Biological Basis of Behavior Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning.
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Transcript of Biological Basis of Behavior Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning.
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Biological Basis of Behavior
Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning
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Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System• Somatic Nervous System-voluntary system• Autonomic Nervous System-involuntary
system• Parasympathetic System-calming
• Sympathetic System-activating
Central Nervous System• Brain• Spinal Cord
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Anatomy of the Brain Hindbrain
• Medulla-controls vegetative function• Pons-serves as an area of decussation at the
hindbrain level• Cerebellum-coordination of movement and
postural reflex Midbrain
• Reticular Formation-oversees arousal and attentional processes
Forebrain• Limbic System-composed of the hippocampus,
hypothalamus and amygdala and controls emotions and memory
• Thalamus-primary relay station for the senses• Cortex-composed of the frontal, temporal,
parietal, and occipital lobes
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Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobes
• controls body movement through the motor cortex
• decision making• speech production
Temporal Lobes• critical region for hearing and balance• important in memory
Occipital Lobes• responsible for visual processes
Parietal Lobes• receives contralateral sensory information
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Neurons Anatomy
• Cell Membrane• semipermeable, bilipid layer that provides protection for the
cell• Dendrites
• the branching part of the neuron that receives information from other cells
• Cell Body• The part of the cell that contains the DNA and the machinery
for producing energy in the cell• Axon Hillock
• The region of the axon that determines if an action potential should occur
• Axons• The part of the neuron that sends information to other cells and
muscles• Axon Terminals
• Located at the end of the axon, they are the area from which neurotransmitters are released
• Myelin Sheaths• Fatty, insulating substance that covers some axons• Increases the speed of information traveling down the axon
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Between Cell Communication Some Definitions
• Synaptic Cleft-the small space that occurs between the axon terminal of one cell and the dendrite of another
• Vesicles-small packages that store neurotransmitter in preparation for release from the presynaptic cell
• Neurotransmitters-chemicals capable of eliciting change in a receiving cell
• Postsynaptic cell-the cell that receives the new message
• Presynaptic cell-the cell that is sending the new message
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Between Cell Communication The Process
• When a message needs to be passed on to other cells, vesicles which contain neurotransmitter merge with the cell membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
• Neurotransmitters pass across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on a postsynaptic cell
• The neurotransmitter binds the receptor in a lock and key fashion
• Once neurotransmitter has bound the receptor, it pops off the receptor and must be eliminated so that it does not continue to bind to the postsynaptic cell
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Terminating Neurotransmission
Enzymatic Degradation• When an enzyme breaks down the
neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
Reuptake• Taking the neurotransmitter back into the
terminal button from where it was released
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Select Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine
• Involved in muscle movement and memory Gamma-aminobutyric acid
• The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain Serotonin
• Involved in mood and sleep Dopamine
• Involved in movement and reward systems Norepinephrine
• Involved in arousal, mood, and sympathetic nervous system activation
Opioids• Involved in pathways that reduce pain
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Within Cell Communication Resting Membrane Potential
• -70mV• Due to separation of ions across the membrane• During rest, there are more negatively charged
ions on the inside of the cell than on the outside
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Combining Within and Between Cell Communication Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials-when
neurotransmitter in the synapse binds receptors and positively charged ions enter the cell
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials-when neurotransmitter in the synapse binds receptors and negatively charged ions enter the cell
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Within Cell Communication Action Potential
• occurs when a cell becomes depolarized• at the axon hillock the cell suddenly allows
positively charged ions to pass to the inside of the cell
• this change occurs at every segment of the cell from the axon hillock to the terminal buttons
• the action potential is all-or-none, indicating that it does not change in strength as it passes down the axon
• saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated cells
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The Steps of the Action Potential Cell begins in resting state (-70mV) Cell reaches threshold and signals an action
potential Cell reaches the peak of the action potential by
allowing positive ions to rush to the inside of the cell (+40mV)
Cell begins to return to resting state by pumping positively charged ions to the outside of the cell
Cell enters absolute refractory period (a period when an EPSP cannot signal a new action potential)
Cell enters relative refractory period (a period when only a very strong EPSP can signal a new action potential)
A return to resting state
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Endocrine System Hypothalamus signals to the pituitary Pituitary signals other glands of the
endocrine system to secrete hormones Examples of hormones:
• Estrogen/testosterone• Thyroid• growth hormone• follicle-stimulating hormone
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