Computer Structure

Unit 1. Introduction to computers

Departamento de InformáticaGrupo de Arquitectura de Computadores, Comunicaciones y Sistemas

UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID

Content

1. What is a computer?2. Concept of computer structure and computer architecture3. Main elements of a computer4. Von Neumann architecture5. Machine instructions. Programming6. Execution steps of an instruction

Computer Structure

6. Execution steps of an instruction7. Main characteristic parameters of a computer8. Historic evolution

2ARCOS

What is a computer?

Computer Structure

?3ARCOS

What is a computer?

Computer Structure 4ARCOS

Semiconductor industry

Computer Structure

Source: embedded.com

5ARCOS

Types of processors

� Processors: 2% of the semiconductor industry

Computer Structure

Source : embedded.com

semiconductor industry� Processors for PC: 2 % of the

processors� A typical car has more than 12

microprocessors� BMW 7 has more than 65

6ARCOS

What is a computer?

ProcessorData

Instructions

Results

Computer Structure

Instructions

� Machine that processes data

7ARCOS

What is a computer?

Processordata

Instructions

results

Computer Structure

Instructions

� From a mathematical point of view is an abstract machine that evaluates:

}{ }{ mnf 1,01,0: →

8ARCOS

Structure and Architecture

� Structure� Components of a computer� Organization of the components

� Architecture: visible attributes for programmers� Instruction set

Computer Structure

� Instruction set� Types and data formats of the computer� Number and size of the registers� Input/output techniques� Memory addressing techniques

� Technology: how the components are built

9ARCOS

Concepts to review

� Binary system� Constructive elements of a computer

� Transistors� Logic gates� Combinational elements� Combinational elements� Sequential elements

Computer Structure 10ARCOS

Binary system

� BinaryX = 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

... 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

� d31d30 ... d1d0 : nº of 32 bits (binary digits)� Value= d31× 231 + d30 × 230 + ... + d1 × 21 + d0 × 20

� Hexadecimal� HexadecimalY = 0x F 1 F A 8 0

... 165 164 163 162 161 160

� From binary to hexadecimal:� Join each 4 bits, from rigth to left� Each 4 bits represents a hexadecimal value� Ex: 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Computer Structure

0x A 5

11ARCOS

Question?

� How many different codes can be coded with 8 bits?

� How many bits are needed to represent 512 codes?

Computer Structure 12ARCOS

Transistor

E

A

E

A N-MOS P-MOS

Computer Structure

B B

E Behavior

1 Connect A to B (open circuit)

0 Does not connect A to B (closed circuit)

E Behavior

0 Connect A to B (open circuit)

0 Does not connect A to B (closed circuit)

(logical values)

13ARCOS

Logic gates. Inverter (NOT)

E S

V3,3

E S E S

3.3 0 1 0

Computer Structure

E S

0 3.3 0 1

14ARCOS

Logic gates. NOR

A B C

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Computer Structure 15ARCOS

Logic gates. OR

A B C

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Computer Structure 16ARCOS

Logic gates. NAND

A B C

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Computer Structure 17ARCOS

Logic gates. AND

A B C

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Computer Structure 18ARCOS

Constructive blocks

� Combinational circuits� Output depends on input values� Without state

� Sequential circuits� Output depends on input and current state

Computer Structure

� Output depends on input and current state� Store information

19ARCOS

Decoder

� N inputs, 2N outputs

Computer Structure 20ARCOS

Multiplexor

� Select with n bits, one from 2n inputs

A B C D

Computer Structure

A B C D

MUX S1S0

S

21ARCOS

Memory elements

Flip-flop R-S

� Element that stores a bit

Computer Structure 22ARCOS

Memory elements

Flip-flop D

� Element that stores a bit

Computer Structure

Q

Q

C

D Q

C

23ARCOS

Memory elements

register

� Element that stores a set of bits

Computer Structure 24ARCOS

Register model

Register

Input

load

Computer Structure

Register load

Output

25ARCOS

Memory

••••••••

k = 2n

location

Address Space:Number of locations

Computer Structure

••••••••••••

location

m bits

Number of locations

Size of each location:Number of bits per location

26ARCOS

Components of a computer

Computer Structure

Processor Main memory

I/O module I/O module

Device Device

Control busData bus

Address bus

27ARCOS

Von Neumann computer

� Machine that executes a set of instructions: machine instructions� Instructions are stored in a

memory� Fetched � Fetched � Executed

Computer Structure 28ARCOS

Von Neumann architecture

Processor Main memory

Data bus

Address bus

Computer Structure 29ARCOS

I/O module

Peripheral

I/O module

Peripheral

I/O module

Peripheral

Address bus

Control bus

Main memory

Memory Store:

� instructions

� data

Processor

Data bus

Address bus

Computer Structure 30ARCOS

I/O module

Peripheral

I/O module

Peripheral

I/O module

Peripheral

Address bus

Control bus

Memory

Memory

Address Data/instruction

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

MAR MBR

Computer Structure

Memory

R W

MAR MBR

Memory address register Memory buffer register

31ARCOS

Processor

A register stores a set ob bits

Execute the operations

Execute the instructions ALU Registers

Control unit

Processor

Computer Structure 32ARCOS

Main memory

I/O module

Peripheral

I/O module

Peripheral

I/O module

Peripheral

Data bus

Address bus

Control bus

Control unit

Special registers

PC: program counter

IR: instruction register

ALU Registers

Control unit

Processor

Computer Structure 33ARCOS

Main memory

I/O module

Peripheral

I/O module

Peripheral

I/O module

Peripheral

Data bus

Address bus

Control bus

Control unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

� Do elemental operations on data:� Arithmetic operations� Logical operations

Computer Structure 34ARCOS

Program

� Consecutive sequence of machine instructions

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

Computer Structure 35ARCOS

Program

� Consecutive sequence of machine instructions

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

temp = v[k];

v[k] = v[k+1];

v[k+1] = temp;

Computer Structure 36ARCOS

Program execution

Disk

Main memory

Computer Structure

Executable file

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

Processor

PCIR

37ARCOS

Program execution

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

Disk

Main memory

Computer Structure

Executable file

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

Processor

PCIR

38ARCOS

Program execution

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

Disk

Main memory

Computer Structure

Executable file

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

Processor

PCIR

39ARCOS

Program execution

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

Disk

Main memory

Computer Structure

Executable file

00001001110001101010111101011000

10101111010110000000100111000110

11000110101011110101100000001001

01011000000010011100011010101111

Processor

PCIR 00001001110

40ARCOS

Example

� Instructions set with the following features:� Memory address location: 16 bits� Instruction size: 16 bits� Operation code: 3 bits

� How many different instructions can execute this computer?

Computer Structure

� How many different instructions can execute this computer?� Number of general purpose registers: 4� Symbolic labels:

� R0 � R1 � R2 � R3

� How many bits are needed to represent 4 registers?

41ARCOS

Example

� Instructions set with the following features:� Memory address location: 16 bits� Instruction size: 16 bits� Operation code: 3 bits

� How many different instructions can execute this computer?

Computer Structure

� How many different instructions can execute this computer? (8 instructions)

� Number of general purpose registers: 4� Symbolic labels:

� R0 � R1 � R2 � R3

� How many bits are needed to represent 4 registers? (2 bits)

42ARCOS

Example. Instructions set

Instruction Description

000EFABCDXXXXXXX Adds the registers AB to CD and stores the result in EF

001AB00000000101 Stores in register AB the value 00000000101

010AB00000001001 Stores in register AB the value stored in the memory address 00000001001address 00000001001

011AB00000001001 Stores in the memory address 00000001001 the content of the register AB

1000000000001001 Jump to execute the instruction stored in the memory address 0000000001001

101ABCD000001001 Jump to execute the instruction sorted in memory address 000001001 if AB is equal to CD

Computer Structure

With A,B, C, D, E, F = 0 o 1

43ARCOS

Format of a machine instruction

001 AB 00000000101

Computer Structure 44ARCOS

Format of a machine instruction

001 AB 00000000101

Computer Structure

Operation code

45ARCOS

Format of a machine instruction

001 AB 00000000101

Computer Structure

Operation code

operandsRegisters

Memory address

Numbers

46ARCOS

Example. Instructions set

Instruction Description

000EFABCDXXXXXXX Adds the register AB to CD and stores the result in EF

001AB00000000101 Stores in register AB the value 00000000101

010AB00000001001 Stores in register AB the value stored in the memory address 00000001001address 00000001001

011AB00000001001 Stores in the memory address 00000001001 the content of the register AB

1000000000001001 Jump to execute the instruction stored in the memory address 0000000001001

101ABCD000001001 Jump to execute the instruction sorted in memory address 000001001 if AB is equal to CD

Computer Structure

With A,B, C, D, E, F = 0 o 1

47ARCOS

Examples

� Instruction that stores the value 5 in register 00

� Instruction that stores the value 7 in register 01� Instruction that stores the value 7 in register 01

� Instructions that adds the register 00 to 01 and stores the result in register 10

� Instruction that stores the above result in the memory address 1027 (in decimal)

Computer Structure 48ARCOS

Examples

� Instruction that storess the value 5 in register 00

� Instruction that store the value 7 in register 01

Instruction Description

000EFABCDXXXXXXX Adds the register AB to CD and stores the result result in EF

001AB00000000101 Stores in register AB the value 00000000101

010AB00000001001 Stores in register AB the value stored in the memory address 00000001001

011AB00000001001 Stores in the memory address 00000001001 the content of the register AB

1000000000001001 Jump to execute the instruction stored in the memory address 0000000001001

101ABCD000001001 Jump to execute the instruction sorted in memory address 000001001 if AB is equal to CD

� Instruction that store the value 7 in register 01

� Instructions that adds the register 00 to 01 and store the result in register 10

� Instruction that stores the above result in the memory address 1027 (in decimal)

Computer Structure 49ARCOS

Examples. Solution

� Instruction that stores the value 5 in register 00� 0010000000000101

� Instruction that stores the value 7 in register 01� 0010100000000111

� Instructions that adds the register 00 to 01 and store the result � Instructions that adds the register 00 to 01 and store the result in register 10� 000100001XXXXXXX

� Instruction that stores the above result in the memory address 1027 (in decimal)� 0111010000000011

Computer Structure 50ARCOS

Example of program

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

51ARCOS

Program execution start

PC

IR

0001

000100

?

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

?

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

52ARCOS

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

RI

000100

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

Address Content

Memory

53ARCOS

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000100

000100

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

54ARCOS

Address Content

Memory

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000100

000100

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

55ARCOS

Address Content

Memory

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000100

000100 0010000000000000

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

56ARCOS

Address Content

Memory

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000101

000100 0010000000000000

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

57ARCOS

Address Content

Memory

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000101

000100 0010000000000000

0010000000000000

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

58ARCOS

Address Content

Memory

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000101

000100 0010000000000000

0010000000000000

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

59ARCOS

Address Content

Memory

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000101

000100 0010000000000000

0010000000000000

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

60ARCOS

Address Content

Memory

Execution

0010000000000000 RI

R0 0000000000

Computer Structure

Store in R0 the value 0

61ARCOS

Execution

0100100000001001 RI

R1 MP[00000001001]

Computer Structure

00000001001 0000000000000101

Address Content

Store in R1 the content of the memory address00000001001

62ARCOS

Execution

1000000000001000 RI

PC 0000000001000

Computer Structure

Modify PC with the memory0000000001000 toexecute the instruction stored in the memory address0000000001000

63ARCOS

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000101

000100 0010000000000000

0010000000000000

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

Address Content

64ARCOS

Memory

Steps to execute an instruction

� Instruction fetch� MAR PC� Read� MBR Memory� PC PC + 1� RI MBR

PC

MAR MBR

IR

000101

000100 0010000000000000

0010000000000000

Computer Structure

� RI MBR

� Instruction Decoding

� Execution� Jump to fetch

000100 0010000000000000

Address Content

65ARCOS

Memory

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000100

?

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

?

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

66ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000100

?

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010000000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

67ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000101

?

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010000000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

PC PC + 1

68ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000101

?

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010000000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Decoding

69ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000101

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010000000000000

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Execution

R0 00000000000

70ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000101

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010000000000000

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

71ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000101

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010100000000100

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

72ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000110

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010100000000100

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

PC PC +1

73ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000110

?

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010100000000100

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

?

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Decoding

74ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000110

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010100000000100

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Execution

R1 00000000100

75ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000110

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0010100000000100

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

76ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000110

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011000000000001

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

77ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000111

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011000000000001

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

PC PC +1

78ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000111

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011000000000001

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

?

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Decoding

79ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000111

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011000000000001

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Execution

R2 00000000001

80ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000111

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011000000000001

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

81ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

000111

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011100000000000

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

82ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001000

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011100000000000

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

PC PC +1

83ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001000

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011100000000000

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

?

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Decoding

84ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001000

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011100000000000

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Execution

R3 00000000000

85ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001000

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

0011100000000000

00000000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

86ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001000

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

1010001000001100

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

87ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001001

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

1010001000001100

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

PC PC +1

88ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001001

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

1010001000001100

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Decoding

89ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001001

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

1010001000001100

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

ExecutionIf reigster01 is equal to register00

jump to execute the instructionstored in 000001100

90ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001001

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

1010001000001100

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

91ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001001

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

0001111100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

92ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001010

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

0001111100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

PC PC + 1

93ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001010

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

0001111100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000000

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Decoding

94ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001010

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

0001111100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Execution

R3 R3 + R2

95ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001010

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

0001111100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

96ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001010

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

0000000100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

97ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001011

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

0000000100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

PC PC +1

98ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001011

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000000

0000000100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Decoding

99ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001011

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000001

0000000100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Execution

R0 R0 + R2

100ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001011

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000001

0000000100000000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

101ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001011

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000001

1000000000001000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

102ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001100

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000001

1000000000001000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Fetch

PC PC +1

103ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001100

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000001

1000000000001000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Decoding

104ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

001100

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000001

1000000000001000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

ExecutionJump to execute the instruction stored in

0000000001000

105ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

0001000

00000000100

000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

00000000001

1000000000001000

Address Content

Computer Structure

011011

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

ExecutionPC 0000000001000

106ARCOS

Program execution

PC

IR

0001

0001000 000100

000101

000110

000111

0010000000000000

0010100000000100

0011000000000001

0011100000000000

Address Content

1000000000001000

00000000001

00000000100

Computer Structure

011011

000111

001000

001001

001010

001011

001100

0011100000000000

1010001000001100

0001111100000000

0000000100000000

1000000000001000

0111100000100000

Continue the execution

00000000100

00000000001

00000000001

107ARCOS

Algorithm of the previous program

i=0;s = 0;while (i < 4){s = s + 1;i = i + 1;

Computer Structure

i = i + 1;}

The program stores in the memory address00000100000

the value : 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

108ARCOS

Assembly language

li R0, 0li R1, 4li R2, 1li R3, 0

loop: beq R0, R1, end

Computer Structure

loop: beq R0, R1, endadd R3, R3, R2add R0, R0, R2b loop

end: sw R3, 100000

109ARCOS

Steps to execute instructions

Computer Structure

Instruction fetch

Start

Stop

DecodingExecution

110ARCOS

Microprocessor

� A microprocessorincorporates the functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit

Computer Structure 111ARCOS

Moore’s law

Computer Structure 112ARCOS

Moore’s law

� Double the density implies to reduce the dimensions the 30%

� In 1971 the 4004 Intel had 2300 transistors of 10 micrometers

� Nowadays there are microprocessors with less than

Computer Structure

� Nowadays there are microprocessors with less than30 nanometers

� Moore’s law need technology with a price that double every 4.4 years

113ARCOS

Fabrication process

Computer Structure 114ARCOS

Evolution of Intel microprocessors

Computer Structure

Source: Communications of the ACM

115ARCOS

Memory performance

Computer Structure

Source: Communications of the ACM

116ARCOS

Memory performance

Computer Structure

Source: Communications of the ACM

117ARCOS

Caches evolution

Computer Structure

Source: Communications of the ACM

118ARCOS

Processors performance

Computer Structure

Source: Communications of the ACM

119ARCOS

Processors power

Computer Structure

Source: Communications of the ACM

120ARCOS

Multicore architectures

Computer Structure

Source: Communications of the ACM

121ARCOS

Data movement and power consumption

Computer Structure

Source: Communications of the ACM

122ARCOS

Energy efficiency

Computer Structure

Fuente: Communications of the ACM

123ARCOS

Technology improvements

� Memory� DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since 96);

64x in the last decade� Processor

� Speed: 2x / 1.5 years (since 85); � Speed: 2x / 1.5 years (since 85); 100X in the last decade.

� Disks� Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since 97)

250X in the last decade

Computer Structure 124ARCOS

Characteristic parameters of a computer

� Word and word size� Main memory� Auxiliary memory� Bandwidth� Bandwidth� MIPS� MFLOPS

Computer Structure 125ARCOS

Prefix

Name Abr Factor IS

Kilo K 210 = 1,024 103 = 1,000

Mega M 220 = 1,048,576 106 = 1,000,000

Giga G 230 = 1,073,741,824 109 = 1,000,000,000

Tera T 240 = 1,099,511,627,776 1012 = 1,000,000,000,000

Peta P 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624 1015 = 1,000,000,000,000,000

Exa E 260 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 1018 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000

Computer Structure

Exa E 2 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 10 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000

Zetta Z 270 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 1021 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Yotta Y 280 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176

1024 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

126ARCOS

Exercise

� How many bytes does store a disk drive of 250 GB?

Computer Structure 127ARCOS

Prefix

Name Abr Factor IS

Kilo K 210 = 1,024 103 = 1,000

Mega M 220 = 1,048,576 106 = 1,000,000

Giga G 230 = 1,073,741,824 109 = 1,000,000,000

Tera T 240 = 1,099,511,627,776 1012 = 1,000,000,000,000

Peta P 250 = 1,125,899,906,842,624 1015 = 1,000,000,000,000,000

Exa E 260 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 1018 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000

Computer Structure

� 1 KB = 1024 bytes, but in International System is 1000 bytes� Manufactures of disk drives and telecommunications use IS

� A disk drive with GB stores 30 x 109 bytes� A network of 1 Mbit/s transfers 106 bps.

Exa E 2 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 10 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000

Zetta Z 270 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 1021 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Yotta Y 280 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176

1024 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

128ARCOS

Historic evolution

� http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/computer1.html� http://www.computerhope.com/history/� http://www.computerhistory.org/� http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History

.htm

Computer Structure

.htm� Museos de informática� Look for in google: “Computer history”

129ARCOS