Cognitive processes
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Transcript of Cognitive processes
Cognitive processesperception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity
– problem solving
Jakub Jura
http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jura/ing-psych/
Engineering Psychology
What is Cognitive?
• From latin cognoscere = getting to know• Distinguish emotional and rational• Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“.
Mental processes mediate between stimulus and response.
Cognitive processes
• Base Cognitive processes:– Perception– Sensation– Attention– Thinking– Imagination– Memory
• Advanced Cognitive processes– Creativity– Problem solving
Sensation
• Sensation is about sense organ and basic processes on this level.
• Perception is about creating whole percept.
SensationPerception Percept Sence Organ
Visual Perception Image EyeAuditive Perception Sound EarGustatory Perception Taste Taste BudsOlfactory Perception Smell NoseHaptic Perception Touch on skin NociceptorsProprioception Body position ProprioceptorHuman Feromon Affection /
antipathyVomero-Nasal Organ
Magnetoception Impression of north
Unknown
Sensation Delusions
• Mach’s StripsLateral Inhibition Efect
Negative afterimage
Perception
• Perception is perception of diference.• Sensuals limits• Weber–Fechner law• Gestalt law• Multistable figures• Invariance in perception
Weber–Fechner Law
• Psychophysics• Ernest Heinrich Weber (1795–1878) • Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) • Stimulus Percept• Stimulus Sensation Percept
Experiment 1
• Dependence of sense impression on the intensity of stimulus
Sensum
Impr
esio
n
1. Sound
2. Light
Procedure:a) Set intensity to basic level (L)b) Increase intensity up to one
degree (L+1)c) Remember this degree and
set intensity up to L+2, L+3, … L+n
Weber–Fechner Law
• dP = k * dS/S,• P = k * ln (S/S0)P = k * (S/S)
– P … percept– k … constant– S … stimulus– S0 … lower possible stimulus
Perception DelusionssWhich of these circles is bigger?
Perception Delusionss• Effect of Contrast
Lighter Darker
Perception Delusionss
Is anything
here?
Gestalt Laws
• Proximity– We tend to group nearby objects.
• Similarity– We tend to group objects with
similar properties • Closure
– We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we sometimes close things that aren't.
Gestalt Laws
• Good Continuation– We tend to assign objects to an entity that is defined by
smooth lines or curves
• Pregnantz– We tend to good shape
Experiment 2
Multistable perception
• Mind separate figure and backgroun.
• Unstably between two or more alternative interpretations.
• Since you see both, you can’t see both.
• Changing may be under control only partially.
Invariance in perception
• Objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, scale, elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features.
Neisser's cycle of perceptionCognitive Ecology
Objectavailable
information
Schemaof environment
Exploration
Directs
SamplesModify
Actual world
Cognitive mapLocomotion and action
Memory
• Sensory memory – George Sperling– (200 – 500 ms)
• Short-term memory – George Miller– 7±2 chunks– Chunking process (recoding)
• Long-term memory– Hippocampus
• Memory processes:– Imprint– Retent– Remember– Recognise
Ebbinghaus experiments
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
• R = e-t/s
– R … memory retention– s … relative strenght of memory– t … time
2
45 %
35 %
Serial-positioning effect
• Which of the syllable you remember easily?• Initialy• Final• Out of serial-positioning effect:• Meaningfull• Related to myself• Connected to my activity
Memory test
• How big is capacity of you visual memory?
Redraw this figure maximaly precisely
Imaging
Constructive and Reconstructive processes and eyes movement.
1. Imagine yellow elephant with red dots.2. Imagine what did you eat last evening.
Experiment 3 - Mental rotation
• How many times you need to read rotated sign.
RAngle °
Time 1
s
Time 2TAML QB
F
Completing square test
11 18
Attention
• Orientation reflex• Orientation activities• Bourdon test• d2 test
Thinking
• J. P. Guilford:• Convergent production - generation of logical conclusions
from given information, where emphasis is upon achieving unique or conventionally best outcomes. It is likely that given (cue) information fully determines the outcome as in mathematics and logic.
• Divergent production - generation of logical alternatives from given information, where emphasis is upon variety, quantity, and relevance of output from the same source.
• Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments of a line non-stop.of a line non-stop.
Creativity
• Preparation• Incubation • Insight• Evaluation• Elaboration
E. Rossi – creative phase
Metacognition
• Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about cognition)
• First-level metacognition• Second-level metacognition