Cognitive processesperception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity

– problem solving

Jakub Jura

Jakub.jura@fs.cvut.cz

http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jura/ing-psych/

Engineering Psychology

What is Cognitive?

• From latin cognoscere = getting to know• Distinguish emotional and rational• Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“.

Mental processes mediate between stimulus and response.

Cognitive processes

• Base Cognitive processes:– Perception– Sensation– Attention– Thinking– Imagination– Memory

• Advanced Cognitive processes– Creativity– Problem solving

Sensation

• Sensation is about sense organ and basic processes on this level.

• Perception is about creating whole percept.

SensationPerception Percept Sence Organ

Visual Perception Image EyeAuditive Perception Sound EarGustatory Perception Taste Taste BudsOlfactory Perception Smell NoseHaptic Perception Touch on skin NociceptorsProprioception Body position ProprioceptorHuman Feromon Affection /

antipathyVomero-Nasal Organ

Magnetoception Impression of north

Unknown

Sensation Delusions

• Mach’s StripsLateral Inhibition Efect

Negative afterimage

Perception

• Perception is perception of diference.• Sensuals limits• Weber–Fechner law• Gestalt law• Multistable figures• Invariance in perception

Weber–Fechner Law

• Psychophysics• Ernest Heinrich Weber (1795–1878) • Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) • Stimulus Percept• Stimulus Sensation Percept

Experiment 1

• Dependence of sense impression on the intensity of stimulus

Sensum

Impr

esio

n

1. Sound

2. Light

Procedure:a) Set intensity to basic level (L)b) Increase intensity up to one

degree (L+1)c) Remember this degree and

set intensity up to L+2, L+3, … L+n

Weber–Fechner Law

• dP = k * dS/S,• P = k * ln (S/S0)P = k * (S/S)

– P … percept– k … constant– S … stimulus– S0 … lower possible stimulus

Perception DelusionssWhich of these circles is bigger?

Perception Delusionss• Effect of Contrast

Lighter Darker

Perception Delusionss

Is anything

here?

Gestalt Laws

• Proximity– We tend to group nearby objects.

• Similarity– We tend to group objects with

similar properties • Closure

– We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we sometimes close things that aren't.

Gestalt Laws

• Good Continuation– We tend to assign objects to an entity that is defined by

smooth lines or curves

• Pregnantz– We tend to good shape

Experiment 2

Multistable perception

• Mind separate figure and backgroun.

• Unstably between two or more alternative interpretations.

• Since you see both, you can’t see both.

• Changing may be under control only partially.

Invariance in perception

• Objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, scale, elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features.

Neisser's cycle of perceptionCognitive Ecology

Objectavailable

information

Schemaof environment

Exploration

Directs

SamplesModify

Actual world

Cognitive mapLocomotion and action

Memory

• Sensory memory – George Sperling– (200 – 500 ms)

• Short-term memory – George Miller– 7±2 chunks– Chunking process (recoding)

• Long-term memory– Hippocampus

• Memory processes:– Imprint– Retent– Remember– Recognise

Ebbinghaus experiments

1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next

1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next

1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next

1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next

1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next

1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next

1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next

1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

• R = e-t/s

– R … memory retention– s … relative strenght of memory– t … time

2

45 %

35 %

Serial-positioning effect

• Which of the syllable you remember easily?• Initialy• Final• Out of serial-positioning effect:• Meaningfull• Related to myself• Connected to my activity

Memory test

• How big is capacity of you visual memory?

Redraw this figure maximaly precisely

Imaging

Constructive and Reconstructive processes and eyes movement.

1. Imagine yellow elephant with red dots.2. Imagine what did you eat last evening.

Experiment 3 - Mental rotation

• How many times you need to read rotated sign.

RAngle °

Time 1

s

Time 2TAML QB

F

Completing square test

11 18

Attention

• Orientation reflex• Orientation activities• Bourdon test• d2 test

Thinking

• J. P. Guilford:• Convergent production - generation of logical conclusions

from given information, where emphasis is upon achieving unique or conventionally best outcomes. It is likely that given (cue) information fully determines the outcome as in mathematics and logic.

• Divergent production - generation of logical alternatives from given information, where emphasis is upon variety, quantity, and relevance of output from the same source.

Problem Solving

• http://www.studygs.net/problem/index.htm

• Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments of a line non-stop.of a line non-stop.

Creativity

• Preparation• Incubation • Insight• Evaluation• Elaboration

E. Rossi – creative phase

Metacognition

• Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about cognition)

• First-level metacognition• Second-level metacognition