D a v i d C . P r o s p e r iH e n r y D . E p s t e i n P r o f e s s o r o f U r b a n / R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g

F l o r i d a A t l a n t i c U n i v e r s i t yF o r t L a u d e r d a l e , F L 3 3 3 0 1

p r o s p e r i @ f a u . e d u

INPUT 2010POTENZA, BASILICATA, ITALY

Collaborative E-Governance: Contours of Epistemology

Do profound changes in application of IT only help us to what we already do better?

or

INTUITION PUMP: Conference Statement

Compared to weak thought, is more profound knowledge possible that would enable a more effective evaluation process, ensuring better quality of decision making and choices?

QUICK ANSWER =>

Scientific IT Professional

Deep Knowledge

Good Decisions

Paradigms

Deep Knowledge

Good Decisions

The Mindset of the Planning Theorist

Deep Knowledge

Network Power

Good Decisions

Conceptual Issues

Conference Statement

Process Thinkers

E-Governance

Complexity

Power

Evidence / Empirical Issues

Space INPUTTrends & Numbers

Popular Writers

GIS NGOs

Some Conclusions

1. The Conference Question

Do What We Do Better

• GIS -> ArcGIS• Social Networking ->

Mobile Communications

Change the System

• Better Linkages to Decision Makers -> DSS or PSS?

• Develop Network Power

Deep The Better Q’s

Academics, at least, value Deep Knowledge and Deep Democracy

Consistent with rationality, scientific method, the value of science to improve lives (medicine, food , and tools)

Consistent with the notion of a ―class‖ of individuals who have value in society as civic leaders (Plato, but also ―public intellectuals‖)

Is it still valid? (or am I a dinosaur?)

What the Planning Theory (process) People Tell Us

E-Government

More Complex Models

Understanding Power

Deep v. Doing Better

2. Process Thinkers

Innes (and

Booher)Healey Flyvbjerg Salet Hillier Moulaert

Alternative Models of Planning

Architectural Basis

Best known physical planners were probably not

―democratic‖ and probably ―regressive‖

Hausmann

Engineering Basis

MegaprojectsSee Flvybjerg criticism (but also see Wachs in

the late 1980s)

Political Systems

BasisRegime Theory

Citizen Participation (e-Citizen

Participation)

Collaborative Planning Models

DONE BY AGENCIES FAR AWAY FROM DAILY LIFE OF CITIZENS

An Attempt to Summarize …

a belief that collaborative planning processes supported by scientific research tends to be

a powerful internal network that moves policy makers

Collaborative Planning Emphasis on …

Participation is not Collaboration

OUTPUTS are the plans, projects, and other tangible items produced directly by

the effort

OUTCOMES are the effects of the process

and its outputs on changing social and

environmental conditions

From Alternative Dispute Resolution

Focus on Process

Assessing the performance of collaborative planning

Difference between outputs and outcomes

Outcomes And the Role of Science?

Social capital

Political capital

Intellectual capital

Innovation

Institutional change

Institutional capacity

Ozawa, among others, have demonstrated that inscience-intensive deliberations – when scientific information is produced collaboratively (e.g., joint-fact finding, expert panel) – it can lead to such social outcomes as stakeholder learning and mutual understanding of complex problems.

Process: Networks and Networking Rules

A Plan is not a Concept in one‘s head; rather, it is a dialogue that occurs within a social network structure in one‘s own head as a concept.

Ostrom‘s (Nobel Economic Laureate, 2009) Institutional Analysis and Design methodology focuses on ―what difference it makes‖ if things are done one way or another

Corollary: projects must have a purpose other than just in the mind of the developer. For example, to develop an ontology for oneself is useful for basic science, but is only useful to the scientist acting alone – it has no immediate USE

Errata (on this topic)

The crucial role of Mega-Governments For example, the EU and its ―funding‖, resource (and policy)

dependence

The crucial role of NGO‘s Each have a specific planning methodology

Lots of GIS work at this scale

Other word phrases: horizontal planning, participatory design, collaborative planning software (including all those models from the 1990s), project planning, etc.

3. Promise of E-Government

About how E-Government would change the world

About how Internet would change the

world

Best described as ―normative anticipatory

statements or pronouncements‖

E-Government “Domains”

Creates a comfortable, transparent, and cheap

interaction between:

government and citizens

(G2C)

government and business enterprises

(G2B)

relationship between

governments (G2G)

governance

information and

communication technology

(ICT)

business process re-engineering

(BPR)

e-citizen

E-Government

Governance (+ E-Governance?)

Government

Non-Profit

Profit

Entire Entry on Wikipedia: 'eGovernance' is a network

of organizations to include government, nonprofit, and private-sector entities; in eGovernancethere are no distinct boundaries.

MESSY!!!!

A ―theory of governance‖ [e or not-e]????

Ho, 2002 + Franzel/Richardson 2003

Prosperi, 2004,6

Ho: Classified websites as ―informational‖, ―administrative‖ and ―user‖ for 55 large US cities; SES correlates -> poorer cities more informational

Franzel/Richardson: 67 metro areas; regression -> structure+, time invested+, income+

Used multiple criteria grouped into -PRESENCE, INTERACTION, TRANSACTION, and DEMOCRACY - to evaluate websites

Some SES correlates -> poorer cities more ―government‖ than ―governance‖

What is Going on at the Local Level?

‽ Can

Regions Be

Designed‽

Geddes v. Neuman

G: regions cannot be designed;

N: of course they can, we are having a charette and regional design emerged as operative framework for the plan-to-be

Practice: Local Charettes

Playful

PartIciPation

KrekLanza

Practice: Research in a Lab

Form (Rules) of Games

Public Participation

Concepts of Games

Best Practices

Planning Systems

4. More Complex Models

Complexity Theory

Drivers and Stressors v. Place-Making or Sustainability etc.

People v. Place

Complexity in the ‗Everyday‘ Environment

… the environment as subject to processes of continuous change, being either progressive or destructive, evolving non-linearly and alternating between stable and dynamic periods.

… if the environment that is subject to change is adaptive, self-organizing, robust and flexible in relation to this change, a process of evolution and co-evolution can be expected.

• From the AshgateMarketing Site

Complexity as a Planning Model

Thinking Differently for an Age of Complexity

How Can Theory Improve Practice?

Stories From the Field

The Praxis of Collaboration

Knowledge into Action: The Role of Dialogue

Using Local Knowledge for Justice and Resilience

Beyond Collaboration: Democratic Governance for a Resilient Society

5. Power

Good Power v. Bad Power

Social Capital as an Alternative Form of Power

??? Does Social Media Create Social Capital???

Good↑ v. Bad↓ Power

• Communicative action theorists• How ―science when integrated into the DM

process can depoliticize communications and result in public learning, mutual understanding, empowerment of stakeholders and often consensus about policy options

• Habermas, Innes, Forester, Ozawa, etc.

• Power expressed as coercion and subordination of one set of thoughts to another

• Power distorting the outcomes of … ―science‖ and/or … representative democracy

• Power as domination over the decision-making process.

• Flyvbjerg

Power (after Allen)

Instrumental Power – formal

Instrumental Power - informal

Associational Power – formal

Associational Power - informal

Power

Power in Informal Associational NetworksMandarano (under review, JPER)

Both types of Power are Necessary to Study an Issue.

How it is possible to provoke more democratic outcomes, positive-sum solutions that address multiple interests.

A Case Study to highlight how the relatively weak Habitat Workgroup – having limited formal authority supporting its agenda – effectively produced power in and through its informal and formal networks altering the decision-making process in the formal network.

The paper demonstrates how disempowered groups generate associational power through mobilization of resources available in informal networks and how such power is transferrable to the formal decision-making process

The Key Idea Framework(Creating Social Capital Digitally)

Social Capital

• Non-Digitally

• Digitally

Effective Decisions

Websites

Email

Web-Based Surveys

Social Networking

Video Sharing

Virtual Meetings

Texting/SMS

Blogs/Micro Blogs (Twitter)

RSS

The Tools We Have

www.twitter.com

Conceptual Issues

Conference Statement

Process Thinkers

E-Governance

Complexity

Power

Evidence / Empirical Issues

Space INPUTTrends & Numbers

Popular Writers

GIS NGOs

Some Conclusions

1. Space

Hidden spatial structures

The “scale” of the analysis must match the “scale” of the problem

The Image of the Region?

―Mega-city regions are … new large-scale urban phenomenon … being discussed from both an analytical-functional and a political-normative perspective … elements and driving forces of mega-city regions are increasingly coming to light … feeding the comprehension of the mega-city regions‘ decisive role in economic, social and cultural development …

The relevant and responsible stakeholders and players are being challenged – large-scale metropolitan governance is called for …

A problem of transmission arises … seems to be little awareness … to politicians, citizens, and administrators, mega-city regions remain invisible in many respects: They are rarely mapped, lack a name, image and attendant concept, and hardly offer any direct sensual perception in everyday life.‖

• From the Preface, Thierstein and Forster, 2009

Making Milano “Apparent”: A Conversation with Alessandro Balducci

Context: Preparing a Strategic Plan for Milano Metropolitan Region

Locals Don‘t Know How The Milano Metropolitan Region Works

Ongoing Discussion about Metropolitan Regions as Product or Process

Theoretical Structures A Map

Traditional Economic Base / Ecology

Cluster Theory

Polycentricity

Creative Class/City

Tourism and Branding

Making Apparent SoFlo

Growth of South Florida

The TOP Chart shows cumulative building space consumption

The BOTTOM Chart shows the distribution of growth in built space for each of the individual county units

1945, 1965, 1985

Built Environment, 2005

The State of Florida‘s Department of Revenue Tax Collector Database

Florida‘s Department of Revenue, Division of Ad-Valorem Tax, Chapter 12D-8 specifies both the formal state mandate and the format of these records, described in (ftp://sdrftp03.dor.state.fl.us/).

In 2008, there are 76 fields in the tax collector database (or more abstractly, each property is recorded as a ―76-tuple‖).

Space and Complexity

Thus, the debate goes on; it might be out of both academic and political comfort zones.

New Conceptual Models Focus on Process Rather Than Pattern

Change Should Occur Within Processes Not Patterns

http://urban-complexity.blogspot.com/2010/01/entrepreneurial-urban-regeneration-of.html

2. Levels of Participation

Theoretically, this should vary by stage in the planning process. There are appropriate tools for different stages of the analysis.

Rationality (a desired state for linear-thinking – and object oriented planners). But also ―irrational‖ (Kartez)

But also ―rational ignorance‖ (Krek)

But also ―predictably irrational‖ (Howe)

Peng Table

Planning Process / GIS Function

Web Browsing Static Map Images

Communication Channels for Discussion

Interactive Map Based Search, Query and Analysis

Scenario BuildingOnline Editing

General Information

Plan Alternatives

Data

Analysis Tools

Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything(2006) explores how some companies in the early 21st century have used mass collaboration (also called peer production) and open-source technology, such as wikis, to be successful.

MacroWikinomics out soon (9/28/2010).

Principles/Basic IdeasNew Models of Mass Collaboration

Openness

Peering

Sharing

Acting Globally

• Collaborating Investing Platforms

Marketocracy

• Linking experts with unsolved R&D problems.

Ideagoras

• Second Life as being ―Created‖ by its customers

Prosumers

• the internet as shared knowledge

New Alexandrians

Some Wikinomics Terms

Crowdsourcing is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an employee or contractor, to a large group of people or community or a crowd.

Examples of Crowdsourcing

Community-Based Design (or distributed participatory design): The public may be invited to develop a new technology, carry out a design task

Human-Based Computation: The public may be asked to carry out the steps of an algorithm

Citizen Science: The public may be asked to capture, systematize or analyze large amounts of data (but could also refer to mere ―data collectors‖

Better if used with Web 2.0 technologies.

http://www.ideo.com/work/item/human-centered-design-toolkit/

3. Trends and Some Numbers

2000

Alexa

Google Trends

2009

The Story in 2000 (from Stanford)

E-mail is by far the most common Internet activity.

A little over a third of all Internet users report using the web to engage in entertainment such as computer games

Consumer to Business transactional activity are engaged in by much smaller fractions of Internet users.

The average Internet user reports engaging in 7.2 different types of activities.

Myth and Reality of the 'Digital Divide': There are some demographic differences in Internet access. There are few demographic differences in Internet use.

The more time people spend on the internet The more they lose contact with their social environment The more they turn their back on the traditional media The more time they spend working at home; but not telecommuting The less they spend shopping in stores and commuting in traffic

Alexa, a ranking and analysis website(http://www.alexa.com)

Facebook users are well-educated, younger, it is the #1 site in

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Norway, #2 in US, Italy, and most of Europe (except Netherlands and Poland), but only 13th in Russia, 15th in Brazil, and 27th in Japan, and is over-utilized from school.

Globally: Google, Facebook, YouTube, Yahoo!, WindowsLive,

Baidu, Wikipedia, Blogger, Twitter, MSN, QQ, Taobao, Amazon, Sina,WordPress, e-Bay, Microsoft, Bing, Yandex.ru, LinkedIn, 163, Myspace, Craigslist, FC2, Conduit, Mail.ru, Flickr, Vkontakte, IMBD, Sohu, APPLE, LiveJasmin, Soso, BBC, Go, AOL, RapidShare, Youku, PayPal, Double Click, ASK, Xvideos, CNN, PornHub, MediaFire

After Google, Yahoo and Social Networking, Porn Trumps News

Google Trends ….GIS (B), Climate Change (R), Sustainability (O), Urban Development (G)

Google Trends ….GIS (B), Facebook (R), YouTube (G), Twitter (O)

2009 Pew Study

Some 40% of adult internet users have obtained raw dataabout government spending and activities. look online to see how federal stimulus money is being spent (23% of internet users

have done this); read or download the text of legislation (22%); visit a site such as data.gov that provides access to government data (16%); or look online to see who is contributing to the campaigns of their elected officials

(14%).

Some 31% of online adults have used social tools such as blogs, social networking sites, and online video as well as email and text alerts to keep informed about government activities. Minority Americans, Latinos and African Americans are just as likely as whites to

use these tools to keep up with government, and Minority Americans, Latinos, and African-Americans are much more likely to agree

that government outreach using these channels makes government more accessible and helps people be more informed about what government agencies are doing.

4. Popular Writers

Nicholas Carr

Clay Shirky

JohathanLehrer

Dan Ariely

Jeff Howe

Two Competing Metaphors

Major Points of ―The Shallows‖

New technology: dumbing down v. democratization of culture.

Every intellectual technology embodies a work ethic and every medium develops some cognitive skills at the expense of others.

Brain is ―plastic‖ -- parts can grow and/or contract – but at the expense of other functions -- hippocampus

―Ecosystem of Interruptions‖ or ―Distraction from Distraction by Distraction‖

Retention – loss of long-term memory (and ―working memory‖ v. ―long-term memory‖)

Shallow reading, shallow decisions?

Shallow

• Interruptions• Shared (Shallow)

Impressions• Little Retention

Deep

• Democracy• Self-Knowledge (personal)

Major Points of Cognitive Surplus

For decades, technology encouraged people to squander their time and intellect as passive consumers. Suburbanization and education has yielded a surfeit of intellect, energy, and time– the cognitive surplus.

But this abundance had little impact on the common good because television consumed the lion's share of it-and we consume TV passively, in isolation.

New media that allow us to pool our efforts at vanishingly low cost. This includes mind expanding-reference tools like Wikipedia-to lifesaving-such as Ushahidi.com, which allows Kenyans to sidestep government censorship and report on acts of violence in real time.

Society and our daily lives will be improved dramatically as we learn to exploit our goodwill and free time … by returning our society to forms of collaboration that were natural through the early 20th century.

We are entering an era of lower creative quality on average but greater innovation, an increase in transparency in all areas of society, and a dramatic rise in productivity that will transform our civilization.

Ushahidi(means testimony in Swahili)

http://www.ushahidi.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushahidi

Neuroscience Findings are Available

How unexpected discoveries of neuroscience help us make the best decisions.

Philosophers have described the decision-making process as either rational or emotional: we carefully deliberate or we go with our gut. Neuroscientists are discovering that decisions are a finely tuned blend of both feeling and reason and the precise mix depends on the situation. The key is how and when we use the different parts of the brain, and to do this, we need to think harder (and smarter) about how we think.

How does the human mind make decisions? And how can we make those decisions better?

It is More Than Rational Ignorance …We (might by) Predictably Irrational

We consistently overpay, underestimate, and procrastinate. This book refutes the assumption that we behave in rational ways.

Yet these behaviors are neither random nor senseless. They're systematic and predictable—making us predictably irrational.

Evidence Pro and Con(there is NO correct answer)

SMARTER DUMBER SMARTER DUMBER

5. Institutions

The Players INSPIRE (EU Scale

Organization) + Its Subordinates

JRC

Plan4All

EUROGI – AM/FM types

AGILE – the academic laboratories

Academic/Professional Conferences

City Branders/Visions NEXTHAMBURG

They are too Far From the Public

Meta-Narratives

Bad Power?

Major ArgumentOutline of Article in IJURR

Google Searches are Not Random, but are Structured

Major Narratives are Created and Maintained by Powerful Institutions

In this Case: World Bank and UN Habitat

… Approach and Methodology Labels and Integrated Policy Packages

Ownership Labels and the Creation of Integrated Policy

Packages

Googling Urban Policy Text Analysis and Page Rank Links in Practice

The Labels City Development Strategy Slum Upgrading Municipal Services Municipal Capacity Building in Developing

Countries Municipal Finance in Developing Countries Concluding Observation

PPP and Alternative Perspectives on Water Delivery

Conclusion

Tomlinson et al. (3/2010)

Conceptual Issues

Conference Statement

Process Thinkers

E-Governance

Complexity

Power

Evidence / Empirical Issues

Space INPUTTrends & Numbers

Popular Writers

GIS NGOs

Some Conclusions

An Epistemology of E-Governance?

Based on a Process Model

For Different Levels of Government

Incorporating More Than Land

Focused on People

Need for a Theory of Governance

Governance (and eGovernance) is Messy!!! Need to Better Explore Notions and Likelihood of

Deep Democracy

The Process Thinkers

But also others [Ostrom (IDA), Pat Wilson (Deep Democracy)]

Case Studies are Nice, but …

All set in the context of “digital natives” Digital analogies for e-governance theory

Krugman Ostrom

What Does Performance Mean?

Economic Well

Being

Productivity and Income

Growth

Income Distribution

Employment

Economic Efficiency

Equity Through Fiscal Equivalence

Re-Distributional Equity

Accountability

Conformance to General Morality

Adaptability

Spatial Polycentricity

Complex Adaptive Systems

Good Politics, Bad

Economics

Polycentric Metropolitan Governance

Institutional Design

It is the Question, Not

the Rules

For Different Levels of Government

We need to pay more careful attention to what our digital analogies are really trying to do

Much of the GIS Work is Done at the National Level, Far Removed from the Day to Day Activities of Citizens We need to articulate aspects of the digital milieu at scales that

matter

Problems ―occur‖ at different scales

Analysis should also ―occur‖ at appropriate scales

More Than Land

Space may be a third order concern (after food, shelter, and perhaps even happiness)

Economic Development, Health, Basic Infrastructure

What is the purpose of a ―method‖?

NEEDS TO BUILD ON KNOWLEDGE FROM EACH CASE STUDY – the need for a “scientific method” to understand e-governance

For People

Planning remains a ―place‖ discipline or activity

Planning should focus on people Their motivations and aspirations

Their role in self-determination

Their role as citizens

Academic

PopularRefugee

REFERENCES

Indicative of E-Publishing(A Work in Progress)

Allen, J. 2003. Lost Geographies of Power. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Alexa.Com, retrieved 09/08/2010.

Ariely, D. 200x. Rationally Irrational. Place: Publisher.

Carr, N. 2010. The Shallows (What the Internet is Doing to Our Brains). NY: W.W. Norton.

De Roo, G. & E. Silva. 2010. A Planner’s Encounter with Complexity. Place: Ashgate.

Flyvbjerg, B. 2002. Bringing Power to Planning Research. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21: 353-366.

Franzel, X. & X. Richardson, 2003. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Proceedings, International Conference on Politics and Information Systems (PISTA), xxx-xxx.

Healey, P. 1997. Collaborative Planning. London: Macmillan.

Hillier, J. 200x. Title. Place: Publisher.

Ho, A.T. 2002. Reinventing Local Governments and the E-Government Initiative. Public Administration Review, 62(4): 434-444.

Howe, J. 2009. Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business. New York: Three Rivers Press.

Krek, A.

Lanza, V. & D. Prosperi. 2009. Collaborative E-Governance: Describing and Pre-Calibrating the Digital Milieux in Urban and Regional Planning. In A.Krek et al. Urban Data Management UDMS Annual 2009. Netherlands: AA Balkema .

Lee, D. 1973. Requiem for Large Scale Models. JAPA, V(I): xxxxxx

Lehrer, J. 2009. How We Decide. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Innes, J. & D. Booher. 200x. Planning with Complexity. Place: Publisher.

Innes, J. Late 1990s. Social Indicators Stuff

Mandarano, L. Date. Title. Journal of Planning Education and Research, V(I): xx-xx

Moulaert, F.

Neumann. M.

Ostrom, E.

Ozawa, C.P. 2005. Putting Science in Its Place. In J.T. Scholz & B. Stiftel (eds.) Adaptive Governance and Water Conflict. Washington DC: Resources for the Future.

Peng, Y.-R. 200x.

Pew Research Center (Internet and American Life Project), 2010. retrieved 09/06/2010. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Future-of-Millennials.aspx

Prosperi, D.C. 2008. Making Apparent the Multi-Scalar Economic Spatial Structure in South Florida. In V. Coors, M. Rumor, E.M. Fendel, & S. Zlatanova, eds., Urban and Regional Data Management. UDMS Annual 2007. Netherlands: A.A. Balkema (Taylor and Francis), 307-317.

Prosperi, D. 2006. City E-Government: Who is Doing What in the US? UDMS Proceedings, Aalborg, Denmark.

Salet, W.

Shirky, C. 2010. Cognitive Surplus (Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Era). Place: Penguin Press.

Stanford Study, retrieved 09/01/2010. http://www.stanford.edu/group/siqss/Press_Release/press_release.html

Tapscott, D. & A.D. Williams. 2006. Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. Place: Publisher.

Thierstein, A. and X. Forster. 200x. The Image of A Region. Place: Publisher.

Tomlinson, R. et al. 2010. The Influence of Google on Urban Policy in Developing Countries. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34(1): 174-189.

Various WebSites (INSPIRE, JRC, Plan4ALL,AGILE,EROGI,CORP,UDMS,INPUT)

Voltaire. Nd. For Advice.

Wulf, L., C. Kaylor & D. Prosperi. 2004. Local E-Government: Concept and Correlates. Proceedings, International Conference on Politics and Information Systems (PISTA), 200-206.

THANK YOU!

Less Deep

Closing the Gap (Governmental GIS & The Life of Citizens)

The Power of Informal Networks

Need to Develop More Scalar Sensitive Digital

Analogs (collaboratively?)

‽