How did Anthropology and Sociology develop?

Who are the pioneers of these two sciences?

Development of Anthropology

The history of anthropology goes back to the period of discoveries and explorations (15th-18th centuries).

In the 19th century, anthropology began to take shape as a separate field of study.

Edward Taylor was the first professor of Anthropology in Oxford, England.

In the United States, it was Franz Boas of Clark University, Massachusetts.

Development of Anthropology

Modern anthropology started only around 20th century.

The early anthropologists were mostly armchair theorists. Their dominant theme was the evolutionary view of humanity and human behavior.

Franz Boas and Alfred Kroeber made a higher level of research through the use of careful and thorough gathering of data about individual cultures.

Anthropology in the Philippines

Anthropology began as a practical activity of colonizers in the service of religion and government.

In the 19th century, archeological explorations were made by a Frenchman, Alfred Marche, who did some diggings in Marinduque.

It was followed by Jose Rizal and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera.

Anthropology in the Philippines

During the American period, field studies were made on a number of hill peoples by American anthropologists.

The Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes was established; it was later replaced by the Ethnological Survey of the Philippines.

It was elevated to an academic discipline in the University of the Philippines in 1914 by H. Otley Beyer. It was merged with Sociology in 1921.

Development of Sociology

Sociology has its roots in Europe, particularly France at the time of the French Revolution around the middle of 19th century.

It is considered as one of the youngest of the social sciences.

August Comte believed that the methods and techniques of the natural sciences could be applied to the study of society.

He coined the term ‘sociology’ to refer to the new science.

Development of Sociology

Durkheim laid the foundation for modern sociology by using empirical investigation in the study of suicide in France, the division of labor in the society, and the elementary forms of religious life.

He is regarded as the ‘Father of modern Sociology’

Sociology in the Philippines

Sociology was introduced by Fr. Valentin Marin as a subject in 1896 at the University of Sto. Tomas.

It was initiated in the University of the Philippines in 1911 by Pres. Murray Bartlett and A.E.W. Salt.

Siliman University was also one of the first to include Sociology in its curriculum.

A French utopian socilist

Wrote his ideas on the science of society based on the assumption that the law of human behavior could be determined in the same manner that the law of nature had been arrived at by natural scientist

The Pioneers: Sociology

Henri de Saint-Simon

(17 October 1760–19 May 1825)

The Pioneers: Sociology

A French philosopher Advocated the idea of

‘positivism’ or the use of empirical investigation to understand society and social phenomena.

He coined the word ‘sociology’ and is considered as the Father of Sociology.

Auguste Comte

(17 January 1798 – 5 September 1857)

British philosopher-scientist Argued that human societies

go through an evolutionary process and who coined the concept ‘survival of the fittest’.

His theory of social evolution espoused the idea that societies develop from relative homogeneity and simplicity to heterogeneity and complexity.

The Pioneers: Sociology

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903)

A German philosopher Believed that the misery and

exploitation of the working lower classes in society was caused by capitalism.

He reiterated that conflict and political revolution are inevitable to overthrow capitalism and to improve the social condition.

The Pioneers: Sociology

Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818–March 14, 1883)

He said that economic inequality has resulted in class struggles between the ‘bourgeoisie’ – the owners and rulers of the means of production- and the ‘proletariat’, the industrial workers

A French sociologist Focused on the characteristics

of social groups, particularly the cohesion and non-cohesion of religious groups.

He believed that acts of deviance awaken people to their shared moral bonds and unite them in condemnation of the deviant.

The Pioneers: Sociology

Émile Durkheim April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917)

A German economist-lawyer Works dwelt on the

significance of subjective meanings people give to their interactions with others.

Pointed out the importance of ‘verstehen’ – an emphatic understanding of what people are thinking and feeling or the people’s subjective experience.

The Pioneers: Sociology

Maximilian Carl Emil Weber(21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920)

An American ethnologist, sociologist and writer

is best known for his work on cultural evolution and Native Americans

Technological factors in social evolution, stages of cultural advance, savagery, barbarism and civilization

The Pioneers: Sociology

Lewis Henry Morgan (November 21, 1818 – December

17, 1881)

was one of the first generation of German sociologists

His studies pioneered the concept of social structure, and he was a key precursor of social network analysis.

His most famous works today are "The Philosophy of Money", "The Stranger", "The Web of Group Affiliation", and "The Metropolis and Mental Life".

The Pioneers: Sociology

Georg Simmel (March 1, 1858 – September 28, 1918)

A German sociologist

He is best known for his distinction between two types of social groups — Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

The Pioneers: Sociology

Ferdinand Tönnies (July 26, 1855 - April 9, 1936,)

was a 19th century polymath best remembered for his contributions to the development of ethnography and the development of anthropology as a discipline.

The Pioneers: Anthropology

Adolf Bastian (26 June 1826 – 2 February 1905)

An English anthropologist

considered representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin.

The Pioneers: Anthropology

Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (2 October 1832 – 2 January 1917),

He reintroduced the term animism (the faith in the individual soul or anima of all things, and natural manifestations) into common use.

He considered animism as the first phase of development of religions.

was one of the most influential figures in American anthropology in the first half of the twentieth century

Although he is known primarily as a cultural anthropologist, he did significant work in archaeology, and he contributed to anthropology by making connections between archaeology and culture.

He conducted excavations in New Mexico, Mexico, and Peru.

The Pioneers: Anthropology

Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876–October 5, 1960)

was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology“

He established cultural relativism.

The Pioneers: Anthropology

Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942)

founded modern American anthropology with the establishment of the first graduate program in anthropology at Columbia University in 1896.

At the time the dominant model of culture was that of cultural evolution, which posited that human societies progressed through stages of savagery to barbarism to civilization; thus, societies that for example are based on horticulture and Iroquois kinship terminology are less evolved that societies based on agriculture and Eskimo kinship terminology.

One of Boas's greatest accomplishments was to demonstrate convincingly that this model is fundamentally flawed, empirically, methodologically, and theoretically.

An American anthropologist

Influenced by Boas’s works

The Pioneers: Anthropology

Ruth Benedict (June 5, 1887–September 17, 1948)

was an American cultural anthropologist, who was frequently a featured writer and speaker in the mass media throughout the 1960s and 1970s

Her reports about the purportedly healthy attitude towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures amply informed the 1960s sexual revolution.

Mead was a champion of broadened sexual mores within a context of traditional western religious life.

The Pioneers: Anthropology

Margaret Mead (December 16, 1901 – November 15,

1978)