Post on 18-Nov-2014
description
D a v i d C . P r o s p e r iH e n r y D . E p s t e i n P r o f e s s o r o f U r b a n / R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g
F l o r i d a A t l a n t i c U n i v e r s i t yF o r t L a u d e r d a l e , F L 3 3 3 0 1
p r o s p e r i @ f a u . e d u
INPUT 2010POTENZA, BASILICATA, ITALY
Collaborative E-Governance: Contours of Epistemology
Do profound changes in application of IT only help us to what we already do better?
or
INTUITION PUMP: Conference Statement
Compared to weak thought, is more profound knowledge possible that would enable a more effective evaluation process, ensuring better quality of decision making and choices?
QUICK ANSWER =>
Scientific IT Professional
Deep Knowledge
Good Decisions
Paradigms
Deep Knowledge
Good Decisions
The Mindset of the Planning Theorist
Deep Knowledge
Network Power
Good Decisions
Conceptual Issues
Conference Statement
Process Thinkers
E-Governance
Complexity
Power
Evidence / Empirical Issues
Space INPUTTrends & Numbers
Popular Writers
GIS NGOs
Some Conclusions
1. The Conference Question
Do What We Do Better
• GIS -> ArcGIS• Social Networking ->
Mobile Communications
Change the System
• Better Linkages to Decision Makers -> DSS or PSS?
• Develop Network Power
Deep The Better Q’s
Academics, at least, value Deep Knowledge and Deep Democracy
Consistent with rationality, scientific method, the value of science to improve lives (medicine, food , and tools)
Consistent with the notion of a ―class‖ of individuals who have value in society as civic leaders (Plato, but also ―public intellectuals‖)
Is it still valid? (or am I a dinosaur?)
What the Planning Theory (process) People Tell Us
E-Government
More Complex Models
Understanding Power
Deep v. Doing Better
2. Process Thinkers
Innes (and
Booher)Healey Flyvbjerg Salet Hillier Moulaert
Alternative Models of Planning
Architectural Basis
Best known physical planners were probably not
―democratic‖ and probably ―regressive‖
Hausmann
Engineering Basis
MegaprojectsSee Flvybjerg criticism (but also see Wachs in
the late 1980s)
Political Systems
BasisRegime Theory
Citizen Participation (e-Citizen
Participation)
Collaborative Planning Models
DONE BY AGENCIES FAR AWAY FROM DAILY LIFE OF CITIZENS
An Attempt to Summarize …
a belief that collaborative planning processes supported by scientific research tends to be
a powerful internal network that moves policy makers
Collaborative Planning Emphasis on …
Participation is not Collaboration
OUTPUTS are the plans, projects, and other tangible items produced directly by
the effort
OUTCOMES are the effects of the process
and its outputs on changing social and
environmental conditions
From Alternative Dispute Resolution
Focus on Process
Assessing the performance of collaborative planning
Difference between outputs and outcomes
Outcomes And the Role of Science?
Social capital
Political capital
Intellectual capital
Innovation
Institutional change
Institutional capacity
Ozawa, among others, have demonstrated that inscience-intensive deliberations – when scientific information is produced collaboratively (e.g., joint-fact finding, expert panel) – it can lead to such social outcomes as stakeholder learning and mutual understanding of complex problems.
Process: Networks and Networking Rules
A Plan is not a Concept in one‘s head; rather, it is a dialogue that occurs within a social network structure in one‘s own head as a concept.
Ostrom‘s (Nobel Economic Laureate, 2009) Institutional Analysis and Design methodology focuses on ―what difference it makes‖ if things are done one way or another
Corollary: projects must have a purpose other than just in the mind of the developer. For example, to develop an ontology for oneself is useful for basic science, but is only useful to the scientist acting alone – it has no immediate USE
Errata (on this topic)
The crucial role of Mega-Governments For example, the EU and its ―funding‖, resource (and policy)
dependence
The crucial role of NGO‘s Each have a specific planning methodology
Lots of GIS work at this scale
Other word phrases: horizontal planning, participatory design, collaborative planning software (including all those models from the 1990s), project planning, etc.
3. Promise of E-Government
About how E-Government would change the world
About how Internet would change the
world
Best described as ―normative anticipatory
statements or pronouncements‖
E-Government “Domains”
Creates a comfortable, transparent, and cheap
interaction between:
government and citizens
(G2C)
government and business enterprises
(G2B)
relationship between
governments (G2G)
governance
information and
communication technology
(ICT)
business process re-engineering
(BPR)
e-citizen
E-Government
Governance (+ E-Governance?)
Government
Non-Profit
Profit
Entire Entry on Wikipedia: 'eGovernance' is a network
of organizations to include government, nonprofit, and private-sector entities; in eGovernancethere are no distinct boundaries.
MESSY!!!!
A ―theory of governance‖ [e or not-e]????
Ho, 2002 + Franzel/Richardson 2003
Prosperi, 2004,6
Ho: Classified websites as ―informational‖, ―administrative‖ and ―user‖ for 55 large US cities; SES correlates -> poorer cities more informational
Franzel/Richardson: 67 metro areas; regression -> structure+, time invested+, income+
Used multiple criteria grouped into -PRESENCE, INTERACTION, TRANSACTION, and DEMOCRACY - to evaluate websites
Some SES correlates -> poorer cities more ―government‖ than ―governance‖
What is Going on at the Local Level?
‽ Can
Regions Be
Designed‽
Geddes v. Neuman
G: regions cannot be designed;
N: of course they can, we are having a charette and regional design emerged as operative framework for the plan-to-be
Practice: Local Charettes
Playful
PartIciPation
KrekLanza
Practice: Research in a Lab
Form (Rules) of Games
Public Participation
Concepts of Games
Best Practices
Planning Systems
4. More Complex Models
Complexity Theory
Drivers and Stressors v. Place-Making or Sustainability etc.
People v. Place
Complexity in the ‗Everyday‘ Environment
… the environment as subject to processes of continuous change, being either progressive or destructive, evolving non-linearly and alternating between stable and dynamic periods.
… if the environment that is subject to change is adaptive, self-organizing, robust and flexible in relation to this change, a process of evolution and co-evolution can be expected.
• From the AshgateMarketing Site
Complexity as a Planning Model
Thinking Differently for an Age of Complexity
How Can Theory Improve Practice?
Stories From the Field
The Praxis of Collaboration
Knowledge into Action: The Role of Dialogue
Using Local Knowledge for Justice and Resilience
Beyond Collaboration: Democratic Governance for a Resilient Society
5. Power
Good Power v. Bad Power
Social Capital as an Alternative Form of Power
??? Does Social Media Create Social Capital???
Good↑ v. Bad↓ Power
• Communicative action theorists• How ―science when integrated into the DM
process can depoliticize communications and result in public learning, mutual understanding, empowerment of stakeholders and often consensus about policy options
• Habermas, Innes, Forester, Ozawa, etc.
• Power expressed as coercion and subordination of one set of thoughts to another
• Power distorting the outcomes of … ―science‖ and/or … representative democracy
• Power as domination over the decision-making process.
• Flyvbjerg
Power (after Allen)
Instrumental Power – formal
Instrumental Power - informal
Associational Power – formal
Associational Power - informal
Power
Power in Informal Associational NetworksMandarano (under review, JPER)
Both types of Power are Necessary to Study an Issue.
How it is possible to provoke more democratic outcomes, positive-sum solutions that address multiple interests.
A Case Study to highlight how the relatively weak Habitat Workgroup – having limited formal authority supporting its agenda – effectively produced power in and through its informal and formal networks altering the decision-making process in the formal network.
The paper demonstrates how disempowered groups generate associational power through mobilization of resources available in informal networks and how such power is transferrable to the formal decision-making process
The Key Idea Framework(Creating Social Capital Digitally)
Social Capital
• Non-Digitally
• Digitally
Effective Decisions
Websites
Web-Based Surveys
Social Networking
Video Sharing
Virtual Meetings
Texting/SMS
Blogs/Micro Blogs (Twitter)
RSS
The Tools We Have
www.twitter.com
Conceptual Issues
Conference Statement
Process Thinkers
E-Governance
Complexity
Power
Evidence / Empirical Issues
Space INPUTTrends & Numbers
Popular Writers
GIS NGOs
Some Conclusions
1. Space
Hidden spatial structures
The “scale” of the analysis must match the “scale” of the problem
The Image of the Region?
―Mega-city regions are … new large-scale urban phenomenon … being discussed from both an analytical-functional and a political-normative perspective … elements and driving forces of mega-city regions are increasingly coming to light … feeding the comprehension of the mega-city regions‘ decisive role in economic, social and cultural development …
The relevant and responsible stakeholders and players are being challenged – large-scale metropolitan governance is called for …
A problem of transmission arises … seems to be little awareness … to politicians, citizens, and administrators, mega-city regions remain invisible in many respects: They are rarely mapped, lack a name, image and attendant concept, and hardly offer any direct sensual perception in everyday life.‖
• From the Preface, Thierstein and Forster, 2009
Making Milano “Apparent”: A Conversation with Alessandro Balducci
Context: Preparing a Strategic Plan for Milano Metropolitan Region
Locals Don‘t Know How The Milano Metropolitan Region Works
Ongoing Discussion about Metropolitan Regions as Product or Process
Theoretical Structures A Map
Traditional Economic Base / Ecology
Cluster Theory
Polycentricity
Creative Class/City
Tourism and Branding
Making Apparent SoFlo
Growth of South Florida
The TOP Chart shows cumulative building space consumption
The BOTTOM Chart shows the distribution of growth in built space for each of the individual county units
1945, 1965, 1985
Built Environment, 2005
The State of Florida‘s Department of Revenue Tax Collector Database
Florida‘s Department of Revenue, Division of Ad-Valorem Tax, Chapter 12D-8 specifies both the formal state mandate and the format of these records, described in (ftp://sdrftp03.dor.state.fl.us/).
In 2008, there are 76 fields in the tax collector database (or more abstractly, each property is recorded as a ―76-tuple‖).
Space and Complexity
Thus, the debate goes on; it might be out of both academic and political comfort zones.
New Conceptual Models Focus on Process Rather Than Pattern
Change Should Occur Within Processes Not Patterns
http://urban-complexity.blogspot.com/2010/01/entrepreneurial-urban-regeneration-of.html
2. Levels of Participation
Theoretically, this should vary by stage in the planning process. There are appropriate tools for different stages of the analysis.
Rationality (a desired state for linear-thinking – and object oriented planners). But also ―irrational‖ (Kartez)
But also ―rational ignorance‖ (Krek)
But also ―predictably irrational‖ (Howe)
Peng Table
Planning Process / GIS Function
Web Browsing Static Map Images
Communication Channels for Discussion
Interactive Map Based Search, Query and Analysis
Scenario BuildingOnline Editing
General Information
Plan Alternatives
Data
Analysis Tools
Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything(2006) explores how some companies in the early 21st century have used mass collaboration (also called peer production) and open-source technology, such as wikis, to be successful.
MacroWikinomics out soon (9/28/2010).
Principles/Basic IdeasNew Models of Mass Collaboration
Openness
Peering
Sharing
Acting Globally
• Collaborating Investing Platforms
Marketocracy
• Linking experts with unsolved R&D problems.
Ideagoras
• Second Life as being ―Created‖ by its customers
Prosumers
• the internet as shared knowledge
New Alexandrians
Some Wikinomics Terms
Crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an employee or contractor, to a large group of people or community or a crowd.
Examples of Crowdsourcing
Community-Based Design (or distributed participatory design): The public may be invited to develop a new technology, carry out a design task
Human-Based Computation: The public may be asked to carry out the steps of an algorithm
Citizen Science: The public may be asked to capture, systematize or analyze large amounts of data (but could also refer to mere ―data collectors‖
Better if used with Web 2.0 technologies.
http://www.ideo.com/work/item/human-centered-design-toolkit/
3. Trends and Some Numbers
2000
Alexa
Google Trends
2009
The Story in 2000 (from Stanford)
E-mail is by far the most common Internet activity.
A little over a third of all Internet users report using the web to engage in entertainment such as computer games
Consumer to Business transactional activity are engaged in by much smaller fractions of Internet users.
The average Internet user reports engaging in 7.2 different types of activities.
Myth and Reality of the 'Digital Divide': There are some demographic differences in Internet access. There are few demographic differences in Internet use.
The more time people spend on the internet The more they lose contact with their social environment The more they turn their back on the traditional media The more time they spend working at home; but not telecommuting The less they spend shopping in stores and commuting in traffic
Alexa, a ranking and analysis website(http://www.alexa.com)
Facebook users are well-educated, younger, it is the #1 site in
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Norway, #2 in US, Italy, and most of Europe (except Netherlands and Poland), but only 13th in Russia, 15th in Brazil, and 27th in Japan, and is over-utilized from school.
Globally: Google, Facebook, YouTube, Yahoo!, WindowsLive,
Baidu, Wikipedia, Blogger, Twitter, MSN, QQ, Taobao, Amazon, Sina,WordPress, e-Bay, Microsoft, Bing, Yandex.ru, LinkedIn, 163, Myspace, Craigslist, FC2, Conduit, Mail.ru, Flickr, Vkontakte, IMBD, Sohu, APPLE, LiveJasmin, Soso, BBC, Go, AOL, RapidShare, Youku, PayPal, Double Click, ASK, Xvideos, CNN, PornHub, MediaFire
After Google, Yahoo and Social Networking, Porn Trumps News
Google Trends ….GIS (B), Climate Change (R), Sustainability (O), Urban Development (G)
Google Trends ….GIS (B), Facebook (R), YouTube (G), Twitter (O)
2009 Pew Study
Some 40% of adult internet users have obtained raw dataabout government spending and activities. look online to see how federal stimulus money is being spent (23% of internet users
have done this); read or download the text of legislation (22%); visit a site such as data.gov that provides access to government data (16%); or look online to see who is contributing to the campaigns of their elected officials
(14%).
Some 31% of online adults have used social tools such as blogs, social networking sites, and online video as well as email and text alerts to keep informed about government activities. Minority Americans, Latinos and African Americans are just as likely as whites to
use these tools to keep up with government, and Minority Americans, Latinos, and African-Americans are much more likely to agree
that government outreach using these channels makes government more accessible and helps people be more informed about what government agencies are doing.
4. Popular Writers
Nicholas Carr
Clay Shirky
JohathanLehrer
Dan Ariely
Jeff Howe
Two Competing Metaphors
Major Points of ―The Shallows‖
New technology: dumbing down v. democratization of culture.
Every intellectual technology embodies a work ethic and every medium develops some cognitive skills at the expense of others.
Brain is ―plastic‖ -- parts can grow and/or contract – but at the expense of other functions -- hippocampus
―Ecosystem of Interruptions‖ or ―Distraction from Distraction by Distraction‖
Retention – loss of long-term memory (and ―working memory‖ v. ―long-term memory‖)
Shallow reading, shallow decisions?
Shallow
• Interruptions• Shared (Shallow)
Impressions• Little Retention
Deep
• Democracy• Self-Knowledge (personal)
Major Points of Cognitive Surplus
For decades, technology encouraged people to squander their time and intellect as passive consumers. Suburbanization and education has yielded a surfeit of intellect, energy, and time– the cognitive surplus.
But this abundance had little impact on the common good because television consumed the lion's share of it-and we consume TV passively, in isolation.
New media that allow us to pool our efforts at vanishingly low cost. This includes mind expanding-reference tools like Wikipedia-to lifesaving-such as Ushahidi.com, which allows Kenyans to sidestep government censorship and report on acts of violence in real time.
Society and our daily lives will be improved dramatically as we learn to exploit our goodwill and free time … by returning our society to forms of collaboration that were natural through the early 20th century.
We are entering an era of lower creative quality on average but greater innovation, an increase in transparency in all areas of society, and a dramatic rise in productivity that will transform our civilization.
Ushahidi(means testimony in Swahili)
http://www.ushahidi.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushahidi
Neuroscience Findings are Available
How unexpected discoveries of neuroscience help us make the best decisions.
Philosophers have described the decision-making process as either rational or emotional: we carefully deliberate or we go with our gut. Neuroscientists are discovering that decisions are a finely tuned blend of both feeling and reason and the precise mix depends on the situation. The key is how and when we use the different parts of the brain, and to do this, we need to think harder (and smarter) about how we think.
How does the human mind make decisions? And how can we make those decisions better?
It is More Than Rational Ignorance …We (might by) Predictably Irrational
We consistently overpay, underestimate, and procrastinate. This book refutes the assumption that we behave in rational ways.
Yet these behaviors are neither random nor senseless. They're systematic and predictable—making us predictably irrational.
Evidence Pro and Con(there is NO correct answer)
SMARTER DUMBER SMARTER DUMBER
5. Institutions
The Players INSPIRE (EU Scale
Organization) + Its Subordinates
JRC
Plan4All
EUROGI – AM/FM types
AGILE – the academic laboratories
Academic/Professional Conferences
City Branders/Visions NEXTHAMBURG
They are too Far From the Public
Meta-Narratives
Bad Power?
Major ArgumentOutline of Article in IJURR
Google Searches are Not Random, but are Structured
Major Narratives are Created and Maintained by Powerful Institutions
In this Case: World Bank and UN Habitat
… Approach and Methodology Labels and Integrated Policy Packages
Ownership Labels and the Creation of Integrated Policy
Packages
Googling Urban Policy Text Analysis and Page Rank Links in Practice
The Labels City Development Strategy Slum Upgrading Municipal Services Municipal Capacity Building in Developing
Countries Municipal Finance in Developing Countries Concluding Observation
PPP and Alternative Perspectives on Water Delivery
Conclusion
Tomlinson et al. (3/2010)
Conceptual Issues
Conference Statement
Process Thinkers
E-Governance
Complexity
Power
Evidence / Empirical Issues
Space INPUTTrends & Numbers
Popular Writers
GIS NGOs
Some Conclusions
An Epistemology of E-Governance?
Based on a Process Model
For Different Levels of Government
Incorporating More Than Land
Focused on People
Need for a Theory of Governance
Governance (and eGovernance) is Messy!!! Need to Better Explore Notions and Likelihood of
Deep Democracy
The Process Thinkers
But also others [Ostrom (IDA), Pat Wilson (Deep Democracy)]
Case Studies are Nice, but …
All set in the context of “digital natives” Digital analogies for e-governance theory
Krugman Ostrom
What Does Performance Mean?
Economic Well
Being
Productivity and Income
Growth
Income Distribution
Employment
Economic Efficiency
Equity Through Fiscal Equivalence
Re-Distributional Equity
Accountability
Conformance to General Morality
Adaptability
Spatial Polycentricity
Complex Adaptive Systems
Good Politics, Bad
Economics
Polycentric Metropolitan Governance
Institutional Design
It is the Question, Not
the Rules
For Different Levels of Government
We need to pay more careful attention to what our digital analogies are really trying to do
Much of the GIS Work is Done at the National Level, Far Removed from the Day to Day Activities of Citizens We need to articulate aspects of the digital milieu at scales that
matter
Problems ―occur‖ at different scales
Analysis should also ―occur‖ at appropriate scales
More Than Land
Space may be a third order concern (after food, shelter, and perhaps even happiness)
Economic Development, Health, Basic Infrastructure
What is the purpose of a ―method‖?
NEEDS TO BUILD ON KNOWLEDGE FROM EACH CASE STUDY – the need for a “scientific method” to understand e-governance
For People
Planning remains a ―place‖ discipline or activity
Planning should focus on people Their motivations and aspirations
Their role in self-determination
Their role as citizens
Academic
PopularRefugee
REFERENCES
Indicative of E-Publishing(A Work in Progress)
Allen, J. 2003. Lost Geographies of Power. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Alexa.Com, retrieved 09/08/2010.
Ariely, D. 200x. Rationally Irrational. Place: Publisher.
Carr, N. 2010. The Shallows (What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains). NY: W.W. Norton.
De Roo, G. & E. Silva. 2010. A Planner’s Encounter with Complexity. Place: Ashgate.
Flyvbjerg, B. 2002. Bringing Power to Planning Research. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21: 353-366.
Franzel, X. & X. Richardson, 2003. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Proceedings, International Conference on Politics and Information Systems (PISTA), xxx-xxx.
Healey, P. 1997. Collaborative Planning. London: Macmillan.
Hillier, J. 200x. Title. Place: Publisher.
Ho, A.T. 2002. Reinventing Local Governments and the E-Government Initiative. Public Administration Review, 62(4): 434-444.
Howe, J. 2009. Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Krek, A.
Lanza, V. & D. Prosperi. 2009. Collaborative E-Governance: Describing and Pre-Calibrating the Digital Milieux in Urban and Regional Planning. In A.Krek et al. Urban Data Management UDMS Annual 2009. Netherlands: AA Balkema .
Lee, D. 1973. Requiem for Large Scale Models. JAPA, V(I): xxxxxx
Lehrer, J. 2009. How We Decide. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Innes, J. & D. Booher. 200x. Planning with Complexity. Place: Publisher.
Innes, J. Late 1990s. Social Indicators Stuff
Mandarano, L. Date. Title. Journal of Planning Education and Research, V(I): xx-xx
Moulaert, F.
Neumann. M.
Ostrom, E.
Ozawa, C.P. 2005. Putting Science in Its Place. In J.T. Scholz & B. Stiftel (eds.) Adaptive Governance and Water Conflict. Washington DC: Resources for the Future.
Peng, Y.-R. 200x.
Pew Research Center (Internet and American Life Project), 2010. retrieved 09/06/2010. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Future-of-Millennials.aspx
Prosperi, D.C. 2008. Making Apparent the Multi-Scalar Economic Spatial Structure in South Florida. In V. Coors, M. Rumor, E.M. Fendel, & S. Zlatanova, eds., Urban and Regional Data Management. UDMS Annual 2007. Netherlands: A.A. Balkema (Taylor and Francis), 307-317.
Prosperi, D. 2006. City E-Government: Who is Doing What in the US? UDMS Proceedings, Aalborg, Denmark.
Salet, W.
Shirky, C. 2010. Cognitive Surplus (Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Era). Place: Penguin Press.
Stanford Study, retrieved 09/01/2010. http://www.stanford.edu/group/siqss/Press_Release/press_release.html
Tapscott, D. & A.D. Williams. 2006. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. Place: Publisher.
Thierstein, A. and X. Forster. 200x. The Image of A Region. Place: Publisher.
Tomlinson, R. et al. 2010. The Influence of Google on Urban Policy in Developing Countries. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34(1): 174-189.
Various WebSites (INSPIRE, JRC, Plan4ALL,AGILE,EROGI,CORP,UDMS,INPUT)
Voltaire. Nd. For Advice.
Wulf, L., C. Kaylor & D. Prosperi. 2004. Local E-Government: Concept and Correlates. Proceedings, International Conference on Politics and Information Systems (PISTA), 200-206.
THANK YOU!
Less Deep
Closing the Gap (Governmental GIS & The Life of Citizens)
The Power of Informal Networks
Need to Develop More Scalar Sensitive Digital
Analogs (collaboratively?)
‽