Post on 22-Feb-2016
description
Cognition
Social Learning Mechanisms
Social Learning Mechanisms Mechanisms
Stimulus or Social Enhancement (instrumental) Drawn to object by conspecific could learn via trial and error
Observational Fear Conditioning (classical) UR caused by a conspecific
Mimicry (“Monkey See-Monkey Do”) Copy for copying sake
Imitation (copy to get goal) Copy exactly to get the same goal as the
demonstrator Self vs. Other Perspective (“Theory of mind”)
Food Preferences and Enhancement
Rats prefer foods eaten by conspecifics not simply, smell of food associated with smell
of the model rat rear end vs. front end matters asleep vs. awake doesn’t social (rat) vs nonsocial (cotton ball) matters
Observational Conditioning via Pavlov
Model US
Snake CS
Observer(Frightenedby model’sreaction)
Mimicry, Imitation, Emulation
Mimicry Not intentional
Imitation Imitation, slavish copying with a goal Emulation, non-slavish copying with a goal
(could be “copying of goal” + “trial and error”, or problem solving)
Emulation vs. Imitation
Push Pull
Ghost
Model
Movement
Results of Tomesello (2006)
Children
Theory of Mind
• Understanding that others have mental processes that may differ from one’s own
EmotionsKnowledgeVisual Perspective
Knowledge AttributionPovinelli (1991)
Knower – sees food being hidden Guesser – outside of room
Stage 1: As aboveStage 2: Knower wears hatStage 3: Guesser stays in room with a
bagged head
Chimpanzees(Great Apes)
Rhesus Monkeys(New World)
Alternative
Did chimps discriminate between the two situations based on subtle differences in how the “guesser” and “knower” acted?
Maybe they choose the one with eyes open during hiding?
“Begging Experiment” Povinelli (1999)
Beg from “seeing” vs. “nonseeing”
Front vs. Back – Yes Pail Beside vs. Over Head - No Averted Eyes vs. Over Shoulder Look –
No Blindfold Mouth vs. Blindfold Eyes - No
“Chimps Fail Begging Experiment”
“Elephants Pass Begging Experiment”
However, this doesn’t imply elephants can “mind-read”
Mark TestGallup’s Mark Test (Great Apes)
Mirror self-recognition: Chimp, Bonobo – Yes Orang-utan, Gorilla – Yes Elephants – Maybe? Dolphins –Maybe? Pigeons –No
Human versus Chimps
Mind-reading Pointing Impulsive Cooperation Imitation Vis Memory Aud Memory Deception
Poor No More Trainable Emulation Better Good Poor
Good Yes Less Spontaneous Slavishly Good Better Excellent
Skill ChimpHuman