The Furnace of Civil WarThe Furnace of Civil War““With a swift flourish of federal With a swift flourish of federal

force, Lincoln hoped to show the force, Lincoln hoped to show the folly of secession and rapidly return folly of secession and rapidly return the rebellious states to the Union. the rebellious states to the Union. But the war was neither brief nor But the war was neither brief nor

limited.”limited.”

““With a swift flourish of federal With a swift flourish of federal force, Lincoln hoped to show the force, Lincoln hoped to show the

folly of secession and rapidly return folly of secession and rapidly return the rebellious states to the Union. the rebellious states to the Union. But the war was neither brief nor But the war was neither brief nor

limited.”limited.”

Pages 451 - 475

Anaconda PlanAnaconda Plan

1.1. Blockade coastBlockade coast

2.2. Liberate slavesLiberate slaves Economics/moraleEconomics/morale

3.3. Control M. RiverControl M. River Split ConfederacySplit Confederacy

4.4. Georgia & CarolinasGeorgia & Carolinas

5.5. Capture RichmondCapture Richmond

6.6. Engage enemy directlyEngage enemy directly

First Bull RunFirst Bull Run-July 1861--July 1861-

First Bull RunFirst Bull Run-July 1861--July 1861-

Lincoln’s outlook …Lincoln’s outlook … 90 days are up90 days are up Green / young volunteersGreen / young volunteers Capture capitolCapture capitol

Northern outlook …Northern outlook … ““On to Richmond”On to Richmond” Hill top picnicsHill top picnics

The South …The South … T.S. JacksonT.S. Jackson Rebel YellRebel Yell

First Bull RunFirst Bull Run-July 1861--July 1861-

First Bull RunFirst Bull Run-July 1861--July 1861-

Outcomes …Outcomes … SouthSouth

ConfidentConfident Overconfident? Overconfident?

DesertionsDesertions War is wonWar is won

NorthNorth Wake up callWake up call Lincoln - enlistmentsLincoln - enlistments

The Peninsula Campaign-Spring 1862-

The Peninsula Campaign-Spring 1862-

Who …Who … McClellan & Army of the PotomacMcClellan & Army of the Potomac Brilliant strategistBrilliant strategist

Problem …Problem … PerfectionistPerfectionist ““The slows”The slows” ““if McClellan isn’t going to use the army I if McClellan isn’t going to use the army I

should like to borrow them”should like to borrow them”

The Peninsula Campaign-Summer 1862-

The Peninsula Campaign-Summer 1862-

What …What … Seven Days BattleSeven Days Battle

Within sight of RichmondWithin sight of Richmond Lee forces Union retreatLee forces Union retreat

20K Confederate casualties20K Confederate casualties 10K Union casualties10K Union casualties

Outcomes …Outcomes … S. defeat would’ve likely meant slaveryS. defeat would’ve likely meant slavery McClellan fired McClellan fired Lincoln begins work on E.P.Lincoln begins work on E.P.

Southern StrategySouthern Strategy What …What …

Lee wants to pressure D.C.Lee wants to pressure D.C.

Why …Why …1.1. Foreign intervention?Foreign intervention?2.2. Border states!Border states!3.3. N. suppliesN. supplies

Shiloh Shiloh (April, 1862)(April, 1862)

Devastation to comeDevastation to come

Second Bull RunSecond Bull Run (August, 1862)(August, 1862)

Defeats PopeDefeats Pope

Pivotal Antietam-September 1862-

Pivotal Antietam-September 1862-

What …What … Lee advances into MDLee advances into MD Lincoln re-hires McClellanLincoln re-hires McClellan

Outcome …Outcome … McClellan “acquires” Lee’s battle plansMcClellan “acquires” Lee’s battle plans Bloodiest day in U.S. historyBloodiest day in U.S. history

23,000 casualties23,000 casualties

Ultimately …Ultimately … Lee escapesLee escapes

McClellan fired again!McClellan fired again!

Pivotal Antietam-September 1862-

Pivotal Antietam-September 1862-

Lincoln Lincoln (1863)(1863) … … Strong position to issue emancipationStrong position to issue emancipation ““forever free” slaves in rebellious statesforever free” slaves in rebellious states

Not border states! Not border states! (Slippery slope)(Slippery slope)

Emancipation-1863-

Emancipation-1863-

Emancipation-1863-

Emancipation-1863-

Outcome …Outcome … Moral cause!Moral cause! International supportInternational support War unconditionalWar unconditional

N. Dem.s & butternut less enthusiasticN. Dem.s & butternut less enthusiastic War of union / not abolition?War of union / not abolition?

Blacks Battle BondageBlacks Battle Bondage North …North …

– Reluctant to enlist blacksReluctant to enlist blacks– ContrabandContraband

South …South …– Backbone / plantationsBackbone / plantations– Last month of warLast month of war

Lee’s Heads NorthLee’s Heads North Burnside replaces McClellanBurnside replaces McClellan

– Dec., 1862… FredericksburgDec., 1862… Fredericksburg Lee winsLee wins

Hooker replaces BurnsideHooker replaces Burnside– May 1863… ChancellorsvilleMay 1863… Chancellorsville

Lee winsLee wins TS Jackson killedTS Jackson killed - - “lost my right arm”“lost my right arm”

Lee moves into PALee moves into PA– Off two great victoriesOff two great victories– Stir N. oppositionStir N. opposition– Foreign intervention?Foreign intervention?

Meade replaces HookerMeade replaces Hooker

GettysburgJuly, 1863

GettysburgJuly, 1863

3 days3 days Pickett’s chargePickett’s charge

7K in ½ hour7K in ½ hour Beginning of end for ConfederacyBeginning of end for Confederacy

No more significant victoriesNo more significant victories

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

War in the WestWar in the West July 4, 1863 … VicksburgJuly 4, 1863 … Vicksburg

Several month siegeSeveral month siege Vital S. supply route from LA & TXVital S. supply route from LA & TX Grant winsGrant wins

Combined w/Gettysburg …Combined w/Gettysburg …1.1.Reopened M.R. to N. tradeReopened M.R. to N. trade

Quelled Butternut peace agitatorsQuelled Butternut peace agitators

2.2.Finally tips diplomatic scalesFinally tips diplomatic scales

Sherman’s March Sept., 1864… captures AtlantaSept., 1864… captures AtlantaSherman’s March

Sept., 1864… captures AtlantaSept., 1864… captures Atlanta

Nov. - burns cityNov. - burns city Heads for SavannaHeads for Savanna

250 miles of destruction250 miles of destruction ““make Georgia howl”make Georgia howl” ““Total war”Total war”

DemoralizeDemoralize Families, homes, propertyFamilies, homes, property

Immoral?Immoral? Probably shortened war & saved livesProbably shortened war & saved lives S. desertionsS. desertions

Politics and WarPolitics and WarN. RepublicansN. Republicans

Political infightingPolitical infighting

1.1. Moderates Moderates (Lincoln)(Lincoln)

2.2. Radicals Radicals (since 1861)(since 1861)

Abolition!Abolition! Anti-exp. of powerAnti-exp. of power

N. DemocratsN. Democrats

““Democratic” burdenDemocratic” burdenDouglas’ death dividesDouglas’ death divides

1.1. Pro-warPro-war (Lincoln)(Lincoln)

2.2. Peace-DemocratsPeace-Democrats States’ rightsStates’ rights

3.3. CopperheadsCopperheads ExtremistsExtremists Ant-E.P.Ant-E.P. ButternutButternut

Election of 1864Election of 1864 Republicans …Republicans …

– Join w/war DemocratsJoin w/war Democrats (Union party)(Union party)

– Lincoln wins nominationLincoln wins nomination VP A. JohnsonVP A. Johnson

– TN / slaveholder / Border votesTN / slaveholder / Border votes

Democrats …Democrats …– George B McClellanGeorge B McClellan

Defeat imminent until …Defeat imminent until …– Mobile, Mobile, AtlantaAtlanta, Shenandoah, Shenandoah– Furloughs Furloughs (bayonet vote)(bayonet vote)

Lincoln victory - S. desertionsLincoln victory - S. desertions

Election of 1864Election of 1864

Grant vs. LeeGrant vs. Lee

Grant replaces MeadeGrant replaces Meade– Forceful / tenaciousForceful / tenacious– Engage enemies simultaneouslyEngage enemies simultaneously

Summer 1864 …Summer 1864 … Wilderness campaignWilderness campaign

Grant / 50K casualtiesGrant / 50K casualties N. public outragedN. public outraged

The EndThe End

April 1865 …April 1865 … Richmond takenRichmond taken Appomattox CourthouseAppomattox Courthouse

The Cost of WarThe Cost of War

The Cost of WarThe Cost of War

Ford’s TheatreApril 14, 1865