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Class #12: Thursday, July 22Climate types

Chapter 17

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Global Climate

Chapter 17

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A World with Many Climates Micro, meso, macro Global Climate Climate controls

LatitudeLand and waterOcean currentsPrevailing windsPressure cellsMountain barriersAltitude

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A World with Many Climates

• Global temperatures– East-west isotherms– Bends or kinks due to ocean currents and

continents• Global precipitation– Precipitation occurs consistently where low

pressure belts exist in the Global Circulation Model

– Mountains, rain shadow

Class #12, Thursday, July 22 5Fig. 17-CO, p. 468

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Class #12, Thursday, July 22 10Fig. 1, p. 475

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A World with Many Climates

• Topic: Precipitation Extremes– Rainiest locations on windward side of mountains– Driest locations in frigid polar regions

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Climate Classification

The Ancient GreeksTropical, temperate, and polar zone

The Köppen SystemWaldimir KöppenRelated vegetation and climate in order to predict

climate types in areas without climate data The Thornthwaite System

P/E ratio, P/E IndexPotential Evapotranspiration

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Class #12, Thursday, July 22 15Stepped Art

Fig. 17-6, p. 477

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The Global Pattern of Climate

• Tropical Moist Climates (Group A)– General characteristics: year-round warm

temperatures abundant rainfall– Extent: northward and southward from the

equator to about 15º to 25º– Major Types: tropical wet (Af), tropical monsoon

(Am), tropical wet and dry (Aw)

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Class #12, Thursday, July 22 19Table 17-1a, p. 480

Class #12, Thursday, July 22 20Table 17-1b, p. 480

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The Global Pattern of Climate

• Dry Climates (Group B)– General Characteristics: deficient precipitation

most of the year; potential evaporation and transpiration exceed precipitation

– Extent: the subtropical deserts extend roughly 20º and 30º latitude in large continental regions of the middle latitudes, often surrounded by mountains

– Major Types: arid (BW), semi-arid (BS)

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The Global Pattern of Climate

• Observation: Deserts with Clouds and Drizzle– A desert that owes it existence, in part, to its

proximity to cold ocean water and, in part, to the position and air motions of the subtropical high pressure cell.

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The Global Pattern of Climate

• Moist Subtropical Mid-latitude Climates (Group C)– General Characteristics: humid with mil winters– Extent: on the eastern and western regions of

most continents, from about 25º to 40º latitude– Major types: humid subtropical (Cfa), marine

(Cfb), Mediterranean (Cs)

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The Global Pattern of Climate

Moist Continental Climates (Group D)General characteristics: warm-to-cool summers and

cold winters; winters are severe with snowstorms, blustery winds, bitter cold; climate controlled by large continents

Extent: north of moist subtropical mid-latitude climates

Major types: humid continental with hot summers (Dfa), humid continental with cool summers (Dfb), subpolar (Dfc)

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Class #12, Thursday, July 22 42Table 1, p. 492

Class #12, Thursday, July 22 43Fig. 3, p. 492

Class #12, Thursday, July 22 44Fig. 4, p. 493

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The Global Pattern of Climate

• Topics: Dry Spells and Drought– Drought :a period of abnormally dry weather– Dry spell: normal seasonal dry period

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The Global Pattern of Climate

• Polar Climates (Group E)– General Characteristics: year-round low

temperatures– Extent: northern coastal areas of North America

and Eurasia; Greenland and Antarctica– Major types: polar tundra (ET), polar ice caps (EP)

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The Global Pattern of Climate

• Highland Climates (Group H)– Decrease in temperature with elevation– Vertical zonation

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Class #12, Thursday, July 22 55Table 17-2, p. 499

Class #12, Thursday, July 22 56Table 17-3, p. 499