De Humani Corporis Fabrica

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35 Three Forms of Joint 13 16

35 : Enarthrosis 13 16

35 Arthrodia 14 16

36 When Nature Formed Arthrodia 14 16

36 Ginglymus 14 16

37 When Nature Formed Ginglymus 14 16

37 In What Ways Double Joints Are Formed 14 18

38 Gomphosis 15 18

38 : Suture 15 18

39 Harmonia 18

39 Symphysis 16 19

39 Substances That Aid the Union of Bones:

Ligaments 16 19

39 Flesh: Syssarcosis 16 19

40 Cartilage: Synchondrosis 16 19

40 Bones That Are Joined with the Aid of

No Substance 16 19

40 Some Major Disagreements in This Chapter with

the Opinions of Galen 16 2041 Aix:Ginglymus (the Hinge Joint; 1555 Version) 16

42 Why Nature Sometimes Joined Two Bones

with Several Joints 17

CHAPTER 5

43 The STrucTure of The heAd:

Why IT IS ShAped AS IT IS, And hoW

MAny confIgurATIonS IT hAS 17 21

44 The Head Was Formed for the Sake of the Eyes 18 2244 How Nature Protected the Eyes 18 22

44 The Brain Is Located in the Head for the Sake of the

Eyes, and the Other Senses on Account of the Brain 18 22

45 The Natural Shape of the Head 19 22

45 First, Second, and Third Unnatural Shapes 19 23

45 Fourth Unnatural Shape 19 23

46 Other Variations 19 23

46 Aix A:Natural Shapes of the Skull

(1555 Version) 22

47 Aix B:Variant Shapes of the Head

(End; Expanded 1555 Version) 23

CHAPTER 6

49 on The eIghT BoneS of The heAd And

The SuTureS connecTIng TheM 20 25

57 What Kind of Dwelling Nature Prepared for

the Brain 26 31

57 Why the Skull Is Not Made of Solid Bone 26 31

57 The Use of Sutures 26 31

58 Sutures of the Naturally Shaped Head 26 32

58 The Coronal, Lambdoid, and Sagittal Sutures 26 32

58 The Heads of Men Do Not Always Differ from

Those of Women 26 32

58 Sutureless Heads 27 33

59 Differences in Bones of Old, Young, and

Juvenile Persons 27

59 Sutures in Unnatural Heads 27 33

59 The Scaly Seams of the Temples 27 33

60 The Sutures Are Visible Also inside the Skull 27 33

60 Why Squamous Agglutinations Do Not Resemble

the Other Sutures 28 34

60 Sutures Already Accounted For 28

60 The Suture Surrounding the Eighth Bone of

the Head 28 34

61 Sutures between the Head and Other Bones 28 34

61 Extensions of the Lambdoid Suture 28 34

61 The Edge of the Cuneiform Bone 28 34

62 In What Places the Suture around the Cuneiform

Bone Occurs 28 34

63 On a Passage in Galens De ossibus, 29 35and on the Suture between the Frontal Bone,

the Bones of the Maxilla, and Others 29 36

63 The Borders of the Vertex Bones 30 36

63 The Borders of the Frontal Bone 30 36

64 The Softest and Least Dense Part of the Skull 30 37

64 The Borders of the Occipital Bone 30 37

64 The Thickest Point of the Occiput 30 37

65 Capitula of the Occipital Bone 31 38

65 The Circumference of the Temporal Bones 31 38

65 Mammillary Processes 31 38

65 The Cavity of the Temporal Bone 31 38

66 The Process Resembling a Writers Stylus 31 38

66 The Jugal Process of the Temporal Bone 31 39

66 The Cuneiform Bone 32 39

67 The Cuneiform Bone Is Not Perforatedlike a Sponge 32

67 The Winglike Processes 32 41

67 The Eighth Bone of the Head 32 41

67 A Bone inside the Canine Skull 32

68 Aix A:Why the Entire Brain Is Surrounded

by Bones, and Why These Vary and Are

Connected Chiefly by Sutures (1555 Version) 31

69 Aix B:On the Occurrence of Cohesive

Squamous Joints Instead of Sutures (1555 Version) 33

70 Aix c:The Cuneiform or Sphenoid Bone

(1555 Version) 39

70 The Nature of the Middle Region of the

Cuneiform Bone (1555 Version) 39

72

Aix d:A Cartilage or Bone in the Brain (1555 Version) 41

CHAPTER 7

73 on The JugAl Bone, And

The BoneS re SeMBlIng A rock

ouTcroppIng 33 42

73 Names Are Assigned to Certain Areas of Bone

As If They Were Entirely Separate 33 42

1

C ONT E N T S


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73 The Jugal Bone 33 42

73 The Use of the Jugal Bone 33 42

73 How Nature Made Provision for the

Temporal Muscles 33 4274 The Mansorius Muscle Originates at

the Jugal Bone 33

74 The Bones Resembling a Rocky Outcropping 33 43

CHAPTER 8

75 on The oS SIcleS ThAT enTer upon

The conSTrucTIon of The orgAn

of heArIng 33 43

76 The Cavity Made for the Organ of Hearing, andthe Foramina Extending into It 34 44

76 Nerves from the Fifth Pair to the Organ of

Hearing 34 44

76 The Anvil-Like Ossicle 34 44

77 The Ossicle That Is Not unlike a Small Hammer 35 45

77 Comparison of the Second Ossicle to the

Femoral Bone 35 45

77 The Use of Ossicles of the Organ of Hearing 35 45

78 Marcus Antonius Genua and Wolfgang Hervort,

Chiefly Responsible for My Undertaking

and Completion of This Work 35 46

78 Ai:First 32 Lines of the Chapter 8 Narrative

(1555 Version) 44

CHAPTER 9

80 on The TWelve BoneS of

The upper MAxIll A, IncludIng

The BoneS of The noSe 36 46

80 Index of the First Figure of the Ninth Chapter

and Its Characters 36 46

80 Index of the Second Figure and Its Characters 38 48

84 Why the Maxilla Consists of Several Bones,

Both Hollow and Light 39

84 Structura l System of the Maxillary Bones 39

84 Brief Enumeration of the Bones of the Maxilla 39 48

85 How Many Bones Make Up the Eye Socket 39

85 The First Bone of the Maxilla 39 48

86 The Second Maxillary Bone 40 50

86 Third Maxillary Bone 40 50

87 Fourth Maxillary Bone 40 51

88 The Fifth Bone of the Maxilla 41 52

88 The Sixth Bone of the Maxilla 41 52

89 There Are in All Twelve Bones of

the Upper Maxilla 42 52

89 Not Everything Thus Far Stated in This

Chapter Fits the Opinions of Galen; Some Items

Are Enumerated at the End of the Chapter 42 52

91 Ai A:First Two Paragraphs

of the Narrative Section (1555 Version) 49

91 What Part of the Skull Is Called the Upper Maxilla 49

91

Why It Consists of Many Bones, Both Lightand Hollow 49

91 Ai B:How to Distinguish the Maxillary

Bones (1555 Version) 49

CHAPTER 10

92 on The loWer MAxIllA 43 54

93 Man Has the Shortest Jaw 43 54

93 The Human Jaw Is Made Virtual ly from

a Single Bone 43 5493 Two Processes on Both Sides of the Maxilla 44 55

94 Picture of the Special Cartilage in the Joint of

the Maxillae 44 55

94 Foramina of the Maxilla 44 55

94 Alveoli of the Teeth 44 55

94 Breadth, Thinness, Depressions, and Rough

Spots in the Posterior Area of the Jaw 44 55

CHAPTER 11

95 on The TeeTh, WhIch Are AlSo

counTed AS BoneS 45 56

95 Key to the Figure of the Present Eleventh Chapter,

and Its Characters 45 56

96 The Teeth Have Sensation 45 57

96 The Distinction between Teeth and the

Other Bones 45 57

96 The Number of Teeth 45 57

96 The Canines 46 57

96 Molars 46 57

97 How Teeth Are Fixed in the Jaws 46 57

97 Roots of the Teeth 46 57

97 The Number of Teeth Sometimes Varies 46 58

97 Wisdom Teeth (Genuini dentes) 46 58

98 Hollow Space in Teeth 46 58

98 Dental Epiphyses 46 58

CHAPTER 12

99 on The forAMInA of The heAd

And The upper MAxIllA 47 59

99 Why a Description of the Foramina Is Undertaken 47 59

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01 An earlier version of this chapter

was published in Medical History

37.1 (1993), pp. 336.

02 Neither of these gures illustrates

a typically human hyoid bone a

notable departure for a book

which stresses human as opposed

to animal anatomy. The left hyoid

bone shown above (g.1) has a

canine feature in the chain of

narrow ossicles (K, L, M, N) that

extend in the dog to the styloid

bone (in the human, this connec-

tion is made by the stylohyoid liga-

ment). The right hyoid bone (g.2)

represents the posterior aspect of

the same bone with L, M, N

removed. Its lesser horns (I, K)

appear nearly the same length as

the greater horns (E, F), whereas in

humans the lesser horns have only

a fraction of the mass and length

of the greater, and are altogether

different in shape. Vesalius is

described as using the larynx of

an ox and of some other animals

in a 1540 anatomy lecture at Bolo-

gna because, he said, in the

hanged [human] subjects we can-

not see the larynxes, for they are

destroyed by the noose, but they

are however quite different [in

man and in animals] (Eriksson,

1959, p. 285). The illustrations in

this chapter appear to blend

human and animal anatomy.

03 Lat. ut plurimum, perhaps more

often than not; see preceding

note. Possibly, these are nontypi-

cal, ossied portions of ligamen-

tum stylohyoideum; more likely,

this gure reects features of the

canine hyoid bone and apparatus,

in which the cornu minusis con-

nected to thepars tympanica and

vagina processus styloideiby a

series of ossicles (L= epihyoid,

M= stylohyoid, N= tympanohy-

oid), unlike the ligamentum stylo-

hyoideumof the human.04 An error in both editions; these

illustrations appear in Ch. 21, Bk. II.

O N T H E B O N E R E S E M B L I N G

T H E G R E E K U P S I L O N

A, B, C1 Larger and middle ossicle [corpus]

of the hyoid bone, visible on its anterior

side. Aand Bindicate the protuberant

region of this surface. In between these

characters appears the particular

*. tubercle of this region, marked *.Cindicates the transversely elongated

depression discernible in the superior

part of this middle ossicle.

D2 Posterior side of the larger ossicle[corpus], depressed and concave.

E, F1, 2 Lower sides [cornua majora]of the

hyoid bone, which with the middle

ossicle represent a figure like an .

G1, 2 Joint of the lower side [cornu majus]

with the broader and larger ossicle of

the hyoid bone.

H1, 2 Apex of the lower side, which is at-

tached to the process of the laryngeal

cartilage that resembles a shield [cornu

superius cartilaginis thyroideae].

I, K1, 2 Upper sides [cornua minora]of the

hyoid bone, considerably thinner and

more smoothly rounded than the lower

ones.

L, M, N1 Three ossicles, very often joined to

the upper sides [cornua minora].Besides the fifth plate of the muscles at

the letter L, several earlier illustrations

of the twelfth chapter of the second

bookat A, B, C, and Dfurther repre-

sent the hyoid bone.

KEY TO FIGURES AND CHAR ACTERS

SET FORTH HERE

The first figureof the present chapter repre-

sents the anterior face of the bone [corpus

ossis hyoidei]resembling the letter [Greek

upsilon], together with its lesser or more

elevated sides [cornua minora]and the ossi-

cles which are connected to them as far as the

processes of the temporal bones that areshaped in the fashion of a stylus [processus

styloidei].

The second figureshows the posterior region

of the bone resembling an , along with the

more elevated ribs [cornua]; but for the

moment we have not drawn those ossicles

which extend to the processes that resemble a

stylus and are drawn in the previous figure.

FIR ST FIGURE SECOND FIGURE


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T H E F A B R I C

O F T H E H U M A N B O D Y 13CHAPTER

56

Bk. 1 Ch. 38 Fig. 3, 4

Bk. 2 Ch. 19 Fig. 1, 2

Bk. 2 Table 4

Bk. 1 Ch. 13 Fig. 1, 2

Bk. 5 Fig. 22, 23

05 A fanciful compound unattested in

LSJ or the TLG medical canon,

combined from short uand --like, presumablybecause it is shaped like the Greek

letter. An additional element could

be , on high, because it is situ-ated above the larynx, high on the

neck.

06 Because, in Greek, hysorsus

means pig; but there may also be

a note of irony in this false etymol-

ogy as Galens description of the

larynx is based in part on pig anat-omy. See May, 1968, p. 352, n. 32.

07 Herophilus of Chalcedon (4th3rd

cent. BC), the most important of

the Greek anatomists in Alexandria

who dissected human cadavers, is

frequently cited by Galen. His con-

tributions to nomenclature are

noteworthy for their use of visual

comparisons. The word -generally means compan-ion, or bystander, and is applied

to the twin spermatic ducts as well

as the hyoid bone conceived as the

companion to the larynx; see May,

1968, p. 26.

08 For which see Galen, De usu par-

tium4.190.3ff. (May, 1968, p. 644).

09 A variant reading for -, or larynx, translated byLSJ as , i.e. the windpipeor pharynx, but not in the sense

suggested here, pharynx-

bone. The word is Hippocratic (De

anatome1.1); see also Galen, De

libris propriis liber19.28.1, Pseudo-

Galen, Introductio seu medicus

14.721.5, Aretaeus (2nd cent. AD),

De causis et signis acutorum mor-

borum1.7.14, 2.2.1.3, and AtiusAmidenus (6th cent. AD), Iatrico-

rum liber2.92.24.

10 Vesalius handwritten comments

on the 1555 edition delete this por-

tion of the sentence.

11 The 1555 edition adds: We call

these the sides of the hyoid bone

with Avicenna, in his chapter On

the Throat. Avicenna (9801037)

is the Arabian physician and philos-

opher whose Canon of Medicine

had been considered authoritative

since 1100, appearing in at least 60

complete or partial Latin editions

between 1500 and 1674; see Siraisi

(1987).

LOCATION AND NA MES OF THEHYOID BONE

the most prominentpart of the larynx is a bone taken col-lectively for the sake of unity, but con-

structed of many different ossicles;some call it from theshape of the letter , others more suc-

cinctly ; those without experience in dissection,

misled by this term, have translated it in Galen as the boneresembling a pig. This bone is named elsewhere [lambda-shaped] from the look of the let-ter ; translators deceived by this name have become accus-

tomed to render it as the lambda-like suture of the head(C, Din figs. 3 and 4, Ch. 6; Bin the 3rd skeleton). But I for

my part have recently removed errors of this sort from aversion of Galen which both Italy and Germany publishedin Latin. Herophilus is also said to have called this bone

[companion], perhaps because it is locatednext to the tongue, or the larynx, or the jaws, just as in theorgans serving generation he calls certain items , the varicose companion [i.e. spermatic duct]

(from to in figs. 22 and 23, Bk. V), and (, Bin the same figures), the glandular com-panion. Moreover, there are some who, because it islocated in the throat, have called it the . I

have made it my practice throughout to name this thebone resembling an , or more succinctly the hyoid.

MIDDLE OSSICLE OF THE HYOID BONE

The human has this bone quite differently constructedthan the quadrupeds which until now we have dissected,

and it is the broadest ossicle of the hyoid bone (A, B, *, Cin fig. 1, Din fig. 2), convex on the outside and jutting for-

ward with its own protuberance; but inside, or on the pos-

terior surface, it is concave. On the anterior, it is indentedon top as in an elongated depression because the shape is

suitable for it, and because of the muscles and ligaments

attached to it. For into the upper depression are implantedthe third and fourth muscles (Rin the 4th table of muscles)[mm. mylohyoidei]peculiar to this bone; on the pro-tuberance visible in this location, at the sides which aresomewhat impressed in the area where it swells, the firsttwo muscles [mm. sternohyoidei] peculiar to this bonemake their insertion (S, Tin the 4th table of muscles; the

other muscles of this bone are Q[musculus stylohyoideus]andV[musculus omohyoideus]). From the hollow of theposterior side, the first two muscles [radix linguae] thatmove the tongue have their principal origin (D Din figs. 1

and 2, Ch. 19, Bk. II). Moreover, because the hyoid is convexon the outside but hollow inside, the muscles are also con-

veniently placed farther from the path of injuries comingfrom the outside. This larger ossicle [corpus ossis hyoidei],

positioned slightly above the larynx, may be found bytouch, but its sides [cornua]are a little more deeply hidden.

With this wider ossicle, two others [cornua minora,cc. majora]are united on each side. One of these is lower,the other higher.

LOWER SIDES OF THE HYOID BONE

The lower ossicle [cornu majus]is somewhat shorter andbroader than the upper [cornu minus](one is E, Fin figs.1 and 2, the other I, K), and is connected to no other bone

than the side (Gin figs. 1 and 2)of the middle, wider ossi-cle of the hyoid bone, to which it is firmly attached by car-tilage and cartilaginous ligament over a noteworthybreadth. The end of this bone (Hin figs. 1 and 2)is joined[ligamentum thyrohyoideum laterale]to the superior pro-

cess [cornu superius]of the laryngeal cartilage that lookslike a shield [cartilago thyroidea] (A, B in figs. 3 and 4,Ch. 38). We rightly call this lower ossicle or side, together

Bk. 1 Ch. 6 Fig. 3, 4Bk. 1 Skeleton 3


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1 As in the preceding chapter, Vesa-

lius presents his illustrations with

the proximal end down, contrary

to the practice of his own time (e.g.

Canano, Musculorum humani cor-

poris picturata dis sectio, c. 1541)

and contrary to modern conven-

tion. In the text, however, the ori-

entation is reversed: proximal

bones are upper, and distal bones

lower.2 Or more accurately , in

On Fractures9.2. In the 1543 Fab-

rica, Vesaliussumma manusfor

hand imitates Galens ,

employed because Gk. can

mean the arm or the hand and arm

combined (LSJ II). Galen explains

this usage at the beginning of

Ch. 2 in Bk. 3 of De anatomicis

administrationibus. The Latin term

is something of an aectation, as

manusis not ambiguous in the

same way as the Greek term. Hereas elsewhere in the 1555 edition,

Vesalius substitutes manusfor

summa manus. Vesalius digression

on nomenclature was also deleted

from this point in the later edition,

and moved (with revisions) to the

beginning of the narrative section.

See n. 14 below.

3 Brachiale & postbrachiale ac digitos.

On the lack of a Latin word for

wrist or adjectives based on Gk.

karpos, see n. 2, Ch. 24.

4 In all gures except the 4th, thenumber 5has been engraved back-

ward. The 1555 edition omits all

but the rst sentence of this sec-

tion.

5 The 1555 edition omits all that fol-

lows in this section.

6 Os metacarpale I,phalanx proxima-

lis,ph. distalis.Vesalius follows

Galen in calling the rst metacar-

pal the rst phalanx of the thumb,

while the other metacarpal bones

are numbered IIIIIfor the four

ngers.7 Phalanx proximalis,ph.media,

ph. distalis.

O n t h e C a r p u s

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 These eight numerals des-

ignate the eight bones of the carpus in

all six of the present figures, if all were

seen on the surface in which the wrist

presents itself. Each bone is always

identified with its own number, and in

this way shows its name. We shall call

the first bone [os scaphoideum]that

which is marked 1, the second [os luna-

tum]the one marked 2. Thus, 1, 2, 3, and

4mark the upper [proximalis]row of

the eight wrist bones, these being the

four higher or nearest to the forearm.5, 6, 7, and 8indicate the lower [distalia]

bones, which are conterminous with

the metacarpus.

I, II, III, IIII 1, 2 The four

metacarpal bones are

marked in the first and

second figures; there is

no reason not to name

them by the number writ-

ten on them unless one

prefers to name them for the

finger they support, and which

they precede.

a, B, C1, 2 Three bones of the thumb [pollex]

which we also call internodes.

D, e, F1, 2 Three bones of the index finger

[index]; the same system applies to the

other fingers as well.

G3, 6 Depression [facies articularis, basis

metacarpalis I]of the fifth carpal bone

[os trapezium], and surface to which the

first bone [os metacarpale I]of the

thumb is articulated. We measure the

length of this depression transversely

, b.6 from to bin the sixth figure. The in-

c.6 ternal [medialis]surface is marked c,

d.4, 6 the external [lateralis]d, which is also

visible in the fourth figure.

h3, 4, 6 Surface [facies articularis]of the

sixth carpal bone [os trapezoideum]towhich the metacarpal bone supporting

the index finger [index]is attached; on

.3, 4, 6the fifth bone, marks the place

[facies articularis, basis

metacarpalis II]which

the same metacarpal bone also touches.

K3, 4, 6 Place [facies]on the seventh wrist

bone [os capitatum]to which the meta-

carpal bone supporting the middle

finger [digitus medius]is attached. In

k.3, 4, 6the same figures, kmarks the place

[facies articularis, basis metacarpalis III]

where this metacarpal touches the sixth

wrist bone.

L3, 4, 6 Place on the eighth carpal bone

[os hamatum]to which the metacarpal

bone [os metacarpale IV]leading to

the ring finger [digitus anularis]is

attached.

M3, 4, 6 Place on the eighth carpal bone to

which the metacarpal bone [os meta-carpale V]supporting the little finger

[digitus minimus]is articulated.

The first two figures apply not only to the

present chapter but also to the three follow-

ing, in which the parts of the hand are also

explained. We shall call what Hippocrates

named the top or end of the

hand, that is, the part which lies between

the forearm and the farthest [distalis]tip of

the fingers and which we divide into carpus,

metacarpus, and fingers. By hand, Hip-

pocrates meant whatever comes between the

scapulae and the end of the fingers and is

subdivided into arm, forearm, and hand.Thus, fi figof this chapter shows the

inner [palmaris]surface of the bones of the

hand. t codincludes the outer [dorsalis]

surface of the same bones, appropriately

drawn. The four subsequent figures are pecu-

liar to this chapter and represent only the

eight carpal bones in various aspects. t o

idifid idshows the inner [palmaris]

surface of the eight wrist bones, all together

in place. t fohas the same bones

drawn from their outer [dorsalis]aspect. t

fifincludes the upper part [p. proximalis]of

the wrist bones, where they are articulated to

the forearm. t ixdisplays the lower sur-

face [pars distalis]of the wrist bones, to which

the first bone of the thumb [os metacarpale I]

and the four metacarpal bones [ossa metacar-

palia IIV]are attached. The index of charac-

ters will be as follows.

We shall add an index explaining the six figures abovetogether with their characters on the following page.

116

FIRST FIGURE


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T H E F A B R I C

O F T H E H U M A N B O D Y

4

8 Musculus exor digitorum super-

cialis, tendines; m. exor digitorum

profundus, tendines; m . exor pol-

licis longus, tendo

9 1555: And which is much more

easily seen than the upper.

10 The Von the left of this pair was

recut in the 1555 edition.

11 Xs were recut below the 1st and

2nd interphalangeal joints in the

1555 edition, and the legend was

rewritten as follows: The lower X

marks the sesamoid ossicle placed

before the second joint of the

index nger; the upper marks the

ossicle given to the third joint of

the index nger. The arrangement

of these ossicles is the same in the

other digits.

12 Yis not visible at the interphalan-

geal joint of the thumb in either

edition of the Fabrica, and the 1555

edition omits this entry altogether.

13 In the hand, sesamoid bones

embedded in tendons are found

only on the palmar surface of the

joints. Two (medial and later al) are

constant at the metacarpophalan-

geal joint of the thumb; one is fre-

quently present at the metacarpo-

phalangeal joint of the little nger

and the index nger. Occasionally,

sesamoid bones are found at the

metacarpophalangeal joints of the

middle and ring ngers, and at the

interphalangeal joints of the

thumb and index ngers (Gray,

1995, p. 736).

n1, 2 Ossicle [os sesamoideum]leaning

against the outer side of the ar ticulation

of the eighth carpal bone to the metacar-

pal bone, by which the little finger is sup-

ported.

O2 [1], 3, 6 Process of the eighth carpal bone

[hamulus ossis hamati]protruding into

the inner area of the carpus.

p2 [1], 3, 6 Process [tuberculum ossis trapezii]

of the fifth carpal bone from which

originates the transverse ligament [reti-

naculum musculorum exorum]that

makes its insertion into the process of

the eighth bone marked O; it is covered

by tendons from the forearm that go

to the inner area of the hand.

Q2 Upper epiphysis [basis metacarpalis II]

of the metacarpal bone that supportsthe index finger [index]; it is articulated

to the carpus [os trapezium, os trapezoi-

deum].

r2 Lower epiphysis

[caput]of the metacar-

pal bone leading to the

index finger, which

forms the head that en-

ters the depression of the

first bone [phalanx proxima-

lis]of the index finger.

s1, 2 Interval between the meta-

carpal bone leading to the index finger

and the one that supports the middle

finger. The same system of epiphyses

and intervals holds for the other meta-

carpal bones.

t1, 2 In the first figure, the inner of two sesa-

moid bones placed before the inside of

the second thumb joint is marked; in

the second figure, the outer.

V V1 Two sesamoid ossicles placed in front of

the joint of the index finger.

X X1 A single sesamoid ossicle, or rather like

a mustard seed, placed upon the second

joint of the index finger.

Y1 A single sesamoid ossicle, located on

the third joint of the thumb. In the re-

maining fingers, the system is the same

as with the index finger, though wehave not shown the sesamoid ossicle of

the second and third joints.

SECOND FIGURE

THIRD FIGURE

FOURTH FIGURE

FIFTH FIGURE

SIXTH FIGURE


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5 Ch. 15 Fig. 25

5 Ch. 15 Fig. 25

5 Ch. 15 Fig. 25

k. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 6

k. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 5

Ch. 25 Fig. 3, 4

k. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 2

117

14 The following some of it trans-

ferred from the beginning of the

1543 gure legend is added to the

beginning of the 1555 narrative:

The part which we vulgarly call

the brachiumwhen we say that

man is endowed with arms and

legs, meaning everything from the

scapula to the end of the ngers

and the tips of the nails, was called

the hand (or rather ) by Hip-pocrates and often by Galen. What

is called the manusby nearly all

the Latins, and which we measure

from the lowest end of the fore-

arm and the loose joint attaching

the hand to the forearm out to the

end of the ngers, was called by

Hippocrates , as if to saythe farthest or end hand. This

distinction, however tting for the

Greeks, cannot be of much use for

those writing in Latin. We shall

divide the hand only into wrist,

metacarpus, and digits, and give

each its own chapter. In the pres-

ent we shall describe the part

which is articulated to the fore-

arm, etc.

15 See n. 1, Ch. 24, and Celsus

8.1.2022, where manusandprima

palmae parsare named as the

location of the carpal bones.

Brachialedoes not occur in Celsus

and is unattested in the OLD

except in the sense of bracelet,

armlet.

16 1555: as has been thought by

some.

17 Paraphras ed from Galen, De usupartium3.121.11.: these bones

are tted together so skilfully as to

leave nothing wanting for accu-

racy and perfection. In the rst

place, although no one of the eight

carpal bones greatly resembles

any other in shape or size, they

nevertheless achieve such close

union in their articulations that it

is hard to tell how many of them

there are. In fact, unless you care-

fully scrape away the ligaments

and strip o the protecting mem-

branes, you will think they are all

one bone. (tr. May, 1968, p. 131).

18 Celsus 8.1.21: The rst part of the

palm consists of many minute

bones of which the number is

uncertain (Loeb tr. by W.G.

Spencer, p. 489).

19 Cf. Galen, De usu partium3.121.20.: the carpus is concave

on its inner side as much as is suit-

able for the hand and convex on its

outer side to the extent that this

too is advantageous (tr. May,

1968, pp. 131f.).

20 L. radiocarpale dorsale, l. radiocar-

pale palmare;l. ulnocarpale pal-

mare;l. carpi radiatum;l. collaterale

carpi ulnare, l. collaterale carpi radi-

ale.

21 Simplied as follows in 1555:

where the bones touch each

other they have smooth depres-

sions and heads covered with slip-

pery cartilage, by which they are

articulated to each other.

22 The nal clause is rewritten in the

1555 version: so that this dier-

ence of articulation must also be

considered the chief reason for thelarge number of carpal bones.

THE CA RPUS IS CONSTRUCTEDOF EIGHT BONES DIFFERING FROM EACHOTHER IN SHAPE

call the part of the hand(Vto Zin the skeletal figures; 18in

all the figures of this chapter)that isarticulated to the forearm ; wecall it brachiale in imitation of Cel-sus. It is constructed of eight bones

separated in a double row. In people of mature years, thesebones are hard and small, not porous inside, and filled

with a slight amount of marrow like the epiphyses, notaltogether lacking in marrow. This is particularly so in

the larger of these bones, as they are all of different size,shape, and location, nor is there one in the lot which at all

resembles another: each one has some feature by which itcan readily be distinguished from the others. But varied

though they be, they are so harmoniously fitted to eachother, and attain such a unity of composition, that theirnumber is not very easy to discover. For unless you cutaway the very strong cartilaginous ligaments [articulati-ones carpi](in the 8th table of muscles, lin the 12th table)

with which they are covered, as well as the membranes, andcarefully scrape them off, they will all appear to be a singleone, or like Celsus you will believe they consist of anuncertain number.

W HERE THE C ARPUS IS COV ERED W ITHLIGAMENTS, AND WHERE BY CARTILAGE

They are all (compare figs. 1 and 2, then the 3rd to the 4th)bound together (but not, as some think, fused) by thesesinewy and cartilaginous bonds, forming two complete

surfaces: convex on the outside [dorsalis], as much as isuseful to the hand, and hollow on the inside [palmaris], asconcave as is convenient for this part of the hand. Only

these surfaces are bound by ligaments; above (fig. 5),where the bones [ossa carpi proximalis]are joined to the

forearm [radius, ulna], they are smooth and coated with

cartilage, just as they are below (fig. 6)[ossa carpi distalis],where they are joined to the metacarpal bones [ligamentacarpometacarpalia dorsalia/palmaria]and the first bone of

the thumb [articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis]. Indeed,where the bones touch each other they are not everywhererough and uneven or covered with ligaments, but smoothlyfitted depressions are carved in all of them, lined with

smooth, slippery cartilage, and they receive the tubercles orheads of the other bones, which are likewise smooth andcovered with cartilage. Ligaments [ll. intercarpalia dorsa-lia, ll. intercarpalia palmaria, ll. intercarpalia interossea]ormembranes come between none of the carpal bones except

in the spaces [interossea]between the bones of the lower

row [ossa carpi distalis], where a small amount of carti-laginous ligament scarcely worth noticing intervenes asif at a point, and where the lower bones are not so closely

packed together as the upper.

W HY THERE ARE T WO RO WSOF CARPAL BONES

Nature constructed this justly, fashioning two rows ofwrist bones particularly because the upper row [ossa carpi

proximalis] (14 in nearly all the figures) needed to bejoined to the forearm in quite a different way than thelower row [ossa carpi distalis](58in all figures)needed to

be joined to the metacarpus and the first bone of the thumb.The carpus is articulated to these as separate and distinctbones, while it articulates with the forearm as to a singlebone, so that the bones of the upper row are rightly articu-lated with each other more closely and intimately than the

bones of the lower row, and without the intervention ofany body. Anatomists believe this is the chief reason forthe large number of wrist bones, adding as a secondary

k. 1 Skeletons 1+

1 Ch. 25 Fig. 1+

Bk. 2 Table 8

Bk. 2 Table 12

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T H E F A B R I C


Bk. 2 Table 4

Bk. 1 Ch. 24 Fig. 7

Bk. 1 Ch. 24 Fig. 5, 10

Bk. 1 Ch. 24 Fig. 2, 3

Bk. 1 Ch. 24 Fig. 1, 8

Bk. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 3, 5, 6

Bk. 1 Ch. 25 Fig. 1+

118

23 See Galen, De usu partium

3.125.16.: to protect the [carpal]

system completely, it was better

for it to consist of many bones,

and further, of bones just as hard

as they are; for by yielding at the

joints to objec ts striking a gainst

them, they break the force of the

blows. It is in just this way that a

dart or spear or any other weapon

of the sort pierces a stretched hide

more easily than one not under

tension, because the one oers

resistance and the other by yield-

ing a little deadens the force of the

blows falling upon it. (tr. May,

1968, p. 133).

24 This sentence is omitted from the

1555 edition.

25 In the anatomical position favored

by modern convention, the hand is

down with the palm facing for-

ward, making Vesalius outer

(medial) side the little nger side,

and his inner side the lateral or

thumb side.

26 Adduction or ulnar deviation.

27 Vesalius point is that the styloid

process of the ulna is not articular,

as Galen had stated in De usu par-

tium3.133 and elsewhere (see n.

56, Ch. 24), but functions only as a

structure corresponding to the

styloid process of the radius, help-

ing to contain the wrist bones

within the articular capsule

formed by the radius and ulna.

28 Cf. Galen, De usu partium

3.129.1719: It was necessary for

[the bones of the carpus] to be

almost like one bone, since they

must act as one in articulating

with the forearm and in taking

part in many vigorous move-

ments. (tr. May, 1968, p. 135).

This sentence is omitted from the

1555 Fabrica.

reason that it is difficult to hurt; they believe the wrist ismade more resistant to injury because it is composed of

many bones that break the force of objects that strike it by

giving way, as we observe that a spear or arrow has moretrouble penetrating loose targets than those that are taut.

At the same time, we notice that this strength and abun-

dance of bones was constructed by Nature not least for acountless variety of motions of the hand. I shall nowendeavor to explain what depressions and outgrowths the

wrist bones have.

NAMES OF THE CAR PAL BONES

Four bones are located in the upper [proximalis]part of thecarpus, in the row that faces the forearm. To these we shallassign appropriate names according to the order in which

they are arranged, always naming the first [os scaphoi-deum](1in the first five figures)the bone that constitutes

the inner [lateral] side of the upper row; second [os luna-tum](2in the same figures), the one that follows this andis more distant from the inside; third [os triquetrum](3inthe same figures), the one that is closest to the second

toward the outside [medial]; and fourth [os pisiforme](4in the same figures [figs. 1, 3, 5, and 6]), the one that occu-pies the outermost side. Similarly, we shall name the fourbones of the lower [distalis] row (58 in all figures) the

fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth, and in this fashion weshall approach the account of the individual bones. Thefirst, second, and third are very strongly and closely joined

together and linked in a single row as if they were a singlebone, forming the upper area of the carpus in such a way

that they are smoothly articulated into the depression[facies articularis carpalis]of the radius and ulna as if they

were the head of a single long, wide bone. The first [osscaphoideum]and the second [os lunatum]are placed in a

depression (x,yin figs. 1 and 8, Ch. 24)carved in the epiph-ysis of the radius; the third [os triquetrum]leans against

the cartilage [discus articularis](Tin figs. 13, and 8, Ch. 24)which we have written begins at the radius and chiefly sep-arates the ulna from the carpus. But the outer side of the

third bone also comes into contact with the sharp process[p. styloideus ulnae](Rin figs. 1, 2, 5, and 10, Ch. 24)of theepiphysis of the ulna when we incline the hand to the out-side. At the same time, this third bone does not have a

depression visually distinguishable in man that is madeespecially for the sharp process and lined with cartilage,since the process itself protrudes only along the side of thedepression where the carpus is contained, acting in thesame way as the brows of the other depressions, including

the apex (in figs. 1, 2, and 7, Ch. 24)of the epiphysis ofthe radius in this area. This is readily decided even bytouch if, when the hand is bent to the inside, one tries toinsert the tip of the thumb of the other hand between the

carpus and the ulna. Therefore the first three carpal bonesare so joined together on their upper [proximalis]surface,and so protrude, that they make up, as it were, a single headof the wrist, smooth and covered with cartilage, by which

it is articulated to the forearm and is moved in many vig-orous motions as if formed of a single large bone.

PECULIARITIES CL AIMED BYTHE FOURTH BONE

The fourth carpal bone [os pisiforme](there is no need toidentify the bones in the margin hereafter, as the numbersare obvious in nearly all the figures of this chapter) does

not touch the ulna, but on its upper surface it admits theportion of the ligament of this joint [ligamentum ulnocar-pale palmare] which originates from the sharp process[p. styloideus] of the epiphysis of the ulna. The tendon[musculus flexor carpi ulnaris, tendo](in the 4th table of

muscles)of the muscle which is reckoned the lower of thoseflexing the wrist is attached to the upper surface of thefourth bone. From its lower surface, the muscle [m. abduc-

+


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T H E F A B R I C


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330

166

INDEx OF CHARACTERS PLACED

ON THE THREE FIgURES REPRESENTINg

THE ENTIRE SKELETON

The same characters are enerally inscribed

on each of the three precedin fiures (which

I call the complete fiures), thouh if one of

them is peculiar to only one fiure, it will

readily be noticed from the number which I

shall now append to each character in the

Inde, where for the most part I have endeav-

ored simply to write the names of the bones,

placin first those which I chiefly use in the

main body of my tet, then the greek names,

and after that the Latin names (if there are

any others) accepted by the most approved

authors, so that the order of names here will

have some sinificance. Hebrew names will

follow these, but also a few that are still Ara-

bic, almost all taken from a Hebrew transla-

tion of Avicenna with the aid of a prominentphysician and close friend of mine, Lazarus

Hebraeus de Frieis (with whom I am accus-

tomed to work on Avicenna). I thouht it

proper to add a Latin transliteration to those

names, because most of them occur in Arabic

books translated into Latin. Similarly, other

words that occur often in Latin t ranslations of

the Arabic will for ood reason be placed

net, alon with names which are read in the

scholastic doctors (as they love to be called)

and in the medical handbooks of our time.

These are no less carefully to be considered

than names received from the Latin authors.

Bone is called by the greeks, osby theLatins, and by the Hebrews , hezem. Carti-lae is, hascechusim. It willbe convenient for us to bein the names of

the bones with those of the head or skull,

which the greeks call ,,

, , . Many call the entirearea of the bones of the head that surround

the brain made of eiht bones calva, cere-

bri galea, and the like. Others so name only

the area covered with hair. Its circle is called

and ; -tkek ha moah, ;chederath hamoach thecacase and ollajar of the head, testashell

of the head, andscutellapan of the head,

asoan.

The sutures with which the bones of the head

are joined toether are enerally called, ,scelavim;senan,direzanadoren,complosa clapped toether.

A2, 3 Coronal suture, ; hachlilii, ;chascthii arcualisarcu-ate,sutura puppis.

B2, 3 The suture [s. lambdoidea]resemblin

the greek capital , , and

from its resemblance to ;;lambdii laude,hypsili,sutura pro-rae.

C3 Saittal suture, , .Suture runnin alon the lonitude of

the head like a shaft, spit, or rod. checii, scefodii. Called nervalisespecially when joined to the coronal

suture; the place [brema]is called

zeudech, particularly by Mesu.

D2, 3 This joint [sutura squamosa], not re-

semblin a true suture, is named with

its mate, the sutures joined to each oth-

er like scales, ,

temporal, squamiform, -chelaphiim, cortical, mendosaefalse sutures.

The remainin sutures of the skull do

not have their own names. As they are

such, I need not return to them aain at

reater lenth.

2, 3 This bone [os parietale], toether with

its mate, is called the bone of the ver-

te, and likewise of the or

. There are some who call themthe bones of the sinciput; hezem hachodchod; nervalia,paria,

arcualia; others call them iugaliaand

parietal bones, a name by which some

call the temporal bones; the bones of

reason or coitation.

1, 2, 3 Frontal bone, , called by

some the bone of the sinciput; ,hezem hamezzech, the coronal ospuppisof the head, the os inverecundum

shameless bone, the bone of common

sense.

1 1555: toether with the various

names of the bones.

2 1555: in which the complete struc-

ture of the bones is represented.

These skeletons may be compared

to the three which constitute the

latter half of Vesalius Tabulae ana-

tomicaepublished in Venice, April

1538. The 1538 ure leends,

printed on the same sheets as the

woodcut ures, are a similar

attempt to provide a greek, Latin,Arabic, and Hebrew nomenclature.

But the 1538 ures are less pro-

fusely marked, with only 55 items

marked in all three. See Siner and

Rabin, 1946, pp. 1844 for an

etensive commentary on the

1538 nomenclature. Saunders and

OMalley (1950, p. 84) note rihtly

that the Fabricas skeletal ures,

probably of a 17- or 18-year-old

male, contain errors of proportion.

For eample, the thora is too

short, the lumbar spine is too lon,

and the entire torso is proportion-

ally short. As already noted (see

n. 3, Ch. 14, and n. 59, Ch. 16), sev-

eral of the spinal curves are miss-

in, perhaps reectin the practice

of threadin the vertebrae over ariid iron bar improperly bent to

demonstrate curvature durin

articulation of a skeleton, but due

also to Vesalius ide xeabout spi-

nal curvature (see n. 42 and 49,

Ch. 39). The result is that with the

loss of the spinal curves the ribs

are too horizontal and the normal

anterior pelvic tilt is lessened.

Althouh the ratio of the tibia to

the femur is nearly normal, the

upper etremity is proportionately

too lon for the aial skeleton,

with the bones of the forearmproportionately too lon for the

humerus, and the upper etremity

is not typically proportionate to

the lower etremity.

3 1555: but without eplainin how

they work.

4 On attempts to identify Lazaro de

Frieis, see OMalley, 1964, p. 120.

Siner and Rabin (1946, pp. lvi

lvii) note that de Frieis access

to a 1491 Hebrew translation of

Avicenna is an important factor

distinuishin the Semitic vocabu-

lary in the Fabricafrom what was

provided in the Tabulaeof 1538.

There is no reason to believe that

Vesalius himself had more than a

sketchy acquaintance with the

Hebrew alphabet or any realknowlede of Semitic lanuaes.

See Etziony (1945, 1946; a detailed

study of the Hebrew terminoloy

used by Vesalius), Fck (1955), Dan-

nenfeldt (1955), Pines (1965), Bru-

man and S chrder (1979), Katchen

(1984), and grafton (1993, vol. 1).

For Hebrew and Arabic medical

nomenclature, see Hyrtl (1879).

5 In this translation , we oer occa-

sional translations of the Latin

terms; but a complete account of

the greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and

Latin nomenclature, such as theone noted above (n. 2) by Siner

and Rabin, is beyond the scope of

this commentary. The Hebrew

words and their transliterations

present their own diculties: (1) de

Frieis knowlede of Hebrew and

Arabic may have been sketchy; (2)

the transcriber was unfamiliar

with Hebrew; and (3) the typeset-

ter, also unfamiliar with Hebrew,

made numerous typoraphical

errors. In this version, we have

tried only to achieve a deree of

consistency between the Hebrew

and its transliteration, and where

possible to ive the correct

Hebrew spellin. We are rateful

to Ahuvia Kahane and Mira Bal-

ber for their assistance in thistask.

6 Os frontale(1), os parietale(2), os

occipitale(1), os sphenoidale(1), os

temporale(2), and os ethmoidale,

lamina cribrosa(1; Vesalius 8th

bone of the head). The 1555 edition

describes the skull dierently: as

it occurs in cemeteries, or is com-

monly represented otherwise.

7 Like arcualisbelow, this meanin is

postclassical.

8 Stern suture, so called because it

is arched like the curved stern of asailin ship. The same attributive

is iven to the frontal bone (

below).

9 Another nautical metaphor, the

prow suture.

10 Johannes Mesu the Elder

(Yannn ibn Msawayh, d. 857),

a collector and translator into Ara-

bic of the greek medical classics;

a Christian hospital director in

Bahdad, he was also known as

Janus Damascenus.

11 1555: and all their structures . The

second edition also omits the last

sentence of this item.

12 Brema: the intersec tion of the

saittal and coronal sutures.


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T H E F A B R I C

O F T H E H U M A N B O D YSKELETONS

167 2, 3 Bone of the occiput [os occipitale]oroccipitium,, hezemhahoreph; laude os, pyxis bone, prow

bone, memory bone. There are some

who also call it the basilar bone

(because it makes up a lare portion of

the head), even thouh this name is

elsewhere iven to the cuneiform bone

[os sphenoidale].

2, 3 This bone [os temporale]and its mate

are the bones of the temples, -

, , .

Some also call them stone-like:

, lapidea,lapidosa; -hazedahim, ;azzamoth haauniim bone of the ears, even thouh the

name could be applied to the two os-

sicles [ossicula auditoria]oin into the

construction of the oran of hearin,

, *.2 marked and *on the pedestal upon

which the second fiure rests its el-bows, where [incus]marks the ossicle

like an anvil or a molar, and *[malleus]

the one that we compare to a little ham-

mer or femoral bone. Since these ossi-

cles were unknown to ancient profes-

sors of Anatomy, it is little wonder that

they are also lackin in names. The

bones of the temples are called by some

those of the tympae, the mendosaor

false bones, parietal, the hard or

armaliabones.

2 Process [p. styloideus]in the temporal

bone resemblin a stylus or needle:

, , ,, calcar capitis; chemomarhezz; os calaminumreed-like bone,saggitale,clavale,acuale.

1, 2, 3 Process [p. mastoideus]of the tempo-

ral bone resemblin the nipple of a

breast: , mamillaris, .hezem potmii

E2, 3 Bone [os sphenoidale]compared to a

wede, ; it is defined by ga-

len (even

thouh it scarcely touches the palate),

.

Cuneiform bone of the palate, basillare

(thouh they also so name the occipital

bone), ;moscau hamoachbaxillare,paxillum,os colatorii,os cribra-

tum,cavilla thouh they call the talus

the same thin.

2 Area of the skull which we call stony,

lapidosa[os temporale, pars petrosa].

2 Processes of the sphenoid bone resem-

blin bats wins; , hezzem chenaphii.

F1, 2, 3 This area [arcus zyomaticus, com-monly named the zyoma], and its mate

on the other side, is called the jual

bones: , , ;

hazamoth hazogh.Bones of apair andpariaare names they also

assin to the bones of the temples:

handles of the temporal bones, [pars

squamosa, processus zyomaticus]ar-

cualia ossa. We have written no char-

acter on the twelve bones of the upper

maxilla because they lack separate

names, thouh the septum of the nos-

trils [vomer]is called by some the os

cristae. Also, the upper maxilla [max-

illa]is called and mandibula,

.halechi hahelion

G1, 2, 3 These names are also iven to the

lower maxilla [mandibula], marked Gin

the three fiures, which the translator

of Haly Abbas specifically names the

throat, faux. As a rule, sixteen teeth

, scinaiim are affixed ineach jaw, of which the four middle or

anterior ones are called incisorii[dentes

incisivi]; , , ,

, risoriior lauhin teeth,

quaterii; ,hamechatechim qua-drupli. They call the two middle teeth

by themselves the duales. The tooth

closest to the incisors on each side is

called the caninusor do tooth; there

are therefore two canines [dentes cani-

ni]in each jaw; ; chelauiimor metalehoth; the bit-in teeth, mordentes; some also have

called these risoriior lauhin teeth.

The five followin these on each sideare called rinders, molares;

, ; molares,maxillares,

paxillares. Cicero and others call

genuinithose that enerally row after

puberty; by the greeks, they are called

, , ;

by our people they are called teeth of

sense and wisdom and cayseles; naghuid;neguegidi,nanged,alhalm.

The Hebrews call the molars tochanoh.

13 Inion:protuberantia occipitalis

externa.

14 Apyxisis a small box for medi-

cines.

15 Os basilare; in Enlish, basilar

means pertainin to the base, par-

ticularly of the skull. In modern

anatomy, the basilaris cranii is

a composite of the numerous

bones which serve as a supportive

oor and form the axis of the

whole skull (Dorland, 1994). Vesa-lius explanation may be an attempt

to link the work with gk. basilikos,

royal, because it makes up

a lare portion of the head. The

Latin term is not iven in the OLD.

16 Os temporale, pars petrosa.

17 Bone at the palate, e.. in De usu

partium3.934.4 (May, 1968, p. 547).

galen does not distinuish

between the palatine and sphe-

noid bones.

18 Ein the basis cranii externain . 2

is the ala vomeris.

19 Os occipitale, pars basilaris,which

articulates with os sphenoidale,

corpusat the sphenooccipital syn-

chondrosis.

20 This charac ter is visible only in the

skull lyin on the pedestal in both

editions.

21 The 1555 edition adds and , neither of which isattested in LSJ or the medical writ-

ers in TLg.

22 The 1555 edition adds the follow-in: The bone of the head num-

bered eihth [os ethmoidale]

compared to a sieve or strainer

and by some to a spone, for that

reason called andand popularlynamed cristatum, crested

appears nowhere in these three

plates representin the entire

structure of the bones, since it

occurs only in the inner space of

the skull, as shown in the eihth

ure of the sixth chapter at A, B,

A. But perhaps, because it forms

the septum of the nostrils [lamina

perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis]

outside the space mentioned, one

miht arue that it is seen to a

deree.

23 Consistin of the concha nasalis

inferior(2), os lacrimale(2), os

nasale(2), maxilla(2), os zygomati-

cum(2), os palatinum(2), and

vomer(1).

24 This qualication is omitted fromthe 1555 edition because of the

addition recorded in n. 22 above.

25 The 1555 edition adds (attested in Hippocrates, Epidemio-

rum libri, and elsewhere in 5th-

cent. greek) and (unattestedin this sense in LSJ).

26 Usually a plural, fauces, in classical

Latin. Haly Abbas was the name by

which Europeans knew 'Al ibn

al-'Abbs al-Majs (d. c. 994),

author of Kamil al-sinaa altibbiya,

The Complete Medical Art, which

was twice translated into Latin: by

Constantine the African (. 1080)

under the title Liber pantegni, and

by Stephen of Antioch in 1127 as

the Liber regius. Best known as the

Pantegni, it came to occupy a place

in European medical literature sec-

ond only to Avicennas Canon. See

Vivian Nutton in Conrad et al.,

1995, pp. 113f., and Bynum and

Porter, 1993a, pp. 700f.

27 Substitute barbarian s in the 1555edition.

28 Dentes praemolares(2), dd. molares

(3).

29 1555 adds mensales, table teeth

(perhaps because they are relative-

ly at-topped).

30 See n. 15, Ch. 11 on Ciceros nomen-

clature in De natura deorumof the

cheek teeth for all the molars.

31 1555 adds: of intellect, serotinior

late-comin, and aetatem com-

plentes, ae-completin.

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

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