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D a n i e l H . G a r r i s o n
M a l c o l M H . H a s t
th Fb
f h Hm Bdy
a ad t
f h 1543 d 1555 ed
a n D r e a s V e s a l i u s
D Hm cp Fb
lb spm
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35 Three Forms of Joint 13 16
35 : Enarthrosis 13 16
35 Arthrodia 14 16
36 When Nature Formed Arthrodia 14 16
36 Ginglymus 14 16
37 When Nature Formed Ginglymus 14 16
37 In What Ways Double Joints Are Formed 14 18
38 Gomphosis 15 18
38 : Suture 15 18
39 Harmonia 18
39 Symphysis 16 19
39 Substances That Aid the Union of Bones:
Ligaments 16 19
39 Flesh: Syssarcosis 16 19
40 Cartilage: Synchondrosis 16 19
40 Bones That Are Joined with the Aid of
No Substance 16 19
40 Some Major Disagreements in This Chapter with
the Opinions of Galen 16 2041 Aix:Ginglymus (the Hinge Joint; 1555 Version) 16
42 Why Nature Sometimes Joined Two Bones
with Several Joints 17
CHAPTER 5
43 The STrucTure of The heAd:
Why IT IS ShAped AS IT IS, And hoW
MAny confIgurATIonS IT hAS 17 21
44 The Head Was Formed for the Sake of the Eyes 18 2244 How Nature Protected the Eyes 18 22
44 The Brain Is Located in the Head for the Sake of the
Eyes, and the Other Senses on Account of the Brain 18 22
45 The Natural Shape of the Head 19 22
45 First, Second, and Third Unnatural Shapes 19 23
45 Fourth Unnatural Shape 19 23
46 Other Variations 19 23
46 Aix A:Natural Shapes of the Skull
(1555 Version) 22
47 Aix B:Variant Shapes of the Head
(End; Expanded 1555 Version) 23
CHAPTER 6
49 on The eIghT BoneS of The heAd And
The SuTureS connecTIng TheM 20 25
57 What Kind of Dwelling Nature Prepared for
the Brain 26 31
57 Why the Skull Is Not Made of Solid Bone 26 31
57 The Use of Sutures 26 31
58 Sutures of the Naturally Shaped Head 26 32
58 The Coronal, Lambdoid, and Sagittal Sutures 26 32
58 The Heads of Men Do Not Always Differ from
Those of Women 26 32
58 Sutureless Heads 27 33
59 Differences in Bones of Old, Young, and
Juvenile Persons 27
59 Sutures in Unnatural Heads 27 33
59 The Scaly Seams of the Temples 27 33
60 The Sutures Are Visible Also inside the Skull 27 33
60 Why Squamous Agglutinations Do Not Resemble
the Other Sutures 28 34
60 Sutures Already Accounted For 28
60 The Suture Surrounding the Eighth Bone of
the Head 28 34
61 Sutures between the Head and Other Bones 28 34
61 Extensions of the Lambdoid Suture 28 34
61 The Edge of the Cuneiform Bone 28 34
62 In What Places the Suture around the Cuneiform
Bone Occurs 28 34
63 On a Passage in Galens De ossibus, 29 35and on the Suture between the Frontal Bone,
the Bones of the Maxilla, and Others 29 36
63 The Borders of the Vertex Bones 30 36
63 The Borders of the Frontal Bone 30 36
64 The Softest and Least Dense Part of the Skull 30 37
64 The Borders of the Occipital Bone 30 37
64 The Thickest Point of the Occiput 30 37
65 Capitula of the Occipital Bone 31 38
65 The Circumference of the Temporal Bones 31 38
65 Mammillary Processes 31 38
65 The Cavity of the Temporal Bone 31 38
66 The Process Resembling a Writers Stylus 31 38
66 The Jugal Process of the Temporal Bone 31 39
66 The Cuneiform Bone 32 39
67 The Cuneiform Bone Is Not Perforatedlike a Sponge 32
67 The Winglike Processes 32 41
67 The Eighth Bone of the Head 32 41
67 A Bone inside the Canine Skull 32
68 Aix A:Why the Entire Brain Is Surrounded
by Bones, and Why These Vary and Are
Connected Chiefly by Sutures (1555 Version) 31
69 Aix B:On the Occurrence of Cohesive
Squamous Joints Instead of Sutures (1555 Version) 33
70 Aix c:The Cuneiform or Sphenoid Bone
(1555 Version) 39
70 The Nature of the Middle Region of the
Cuneiform Bone (1555 Version) 39
72
Aix d:A Cartilage or Bone in the Brain (1555 Version) 41
CHAPTER 7
73 on The JugAl Bone, And
The BoneS re SeMBlIng A rock
ouTcroppIng 33 42
73 Names Are Assigned to Certain Areas of Bone
As If They Were Entirely Separate 33 42
1
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73 The Jugal Bone 33 42
73 The Use of the Jugal Bone 33 42
73 How Nature Made Provision for the
Temporal Muscles 33 4274 The Mansorius Muscle Originates at
the Jugal Bone 33
74 The Bones Resembling a Rocky Outcropping 33 43
CHAPTER 8
75 on The oS SIcleS ThAT enTer upon
The conSTrucTIon of The orgAn
of heArIng 33 43
76 The Cavity Made for the Organ of Hearing, andthe Foramina Extending into It 34 44
76 Nerves from the Fifth Pair to the Organ of
Hearing 34 44
76 The Anvil-Like Ossicle 34 44
77 The Ossicle That Is Not unlike a Small Hammer 35 45
77 Comparison of the Second Ossicle to the
Femoral Bone 35 45
77 The Use of Ossicles of the Organ of Hearing 35 45
78 Marcus Antonius Genua and Wolfgang Hervort,
Chiefly Responsible for My Undertaking
and Completion of This Work 35 46
78 Ai:First 32 Lines of the Chapter 8 Narrative
(1555 Version) 44
CHAPTER 9
80 on The TWelve BoneS of
The upper MAxIll A, IncludIng
The BoneS of The noSe 36 46
80 Index of the First Figure of the Ninth Chapter
and Its Characters 36 46
80 Index of the Second Figure and Its Characters 38 48
84 Why the Maxilla Consists of Several Bones,
Both Hollow and Light 39
84 Structura l System of the Maxillary Bones 39
84 Brief Enumeration of the Bones of the Maxilla 39 48
85 How Many Bones Make Up the Eye Socket 39
85 The First Bone of the Maxilla 39 48
86 The Second Maxillary Bone 40 50
86 Third Maxillary Bone 40 50
87 Fourth Maxillary Bone 40 51
88 The Fifth Bone of the Maxilla 41 52
88 The Sixth Bone of the Maxilla 41 52
89 There Are in All Twelve Bones of
the Upper Maxilla 42 52
89 Not Everything Thus Far Stated in This
Chapter Fits the Opinions of Galen; Some Items
Are Enumerated at the End of the Chapter 42 52
91 Ai A:First Two Paragraphs
of the Narrative Section (1555 Version) 49
91 What Part of the Skull Is Called the Upper Maxilla 49
91
Why It Consists of Many Bones, Both Lightand Hollow 49
91 Ai B:How to Distinguish the Maxillary
Bones (1555 Version) 49
CHAPTER 10
92 on The loWer MAxIllA 43 54
93 Man Has the Shortest Jaw 43 54
93 The Human Jaw Is Made Virtual ly from
a Single Bone 43 5493 Two Processes on Both Sides of the Maxilla 44 55
94 Picture of the Special Cartilage in the Joint of
the Maxillae 44 55
94 Foramina of the Maxilla 44 55
94 Alveoli of the Teeth 44 55
94 Breadth, Thinness, Depressions, and Rough
Spots in the Posterior Area of the Jaw 44 55
CHAPTER 11
95 on The TeeTh, WhIch Are AlSo
counTed AS BoneS 45 56
95 Key to the Figure of the Present Eleventh Chapter,
and Its Characters 45 56
96 The Teeth Have Sensation 45 57
96 The Distinction between Teeth and the
Other Bones 45 57
96 The Number of Teeth 45 57
96 The Canines 46 57
96 Molars 46 57
97 How Teeth Are Fixed in the Jaws 46 57
97 Roots of the Teeth 46 57
97 The Number of Teeth Sometimes Varies 46 58
97 Wisdom Teeth (Genuini dentes) 46 58
98 Hollow Space in Teeth 46 58
98 Dental Epiphyses 46 58
CHAPTER 12
99 on The forAMInA of The heAd
And The upper MAxIllA 47 59
99 Why a Description of the Foramina Is Undertaken 47 59
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01 An earlier version of this chapter
was published in Medical History
37.1 (1993), pp. 336.
02 Neither of these gures illustrates
a typically human hyoid bone a
notable departure for a book
which stresses human as opposed
to animal anatomy. The left hyoid
bone shown above (g.1) has a
canine feature in the chain of
narrow ossicles (K, L, M, N) that
extend in the dog to the styloid
bone (in the human, this connec-
tion is made by the stylohyoid liga-
ment). The right hyoid bone (g.2)
represents the posterior aspect of
the same bone with L, M, N
removed. Its lesser horns (I, K)
appear nearly the same length as
the greater horns (E, F), whereas in
humans the lesser horns have only
a fraction of the mass and length
of the greater, and are altogether
different in shape. Vesalius is
described as using the larynx of
an ox and of some other animals
in a 1540 anatomy lecture at Bolo-
gna because, he said, in the
hanged [human] subjects we can-
not see the larynxes, for they are
destroyed by the noose, but they
are however quite different [in
man and in animals] (Eriksson,
1959, p. 285). The illustrations in
this chapter appear to blend
human and animal anatomy.
03 Lat. ut plurimum, perhaps more
often than not; see preceding
note. Possibly, these are nontypi-
cal, ossied portions of ligamen-
tum stylohyoideum; more likely,
this gure reects features of the
canine hyoid bone and apparatus,
in which the cornu minusis con-
nected to thepars tympanica and
vagina processus styloideiby a
series of ossicles (L= epihyoid,
M= stylohyoid, N= tympanohy-
oid), unlike the ligamentum stylo-
hyoideumof the human.04 An error in both editions; these
illustrations appear in Ch. 21, Bk. II.
O N T H E B O N E R E S E M B L I N G
T H E G R E E K U P S I L O N
A, B, C1 Larger and middle ossicle [corpus]
of the hyoid bone, visible on its anterior
side. Aand Bindicate the protuberant
region of this surface. In between these
characters appears the particular
*. tubercle of this region, marked *.Cindicates the transversely elongated
depression discernible in the superior
part of this middle ossicle.
D2 Posterior side of the larger ossicle[corpus], depressed and concave.
E, F1, 2 Lower sides [cornua majora]of the
hyoid bone, which with the middle
ossicle represent a figure like an .
G1, 2 Joint of the lower side [cornu majus]
with the broader and larger ossicle of
the hyoid bone.
H1, 2 Apex of the lower side, which is at-
tached to the process of the laryngeal
cartilage that resembles a shield [cornu
superius cartilaginis thyroideae].
I, K1, 2 Upper sides [cornua minora]of the
hyoid bone, considerably thinner and
more smoothly rounded than the lower
ones.
L, M, N1 Three ossicles, very often joined to
the upper sides [cornua minora].Besides the fifth plate of the muscles at
the letter L, several earlier illustrations
of the twelfth chapter of the second
bookat A, B, C, and Dfurther repre-
sent the hyoid bone.
KEY TO FIGURES AND CHAR ACTERS
SET FORTH HERE
The first figureof the present chapter repre-
sents the anterior face of the bone [corpus
ossis hyoidei]resembling the letter [Greek
upsilon], together with its lesser or more
elevated sides [cornua minora]and the ossi-
cles which are connected to them as far as the
processes of the temporal bones that areshaped in the fashion of a stylus [processus
styloidei].
The second figureshows the posterior region
of the bone resembling an , along with the
more elevated ribs [cornua]; but for the
moment we have not drawn those ossicles
which extend to the processes that resemble a
stylus and are drawn in the previous figure.
FIR ST FIGURE SECOND FIGURE
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T H E F A B R I C
O F T H E H U M A N B O D Y 13CHAPTER
56
Bk. 1 Ch. 38 Fig. 3, 4
Bk. 2 Ch. 19 Fig. 1, 2
Bk. 2 Table 4
Bk. 1 Ch. 13 Fig. 1, 2
Bk. 5 Fig. 22, 23
05 A fanciful compound unattested in
LSJ or the TLG medical canon,
combined from short uand --like, presumablybecause it is shaped like the Greek
letter. An additional element could
be , on high, because it is situ-ated above the larynx, high on the
neck.
06 Because, in Greek, hysorsus
means pig; but there may also be
a note of irony in this false etymol-
ogy as Galens description of the
larynx is based in part on pig anat-omy. See May, 1968, p. 352, n. 32.
07 Herophilus of Chalcedon (4th3rd
cent. BC), the most important of
the Greek anatomists in Alexandria
who dissected human cadavers, is
frequently cited by Galen. His con-
tributions to nomenclature are
noteworthy for their use of visual
comparisons. The word -generally means compan-ion, or bystander, and is applied
to the twin spermatic ducts as well
as the hyoid bone conceived as the
companion to the larynx; see May,
1968, p. 26.
08 For which see Galen, De usu par-
tium4.190.3ff. (May, 1968, p. 644).
09 A variant reading for -, or larynx, translated byLSJ as , i.e. the windpipeor pharynx, but not in the sense
suggested here, pharynx-
bone. The word is Hippocratic (De
anatome1.1); see also Galen, De
libris propriis liber19.28.1, Pseudo-
Galen, Introductio seu medicus
14.721.5, Aretaeus (2nd cent. AD),
De causis et signis acutorum mor-
borum1.7.14, 2.2.1.3, and AtiusAmidenus (6th cent. AD), Iatrico-
rum liber2.92.24.
10 Vesalius handwritten comments
on the 1555 edition delete this por-
tion of the sentence.
11 The 1555 edition adds: We call
these the sides of the hyoid bone
with Avicenna, in his chapter On
the Throat. Avicenna (9801037)
is the Arabian physician and philos-
opher whose Canon of Medicine
had been considered authoritative
since 1100, appearing in at least 60
complete or partial Latin editions
between 1500 and 1674; see Siraisi
(1987).
LOCATION AND NA MES OF THEHYOID BONE
the most prominentpart of the larynx is a bone taken col-lectively for the sake of unity, but con-
structed of many different ossicles;some call it from theshape of the letter , others more suc-
cinctly ; those without experience in dissection,
misled by this term, have translated it in Galen as the boneresembling a pig. This bone is named elsewhere [lambda-shaped] from the look of the let-ter ; translators deceived by this name have become accus-
tomed to render it as the lambda-like suture of the head(C, Din figs. 3 and 4, Ch. 6; Bin the 3rd skeleton). But I for
my part have recently removed errors of this sort from aversion of Galen which both Italy and Germany publishedin Latin. Herophilus is also said to have called this bone
[companion], perhaps because it is locatednext to the tongue, or the larynx, or the jaws, just as in theorgans serving generation he calls certain items , the varicose companion [i.e. spermatic duct]
(from to in figs. 22 and 23, Bk. V), and (, Bin the same figures), the glandular com-panion. Moreover, there are some who, because it islocated in the throat, have called it the . I
have made it my practice throughout to name this thebone resembling an , or more succinctly the hyoid.
MIDDLE OSSICLE OF THE HYOID BONE
The human has this bone quite differently constructedthan the quadrupeds which until now we have dissected,
and it is the broadest ossicle of the hyoid bone (A, B, *, Cin fig. 1, Din fig. 2), convex on the outside and jutting for-
ward with its own protuberance; but inside, or on the pos-
terior surface, it is concave. On the anterior, it is indentedon top as in an elongated depression because the shape is
suitable for it, and because of the muscles and ligaments
attached to it. For into the upper depression are implantedthe third and fourth muscles (Rin the 4th table of muscles)[mm. mylohyoidei]peculiar to this bone; on the pro-tuberance visible in this location, at the sides which aresomewhat impressed in the area where it swells, the firsttwo muscles [mm. sternohyoidei] peculiar to this bonemake their insertion (S, Tin the 4th table of muscles; the
other muscles of this bone are Q[musculus stylohyoideus]andV[musculus omohyoideus]). From the hollow of theposterior side, the first two muscles [radix linguae] thatmove the tongue have their principal origin (D Din figs. 1
and 2, Ch. 19, Bk. II). Moreover, because the hyoid is convexon the outside but hollow inside, the muscles are also con-
veniently placed farther from the path of injuries comingfrom the outside. This larger ossicle [corpus ossis hyoidei],
positioned slightly above the larynx, may be found bytouch, but its sides [cornua]are a little more deeply hidden.
With this wider ossicle, two others [cornua minora,cc. majora]are united on each side. One of these is lower,the other higher.
LOWER SIDES OF THE HYOID BONE
The lower ossicle [cornu majus]is somewhat shorter andbroader than the upper [cornu minus](one is E, Fin figs.1 and 2, the other I, K), and is connected to no other bone
than the side (Gin figs. 1 and 2)of the middle, wider ossi-cle of the hyoid bone, to which it is firmly attached by car-tilage and cartilaginous ligament over a noteworthybreadth. The end of this bone (Hin figs. 1 and 2)is joined[ligamentum thyrohyoideum laterale]to the superior pro-
cess [cornu superius]of the laryngeal cartilage that lookslike a shield [cartilago thyroidea] (A, B in figs. 3 and 4,Ch. 38). We rightly call this lower ossicle or side, together
Bk. 1 Ch. 6 Fig. 3, 4Bk. 1 Skeleton 3
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1 As in the preceding chapter, Vesa-
lius presents his illustrations with
the proximal end down, contrary
to the practice of his own time (e.g.
Canano, Musculorum humani cor-
poris picturata dis sectio, c. 1541)
and contrary to modern conven-
tion. In the text, however, the ori-
entation is reversed: proximal
bones are upper, and distal bones
lower.2 Or more accurately , in
On Fractures9.2. In the 1543 Fab-
rica, Vesaliussumma manusfor
hand imitates Galens ,
employed because Gk. can
mean the arm or the hand and arm
combined (LSJ II). Galen explains
this usage at the beginning of
Ch. 2 in Bk. 3 of De anatomicis
administrationibus. The Latin term
is something of an aectation, as
manusis not ambiguous in the
same way as the Greek term. Hereas elsewhere in the 1555 edition,
Vesalius substitutes manusfor
summa manus. Vesalius digression
on nomenclature was also deleted
from this point in the later edition,
and moved (with revisions) to the
beginning of the narrative section.
See n. 14 below.
3 Brachiale & postbrachiale ac digitos.
On the lack of a Latin word for
wrist or adjectives based on Gk.
karpos, see n. 2, Ch. 24.
4 In all gures except the 4th, thenumber 5has been engraved back-
ward. The 1555 edition omits all
but the rst sentence of this sec-
tion.
5 The 1555 edition omits all that fol-
lows in this section.
6 Os metacarpale I,phalanx proxima-
lis,ph. distalis.Vesalius follows
Galen in calling the rst metacar-
pal the rst phalanx of the thumb,
while the other metacarpal bones
are numbered IIIIIfor the four
ngers.7 Phalanx proximalis,ph.media,
ph. distalis.
O n t h e C a r p u s
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 These eight numerals des-
ignate the eight bones of the carpus in
all six of the present figures, if all were
seen on the surface in which the wrist
presents itself. Each bone is always
identified with its own number, and in
this way shows its name. We shall call
the first bone [os scaphoideum]that
which is marked 1, the second [os luna-
tum]the one marked 2. Thus, 1, 2, 3, and
4mark the upper [proximalis]row of
the eight wrist bones, these being the
four higher or nearest to the forearm.5, 6, 7, and 8indicate the lower [distalia]
bones, which are conterminous with
the metacarpus.
I, II, III, IIII 1, 2 The four
metacarpal bones are
marked in the first and
second figures; there is
no reason not to name
them by the number writ-
ten on them unless one
prefers to name them for the
finger they support, and which
they precede.
a, B, C1, 2 Three bones of the thumb [pollex]
which we also call internodes.
D, e, F1, 2 Three bones of the index finger
[index]; the same system applies to the
other fingers as well.
G3, 6 Depression [facies articularis, basis
metacarpalis I]of the fifth carpal bone
[os trapezium], and surface to which the
first bone [os metacarpale I]of the
thumb is articulated. We measure the
length of this depression transversely
, b.6 from to bin the sixth figure. The in-
c.6 ternal [medialis]surface is marked c,
d.4, 6 the external [lateralis]d, which is also
visible in the fourth figure.
h3, 4, 6 Surface [facies articularis]of the
sixth carpal bone [os trapezoideum]towhich the metacarpal bone supporting
the index finger [index]is attached; on
.3, 4, 6the fifth bone, marks the place
[facies articularis, basis
metacarpalis II]which
the same metacarpal bone also touches.
K3, 4, 6 Place [facies]on the seventh wrist
bone [os capitatum]to which the meta-
carpal bone supporting the middle
finger [digitus medius]is attached. In
k.3, 4, 6the same figures, kmarks the place
[facies articularis, basis metacarpalis III]
where this metacarpal touches the sixth
wrist bone.
L3, 4, 6 Place on the eighth carpal bone
[os hamatum]to which the metacarpal
bone [os metacarpale IV]leading to
the ring finger [digitus anularis]is
attached.
M3, 4, 6 Place on the eighth carpal bone to
which the metacarpal bone [os meta-carpale V]supporting the little finger
[digitus minimus]is articulated.
The first two figures apply not only to the
present chapter but also to the three follow-
ing, in which the parts of the hand are also
explained. We shall call what Hippocrates
named the top or end of the
hand, that is, the part which lies between
the forearm and the farthest [distalis]tip of
the fingers and which we divide into carpus,
metacarpus, and fingers. By hand, Hip-
pocrates meant whatever comes between the
scapulae and the end of the fingers and is
subdivided into arm, forearm, and hand.Thus, fi figof this chapter shows the
inner [palmaris]surface of the bones of the
hand. t codincludes the outer [dorsalis]
surface of the same bones, appropriately
drawn. The four subsequent figures are pecu-
liar to this chapter and represent only the
eight carpal bones in various aspects. t o
idifid idshows the inner [palmaris]
surface of the eight wrist bones, all together
in place. t fohas the same bones
drawn from their outer [dorsalis]aspect. t
fifincludes the upper part [p. proximalis]of
the wrist bones, where they are articulated to
the forearm. t ixdisplays the lower sur-
face [pars distalis]of the wrist bones, to which
the first bone of the thumb [os metacarpale I]
and the four metacarpal bones [ossa metacar-
palia IIV]are attached. The index of charac-
ters will be as follows.
We shall add an index explaining the six figures abovetogether with their characters on the following page.
116
FIRST FIGURE
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T H E F A B R I C
O F T H E H U M A N B O D Y
4
8 Musculus exor digitorum super-
cialis, tendines; m. exor digitorum
profundus, tendines; m . exor pol-
licis longus, tendo
9 1555: And which is much more
easily seen than the upper.
10 The Von the left of this pair was
recut in the 1555 edition.
11 Xs were recut below the 1st and
2nd interphalangeal joints in the
1555 edition, and the legend was
rewritten as follows: The lower X
marks the sesamoid ossicle placed
before the second joint of the
index nger; the upper marks the
ossicle given to the third joint of
the index nger. The arrangement
of these ossicles is the same in the
other digits.
12 Yis not visible at the interphalan-
geal joint of the thumb in either
edition of the Fabrica, and the 1555
edition omits this entry altogether.
13 In the hand, sesamoid bones
embedded in tendons are found
only on the palmar surface of the
joints. Two (medial and later al) are
constant at the metacarpophalan-
geal joint of the thumb; one is fre-
quently present at the metacarpo-
phalangeal joint of the little nger
and the index nger. Occasionally,
sesamoid bones are found at the
metacarpophalangeal joints of the
middle and ring ngers, and at the
interphalangeal joints of the
thumb and index ngers (Gray,
1995, p. 736).
n1, 2 Ossicle [os sesamoideum]leaning
against the outer side of the ar ticulation
of the eighth carpal bone to the metacar-
pal bone, by which the little finger is sup-
ported.
O2 [1], 3, 6 Process of the eighth carpal bone
[hamulus ossis hamati]protruding into
the inner area of the carpus.
p2 [1], 3, 6 Process [tuberculum ossis trapezii]
of the fifth carpal bone from which
originates the transverse ligament [reti-
naculum musculorum exorum]that
makes its insertion into the process of
the eighth bone marked O; it is covered
by tendons from the forearm that go
to the inner area of the hand.
Q2 Upper epiphysis [basis metacarpalis II]
of the metacarpal bone that supportsthe index finger [index]; it is articulated
to the carpus [os trapezium, os trapezoi-
deum].
r2 Lower epiphysis
[caput]of the metacar-
pal bone leading to the
index finger, which
forms the head that en-
ters the depression of the
first bone [phalanx proxima-
lis]of the index finger.
s1, 2 Interval between the meta-
carpal bone leading to the index finger
and the one that supports the middle
finger. The same system of epiphyses
and intervals holds for the other meta-
carpal bones.
t1, 2 In the first figure, the inner of two sesa-
moid bones placed before the inside of
the second thumb joint is marked; in
the second figure, the outer.
V V1 Two sesamoid ossicles placed in front of
the joint of the index finger.
X X1 A single sesamoid ossicle, or rather like
a mustard seed, placed upon the second
joint of the index finger.
Y1 A single sesamoid ossicle, located on
the third joint of the thumb. In the re-
maining fingers, the system is the same
as with the index finger, though wehave not shown the sesamoid ossicle of
the second and third joints.
SECOND FIGURE
THIRD FIGURE
FOURTH FIGURE
FIFTH FIGURE
SIXTH FIGURE
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5 Ch. 15 Fig. 25
5 Ch. 15 Fig. 25
5 Ch. 15 Fig. 25
k. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 6
k. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 5
Ch. 25 Fig. 3, 4
k. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 2
117
14 The following some of it trans-
ferred from the beginning of the
1543 gure legend is added to the
beginning of the 1555 narrative:
The part which we vulgarly call
the brachiumwhen we say that
man is endowed with arms and
legs, meaning everything from the
scapula to the end of the ngers
and the tips of the nails, was called
the hand (or rather ) by Hip-pocrates and often by Galen. What
is called the manusby nearly all
the Latins, and which we measure
from the lowest end of the fore-
arm and the loose joint attaching
the hand to the forearm out to the
end of the ngers, was called by
Hippocrates , as if to saythe farthest or end hand. This
distinction, however tting for the
Greeks, cannot be of much use for
those writing in Latin. We shall
divide the hand only into wrist,
metacarpus, and digits, and give
each its own chapter. In the pres-
ent we shall describe the part
which is articulated to the fore-
arm, etc.
15 See n. 1, Ch. 24, and Celsus
8.1.2022, where manusandprima
palmae parsare named as the
location of the carpal bones.
Brachialedoes not occur in Celsus
and is unattested in the OLD
except in the sense of bracelet,
armlet.
16 1555: as has been thought by
some.
17 Paraphras ed from Galen, De usupartium3.121.11.: these bones
are tted together so skilfully as to
leave nothing wanting for accu-
racy and perfection. In the rst
place, although no one of the eight
carpal bones greatly resembles
any other in shape or size, they
nevertheless achieve such close
union in their articulations that it
is hard to tell how many of them
there are. In fact, unless you care-
fully scrape away the ligaments
and strip o the protecting mem-
branes, you will think they are all
one bone. (tr. May, 1968, p. 131).
18 Celsus 8.1.21: The rst part of the
palm consists of many minute
bones of which the number is
uncertain (Loeb tr. by W.G.
Spencer, p. 489).
19 Cf. Galen, De usu partium3.121.20.: the carpus is concave
on its inner side as much as is suit-
able for the hand and convex on its
outer side to the extent that this
too is advantageous (tr. May,
1968, pp. 131f.).
20 L. radiocarpale dorsale, l. radiocar-
pale palmare;l. ulnocarpale pal-
mare;l. carpi radiatum;l. collaterale
carpi ulnare, l. collaterale carpi radi-
ale.
21 Simplied as follows in 1555:
where the bones touch each
other they have smooth depres-
sions and heads covered with slip-
pery cartilage, by which they are
articulated to each other.
22 The nal clause is rewritten in the
1555 version: so that this dier-
ence of articulation must also be
considered the chief reason for thelarge number of carpal bones.
THE CA RPUS IS CONSTRUCTEDOF EIGHT BONES DIFFERING FROM EACHOTHER IN SHAPE
call the part of the hand(Vto Zin the skeletal figures; 18in
all the figures of this chapter)that isarticulated to the forearm ; wecall it brachiale in imitation of Cel-sus. It is constructed of eight bones
separated in a double row. In people of mature years, thesebones are hard and small, not porous inside, and filled
with a slight amount of marrow like the epiphyses, notaltogether lacking in marrow. This is particularly so in
the larger of these bones, as they are all of different size,shape, and location, nor is there one in the lot which at all
resembles another: each one has some feature by which itcan readily be distinguished from the others. But varied
though they be, they are so harmoniously fitted to eachother, and attain such a unity of composition, that theirnumber is not very easy to discover. For unless you cutaway the very strong cartilaginous ligaments [articulati-ones carpi](in the 8th table of muscles, lin the 12th table)
with which they are covered, as well as the membranes, andcarefully scrape them off, they will all appear to be a singleone, or like Celsus you will believe they consist of anuncertain number.
W HERE THE C ARPUS IS COV ERED W ITHLIGAMENTS, AND WHERE BY CARTILAGE
They are all (compare figs. 1 and 2, then the 3rd to the 4th)bound together (but not, as some think, fused) by thesesinewy and cartilaginous bonds, forming two complete
surfaces: convex on the outside [dorsalis], as much as isuseful to the hand, and hollow on the inside [palmaris], asconcave as is convenient for this part of the hand. Only
these surfaces are bound by ligaments; above (fig. 5),where the bones [ossa carpi proximalis]are joined to the
forearm [radius, ulna], they are smooth and coated with
cartilage, just as they are below (fig. 6)[ossa carpi distalis],where they are joined to the metacarpal bones [ligamentacarpometacarpalia dorsalia/palmaria]and the first bone of
the thumb [articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis]. Indeed,where the bones touch each other they are not everywhererough and uneven or covered with ligaments, but smoothlyfitted depressions are carved in all of them, lined with
smooth, slippery cartilage, and they receive the tubercles orheads of the other bones, which are likewise smooth andcovered with cartilage. Ligaments [ll. intercarpalia dorsa-lia, ll. intercarpalia palmaria, ll. intercarpalia interossea]ormembranes come between none of the carpal bones except
in the spaces [interossea]between the bones of the lower
row [ossa carpi distalis], where a small amount of carti-laginous ligament scarcely worth noticing intervenes asif at a point, and where the lower bones are not so closely
packed together as the upper.
W HY THERE ARE T WO RO WSOF CARPAL BONES
Nature constructed this justly, fashioning two rows ofwrist bones particularly because the upper row [ossa carpi
proximalis] (14 in nearly all the figures) needed to bejoined to the forearm in quite a different way than thelower row [ossa carpi distalis](58in all figures)needed to
be joined to the metacarpus and the first bone of the thumb.The carpus is articulated to these as separate and distinctbones, while it articulates with the forearm as to a singlebone, so that the bones of the upper row are rightly articu-lated with each other more closely and intimately than the
bones of the lower row, and without the intervention ofany body. Anatomists believe this is the chief reason forthe large number of wrist bones, adding as a secondary
k. 1 Skeletons 1+
1 Ch. 25 Fig. 1+
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Bk. 2 Table 12
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T H E F A B R I C
O F T H E H U M A N B O D Y
Bk. 2 Table 4
Bk. 1 Ch. 24 Fig. 7
Bk. 1 Ch. 24 Fig. 5, 10
Bk. 1 Ch. 24 Fig. 2, 3
Bk. 1 Ch. 24 Fig. 1, 8
Bk. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 3, 5, 6
Bk. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 1+
118
23 See Galen, De usu partium
3.125.16.: to protect the [carpal]
system completely, it was better
for it to consist of many bones,
and further, of bones just as hard
as they are; for by yielding at the
joints to objec ts striking a gainst
them, they break the force of the
blows. It is in just this way that a
dart or spear or any other weapon
of the sort pierces a stretched hide
more easily than one not under
tension, because the one oers
resistance and the other by yield-
ing a little deadens the force of the
blows falling upon it. (tr. May,
1968, p. 133).
24 This sentence is omitted from the
1555 edition.
25 In the anatomical position favored
by modern convention, the hand is
down with the palm facing for-
ward, making Vesalius outer
(medial) side the little nger side,
and his inner side the lateral or
thumb side.
26 Adduction or ulnar deviation.
27 Vesalius point is that the styloid
process of the ulna is not articular,
as Galen had stated in De usu par-
tium3.133 and elsewhere (see n.
56, Ch. 24), but functions only as a
structure corresponding to the
styloid process of the radius, help-
ing to contain the wrist bones
within the articular capsule
formed by the radius and ulna.
28 Cf. Galen, De usu partium
3.129.1719: It was necessary for
[the bones of the carpus] to be
almost like one bone, since they
must act as one in articulating
with the forearm and in taking
part in many vigorous move-
ments. (tr. May, 1968, p. 135).
This sentence is omitted from the
1555 Fabrica.
reason that it is difficult to hurt; they believe the wrist ismade more resistant to injury because it is composed of
many bones that break the force of objects that strike it by
giving way, as we observe that a spear or arrow has moretrouble penetrating loose targets than those that are taut.
At the same time, we notice that this strength and abun-
dance of bones was constructed by Nature not least for acountless variety of motions of the hand. I shall nowendeavor to explain what depressions and outgrowths the
wrist bones have.
NAMES OF THE CAR PAL BONES
Four bones are located in the upper [proximalis]part of thecarpus, in the row that faces the forearm. To these we shallassign appropriate names according to the order in which
they are arranged, always naming the first [os scaphoi-deum](1in the first five figures)the bone that constitutes
the inner [lateral] side of the upper row; second [os luna-tum](2in the same figures), the one that follows this andis more distant from the inside; third [os triquetrum](3inthe same figures), the one that is closest to the second
toward the outside [medial]; and fourth [os pisiforme](4in the same figures [figs. 1, 3, 5, and 6]), the one that occu-pies the outermost side. Similarly, we shall name the fourbones of the lower [distalis] row (58 in all figures) the
fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth, and in this fashion weshall approach the account of the individual bones. Thefirst, second, and third are very strongly and closely joined
together and linked in a single row as if they were a singlebone, forming the upper area of the carpus in such a way
that they are smoothly articulated into the depression[facies articularis carpalis]of the radius and ulna as if they
were the head of a single long, wide bone. The first [osscaphoideum]and the second [os lunatum]are placed in a
depression (x,yin figs. 1 and 8, Ch. 24)carved in the epiph-ysis of the radius; the third [os triquetrum]leans against
the cartilage [discus articularis](Tin figs. 13, and 8, Ch. 24)which we have written begins at the radius and chiefly sep-arates the ulna from the carpus. But the outer side of the
third bone also comes into contact with the sharp process[p. styloideus ulnae](Rin figs. 1, 2, 5, and 10, Ch. 24)of theepiphysis of the ulna when we incline the hand to the out-side. At the same time, this third bone does not have a
depression visually distinguishable in man that is madeespecially for the sharp process and lined with cartilage,since the process itself protrudes only along the side of thedepression where the carpus is contained, acting in thesame way as the brows of the other depressions, including
the apex (in figs. 1, 2, and 7, Ch. 24)of the epiphysis ofthe radius in this area. This is readily decided even bytouch if, when the hand is bent to the inside, one tries toinsert the tip of the thumb of the other hand between the
carpus and the ulna. Therefore the first three carpal bonesare so joined together on their upper [proximalis]surface,and so protrude, that they make up, as it were, a single headof the wrist, smooth and covered with cartilage, by which
it is articulated to the forearm and is moved in many vig-orous motions as if formed of a single large bone.
PECULIARITIES CL AIMED BYTHE FOURTH BONE
The fourth carpal bone [os pisiforme](there is no need toidentify the bones in the margin hereafter, as the numbersare obvious in nearly all the figures of this chapter) does
not touch the ulna, but on its upper surface it admits theportion of the ligament of this joint [ligamentum ulnocar-pale palmare] which originates from the sharp process[p. styloideus] of the epiphysis of the ulna. The tendon[musculus flexor carpi ulnaris, tendo](in the 4th table of
muscles)of the muscle which is reckoned the lower of thoseflexing the wrist is attached to the upper surface of thefourth bone. From its lower surface, the muscle [m. abduc-
+
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T H E F A B R I C
O F T H E H U M A N B O D Y
SKELETONS
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166
INDEx OF CHARACTERS PLACED
ON THE THREE FIgURES REPRESENTINg
THE ENTIRE SKELETON
The same characters are enerally inscribed
on each of the three precedin fiures (which
I call the complete fiures), thouh if one of
them is peculiar to only one fiure, it will
readily be noticed from the number which I
shall now append to each character in the
Inde, where for the most part I have endeav-
ored simply to write the names of the bones,
placin first those which I chiefly use in the
main body of my tet, then the greek names,
and after that the Latin names (if there are
any others) accepted by the most approved
authors, so that the order of names here will
have some sinificance. Hebrew names will
follow these, but also a few that are still Ara-
bic, almost all taken from a Hebrew transla-
tion of Avicenna with the aid of a prominentphysician and close friend of mine, Lazarus
Hebraeus de Frieis (with whom I am accus-
tomed to work on Avicenna). I thouht it
proper to add a Latin transliteration to those
names, because most of them occur in Arabic
books translated into Latin. Similarly, other
words that occur often in Latin t ranslations of
the Arabic will for ood reason be placed
net, alon with names which are read in the
scholastic doctors (as they love to be called)
and in the medical handbooks of our time.
These are no less carefully to be considered
than names received from the Latin authors.
Bone is called by the greeks, osby theLatins, and by the Hebrews , hezem. Carti-lae is, hascechusim. It willbe convenient for us to bein the names of
the bones with those of the head or skull,
which the greeks call ,,
, , . Many call the entirearea of the bones of the head that surround
the brain made of eiht bones calva, cere-
bri galea, and the like. Others so name only
the area covered with hair. Its circle is called
and ; -tkek ha moah, ;chederath hamoach thecacase and ollajar of the head, testashell
of the head, andscutellapan of the head,
asoan.
The sutures with which the bones of the head
are joined toether are enerally called, ,scelavim;senan,direzanadoren,complosa clapped toether.
A2, 3 Coronal suture, ; hachlilii, ;chascthii arcualisarcu-ate,sutura puppis.
B2, 3 The suture [s. lambdoidea]resemblin
the greek capital , , and
from its resemblance to ;;lambdii laude,hypsili,sutura pro-rae.
C3 Saittal suture, , .Suture runnin alon the lonitude of
the head like a shaft, spit, or rod. checii, scefodii. Called nervalisespecially when joined to the coronal
suture; the place [brema]is called
zeudech, particularly by Mesu.
D2, 3 This joint [sutura squamosa], not re-
semblin a true suture, is named with
its mate, the sutures joined to each oth-
er like scales, ,
temporal, squamiform, -chelaphiim, cortical, mendosaefalse sutures.
The remainin sutures of the skull do
not have their own names. As they are
such, I need not return to them aain at
reater lenth.
2, 3 This bone [os parietale], toether with
its mate, is called the bone of the ver-
te, and likewise of the or
. There are some who call themthe bones of the sinciput; hezem hachodchod; nervalia,paria,
arcualia; others call them iugaliaand
parietal bones, a name by which some
call the temporal bones; the bones of
reason or coitation.
1, 2, 3 Frontal bone, , called by
some the bone of the sinciput; ,hezem hamezzech, the coronal ospuppisof the head, the os inverecundum
shameless bone, the bone of common
sense.
1 1555: toether with the various
names of the bones.
2 1555: in which the complete struc-
ture of the bones is represented.
These skeletons may be compared
to the three which constitute the
latter half of Vesalius Tabulae ana-
tomicaepublished in Venice, April
1538. The 1538 ure leends,
printed on the same sheets as the
woodcut ures, are a similar
attempt to provide a greek, Latin,Arabic, and Hebrew nomenclature.
But the 1538 ures are less pro-
fusely marked, with only 55 items
marked in all three. See Siner and
Rabin, 1946, pp. 1844 for an
etensive commentary on the
1538 nomenclature. Saunders and
OMalley (1950, p. 84) note rihtly
that the Fabricas skeletal ures,
probably of a 17- or 18-year-old
male, contain errors of proportion.
For eample, the thora is too
short, the lumbar spine is too lon,
and the entire torso is proportion-
ally short. As already noted (see
n. 3, Ch. 14, and n. 59, Ch. 16), sev-
eral of the spinal curves are miss-
in, perhaps reectin the practice
of threadin the vertebrae over ariid iron bar improperly bent to
demonstrate curvature durin
articulation of a skeleton, but due
also to Vesalius ide xeabout spi-
nal curvature (see n. 42 and 49,
Ch. 39). The result is that with the
loss of the spinal curves the ribs
are too horizontal and the normal
anterior pelvic tilt is lessened.
Althouh the ratio of the tibia to
the femur is nearly normal, the
upper etremity is proportionately
too lon for the aial skeleton,
with the bones of the forearmproportionately too lon for the
humerus, and the upper etremity
is not typically proportionate to
the lower etremity.
3 1555: but without eplainin how
they work.
4 On attempts to identify Lazaro de
Frieis, see OMalley, 1964, p. 120.
Siner and Rabin (1946, pp. lvi
lvii) note that de Frieis access
to a 1491 Hebrew translation of
Avicenna is an important factor
distinuishin the Semitic vocabu-
lary in the Fabricafrom what was
provided in the Tabulaeof 1538.
There is no reason to believe that
Vesalius himself had more than a
sketchy acquaintance with the
Hebrew alphabet or any realknowlede of Semitic lanuaes.
See Etziony (1945, 1946; a detailed
study of the Hebrew terminoloy
used by Vesalius), Fck (1955), Dan-
nenfeldt (1955), Pines (1965), Bru-
man and S chrder (1979), Katchen
(1984), and grafton (1993, vol. 1).
For Hebrew and Arabic medical
nomenclature, see Hyrtl (1879).
5 In this translation , we oer occa-
sional translations of the Latin
terms; but a complete account of
the greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and
Latin nomenclature, such as theone noted above (n. 2) by Siner
and Rabin, is beyond the scope of
this commentary. The Hebrew
words and their transliterations
present their own diculties: (1) de
Frieis knowlede of Hebrew and
Arabic may have been sketchy; (2)
the transcriber was unfamiliar
with Hebrew; and (3) the typeset-
ter, also unfamiliar with Hebrew,
made numerous typoraphical
errors. In this version, we have
tried only to achieve a deree of
consistency between the Hebrew
and its transliteration, and where
possible to ive the correct
Hebrew spellin. We are rateful
to Ahuvia Kahane and Mira Bal-
ber for their assistance in thistask.
6 Os frontale(1), os parietale(2), os
occipitale(1), os sphenoidale(1), os
temporale(2), and os ethmoidale,
lamina cribrosa(1; Vesalius 8th
bone of the head). The 1555 edition
describes the skull dierently: as
it occurs in cemeteries, or is com-
monly represented otherwise.
7 Like arcualisbelow, this meanin is
postclassical.
8 Stern suture, so called because it
is arched like the curved stern of asailin ship. The same attributive
is iven to the frontal bone (
below).
9 Another nautical metaphor, the
prow suture.
10 Johannes Mesu the Elder
(Yannn ibn Msawayh, d. 857),
a collector and translator into Ara-
bic of the greek medical classics;
a Christian hospital director in
Bahdad, he was also known as
Janus Damascenus.
11 1555: and all their structures . The
second edition also omits the last
sentence of this item.
12 Brema: the intersec tion of the
saittal and coronal sutures.
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T H E F A B R I C
O F T H E H U M A N B O D YSKELETONS
167 2, 3 Bone of the occiput [os occipitale]oroccipitium,, hezemhahoreph; laude os, pyxis bone, prow
bone, memory bone. There are some
who also call it the basilar bone
(because it makes up a lare portion of
the head), even thouh this name is
elsewhere iven to the cuneiform bone
[os sphenoidale].
2, 3 This bone [os temporale]and its mate
are the bones of the temples, -
, , .
Some also call them stone-like:
, lapidea,lapidosa; -hazedahim, ;azzamoth haauniim bone of the ears, even thouh the
name could be applied to the two os-
sicles [ossicula auditoria]oin into the
construction of the oran of hearin,
, *.2 marked and *on the pedestal upon
which the second fiure rests its el-bows, where [incus]marks the ossicle
like an anvil or a molar, and *[malleus]
the one that we compare to a little ham-
mer or femoral bone. Since these ossi-
cles were unknown to ancient profes-
sors of Anatomy, it is little wonder that
they are also lackin in names. The
bones of the temples are called by some
those of the tympae, the mendosaor
false bones, parietal, the hard or
armaliabones.
2 Process [p. styloideus]in the temporal
bone resemblin a stylus or needle:
, , ,, calcar capitis; chemomarhezz; os calaminumreed-like bone,saggitale,clavale,acuale.
1, 2, 3 Process [p. mastoideus]of the tempo-
ral bone resemblin the nipple of a
breast: , mamillaris, .hezem potmii
E2, 3 Bone [os sphenoidale]compared to a
wede, ; it is defined by ga-
len (even
thouh it scarcely touches the palate),
.
Cuneiform bone of the palate, basillare
(thouh they also so name the occipital
bone), ;moscau hamoachbaxillare,paxillum,os colatorii,os cribra-
tum,cavilla thouh they call the talus
the same thin.
2 Area of the skull which we call stony,
lapidosa[os temporale, pars petrosa].
2 Processes of the sphenoid bone resem-
blin bats wins; , hezzem chenaphii.
F1, 2, 3 This area [arcus zyomaticus, com-monly named the zyoma], and its mate
on the other side, is called the jual
bones: , , ;
hazamoth hazogh.Bones of apair andpariaare names they also
assin to the bones of the temples:
handles of the temporal bones, [pars
squamosa, processus zyomaticus]ar-
cualia ossa. We have written no char-
acter on the twelve bones of the upper
maxilla because they lack separate
names, thouh the septum of the nos-
trils [vomer]is called by some the os
cristae. Also, the upper maxilla [max-
illa]is called and mandibula,
.halechi hahelion
G1, 2, 3 These names are also iven to the
lower maxilla [mandibula], marked Gin
the three fiures, which the translator
of Haly Abbas specifically names the
throat, faux. As a rule, sixteen teeth
, scinaiim are affixed ineach jaw, of which the four middle or
anterior ones are called incisorii[dentes
incisivi]; , , ,
, risoriior lauhin teeth,
quaterii; ,hamechatechim qua-drupli. They call the two middle teeth
by themselves the duales. The tooth
closest to the incisors on each side is
called the caninusor do tooth; there
are therefore two canines [dentes cani-
ni]in each jaw; ; chelauiimor metalehoth; the bit-in teeth, mordentes; some also have
called these risoriior lauhin teeth.
The five followin these on each sideare called rinders, molares;
, ; molares,maxillares,
paxillares. Cicero and others call
genuinithose that enerally row after
puberty; by the greeks, they are called
, , ;
by our people they are called teeth of
sense and wisdom and cayseles; naghuid;neguegidi,nanged,alhalm.
The Hebrews call the molars tochanoh.
13 Inion:protuberantia occipitalis
externa.
14 Apyxisis a small box for medi-
cines.
15 Os basilare; in Enlish, basilar
means pertainin to the base, par-
ticularly of the skull. In modern
anatomy, the basilaris cranii is
a composite of the numerous
bones which serve as a supportive
oor and form the axis of the
whole skull (Dorland, 1994). Vesa-lius explanation may be an attempt
to link the work with gk. basilikos,
royal, because it makes up
a lare portion of the head. The
Latin term is not iven in the OLD.
16 Os temporale, pars petrosa.
17 Bone at the palate, e.. in De usu
partium3.934.4 (May, 1968, p. 547).
galen does not distinuish
between the palatine and sphe-
noid bones.
18 Ein the basis cranii externain . 2
is the ala vomeris.
19 Os occipitale, pars basilaris,which
articulates with os sphenoidale,
corpusat the sphenooccipital syn-
chondrosis.
20 This charac ter is visible only in the
skull lyin on the pedestal in both
editions.
21 The 1555 edition adds and , neither of which isattested in LSJ or the medical writ-
ers in TLg.
22 The 1555 edition adds the follow-in: The bone of the head num-
bered eihth [os ethmoidale]
compared to a sieve or strainer
and by some to a spone, for that
reason called andand popularlynamed cristatum, crested
appears nowhere in these three
plates representin the entire
structure of the bones, since it
occurs only in the inner space of
the skull, as shown in the eihth
ure of the sixth chapter at A, B,
A. But perhaps, because it forms
the septum of the nostrils [lamina
perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis]
outside the space mentioned, one
miht arue that it is seen to a
deree.
23 Consistin of the concha nasalis
inferior(2), os lacrimale(2), os
nasale(2), maxilla(2), os zygomati-
cum(2), os palatinum(2), and
vomer(1).
24 This qualication is omitted fromthe 1555 edition because of the
addition recorded in n. 22 above.
25 The 1555 edition adds (attested in Hippocrates, Epidemio-
rum libri, and elsewhere in 5th-
cent. greek) and (unattestedin this sense in LSJ).
26 Usually a plural, fauces, in classical
Latin. Haly Abbas was the name by
which Europeans knew 'Al ibn
al-'Abbs al-Majs (d. c. 994),
author of Kamil al-sinaa altibbiya,
The Complete Medical Art, which
was twice translated into Latin: by
Constantine the African (. 1080)
under the title Liber pantegni, and
by Stephen of Antioch in 1127 as
the Liber regius. Best known as the
Pantegni, it came to occupy a place
in European medical literature sec-
ond only to Avicennas Canon. See
Vivian Nutton in Conrad et al.,
1995, pp. 113f., and Bynum and
Porter, 1993a, pp. 700f.
27 Substitute barbarian s in the 1555edition.
28 Dentes praemolares(2), dd. molares
(3).
29 1555 adds mensales, table teeth
(perhaps because they are relative-
ly at-topped).
30 See n. 15, Ch. 11 on Ciceros nomen-
clature in De natura deorumof the
cheek teeth for all the molars.
31 1555 adds: of intellect, serotinior
late-comin, and aetatem com-
plentes, ae-completin.