– High LDL– Smoking– Hypertension– High homocysteine levels– Viral or bacterial infections
• Inflammatory reaction to the damage – Macrophages move in– LDL cholesterol particles get trapped– Free radicals produced during inflammation oxidize LDL fatty
acids– Macrophages get swollen with the oxidized LDLs– Minerals are deposited, blood clots and fibrous connective
tissue is deposited forming plaques– Plaques start to form early in life
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• Blood clots and atherosclerosis– Parts of plaque get dislodged – Body reacts as if this is a wound and sends
in blood clotting machinery including platelets
– Platelets•Eicosanoids•Thrombosis
–Embolism
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How Atherosclerosis Develops
How Atherosclerosis Develops
• Blood pressure and atherosclerosis
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How Atherosclerosis Develops
• The result: heart attacks and strokes– Angina
•Heart attack•Stroke
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Risk Factors For CHD
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Risk Factors For CHD• Other risk factors
– Emerging risk factors
• Metabolic syndrome– Insulin resistance
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Recommendations For Reducing Risk
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Recommendations For Reducing Risk
Recommendations For Reducing Risk
• Other dietary strategies - phytosterols
• Physical activity
• Drug therapy
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How Hypertension Develops
• Unknown
• Role of the kidneys
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Risk Factors For Hypertension
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• High blood lipids
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Risk Factors For Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Gender
• Age
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Risk Factors For Hypertension
• Heredity
• Obesity
• Race
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Recommendations For Reducing Risk
• Weight control
• Physical activity
• Alcohol
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Recommendations For Reducing Risk
• Drug therapy
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DiabetesIn The U.S.
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• Prevalence among adults
How Diabetes Develops
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How Diabetes Develops
• Type 1 diabetes– Autoimmune disorder
• Type 2 diabetes
• Impaired glucose tolerance
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Complications Of Diabetes
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Complications Of Diabetes
• Diseases of the large blood vessels
• Diseases of the small blood vessels
• Diseases of the nerves
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Recommendations For Diabetes
• Recommendations for type 1 diabetes
• Recommendations for type 2 diabetes
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How Cancer Develops
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How Cancer Develops• Genetic factors
• Immune factors
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How Cancer Develops• Environmental factors
– Initiators– Promoters– Antipromoters
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How Cancer Develops
• Dietary factors - cancer initiators– Carcinogens
• Dietary factors - cancer promoters
• Dietary factors - antipromoters
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Recommendations For Reducing Risk
• Eat a variety of healthful foods– Emphasize plant sources
• Adopt a physically active lifestyle
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Recommendations For Reducing Risk
• Maintain a healthful weight throughout life
• If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit consumption
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Recommendations For Reducing Risk
• Do not smoke or use tobacco in any form
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Food Guide Pyramid for Disease Prevention
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Recommendations For Chronic Diseases
• Recommendations for the population
• Recommendations for individuals
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Recommendations For Chronic Diseases
• Recommendations for each individual– Genome
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Complementary And Alternative Medicine
• Defining complementary and alternative medicine– Integrative
medicine
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Complementary And Alternative Medicine
• Sound research, loud controversy
• Placebo effect
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Complementary And Alternative Medicine
• Risk-benefit relationships
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Complementary And Alternative Medicine
• Nutrition-related alternative therapies– Foods– Vitamin and mineral
supplements– Herbal remedies
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Complementary And Alternative Medicine
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Complementary And Alternative Medicine
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Complementary And Alternative Medicine
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