Characteristics of Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things

Characteristics of Living Characteristics of Living ThingsThings

1.1. Made of CellsMade of Cells

unicellular vs.. multicellularunicellular vs.. multicellular

Red Blood cells Onion skin epidermal cells Human cheek cells

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

2. 2. Grows and developsGrows and develops

Increase in cell size and/or numberIncrease in cell size and/or number

IncludesIncludes: development, aging, death: development, aging, death

DifferentiationDifferentiation – cell specialization – cell specialization for a certain for a certain

jobjob

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

3. 3. Obtains & uses EnergyObtains & uses Energy

Metabolism (sum of all chemical Metabolism (sum of all chemical reactions)reactions)

AnabolismAnabolism- simple to complex- simple to complex((buildbuild –up rxns.) –up rxns.)

CatabolismCatabolism – complex to simple – complex to simple((breakbreak-down rxns.)-down rxns.)

Heterotrophic (other feeding) Heterotrophic (other feeding) vs. autotrophic (self-feeding)vs. autotrophic (self-feeding)

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

4. 4. ReproducesReproduces

two kinds of reproduction:two kinds of reproduction:

- asexual – takes one- asexual – takes one

to make moreto make more

- sexual – takes two- sexual – takes two

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

5. 5. Responds to the EnvironmentResponds to the Environment

a. Movement – internal or a. Movement – internal or externalexternal

b. Irritability - ability to respond tob. Irritability - ability to respond to

a stimulusa stimulus

Examples of stimuliExamples of stimuli : sight, sound, : sight, sound, touch, touch, pressure, temperature, pressure, temperature, chemicals, color, chemicals, color, light, other?light, other?

c. Adaptabilityc. Adaptability

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

6. 6. Based on a universal genetic codeBased on a universal genetic code

DNA – determines the inherited DNA – determines the inherited

traits of every organism.traits of every organism.a.a.Asexual – offspring and parents have same Asexual – offspring and parents have same traits.traits.

b.b.Sexual – some variations. However, that Sexual – some variations. However, that species produces the same species.species produces the same species.

Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things

7. Maintain a stable internal 7. Maintain a stable internal

environment.environment.

Homeostasis!!!Homeostasis!!!

You will die with out it!You will die with out it!

TaxonomyTaxonomy

A. Definition = science of naming A. Definition = science of naming things & assigning them to groupsthings & assigning them to groups

TaxonomyTaxonomy

B. Why have a classification system?B. Why have a classification system?1. Single, universal name1. Single, universal name

2. Avoid confusion2. Avoid confusion

3. Understand how living things are3. Understand how living things are related to one anotherrelated to one another

TaxonomyTaxonomy

What are the FIVE common names of What are the FIVE common names of this animal?this animal?

TaxonomyTaxonomy

1.1. Mountain LionMountain Lion

2.2. CougarCougar

3.3. PumaPuma

4.4. (Florida) Panther(Florida) Panther

5.5. CatamountCatamount

Florida resident

Rocky Mountain resident

TaxonomyTaxonomy

¿¿Wouldn’t it be Wouldn’t it be confusingconfusing if we didn’t if we didn’t have a scientific name?have a scientific name?

FelisFelis concolorconcolor = scientific name of the = scientific name of the mountain lionmountain lion

GenusGenus speciesspecies

TaxonomyTaxonomy

C. Examples of classification systems:C. Examples of classification systems:

1. Dewey decimal system – library1. Dewey decimal system – library

2. Sections of store – music store2. Sections of store – music store

3. Periodic Table of elements - 3. Periodic Table of elements - ChemistryChemistry

4. Others?4. Others?

TaxonomyTaxonomy

D. Binomial nomenclatureD. Binomial nomenclature1.1. System of scientific namingSystem of scientific naming2.2. Developed by Developed by Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

(Swedish botanist) in 1750s(Swedish botanist) in 1750s3.3. Two part scientific name Two part scientific name GenusGenus and and

speciesspecies

4.4. Must be Must be underlinedunderlined or in or in italicsitalics5.5. In Latin (dead language of scholars)In Latin (dead language of scholars)

TaxonomyTaxonomyE. Example :E. Example :

HomoHomo sapienssapiens(wise man)(wise man)

1. Scientific name1. Scientific name for human beingsfor human beings

2. 2. HomoHomo = genus = genus (capitalized & (capitalized &

underlined)underlined)

3. 3. sapienssapiens = species = species (underlined, but NOT (underlined, but NOT

capitalized)capitalized)

TaxonomyTaxonomy

F. Definition of F. Definition of speciesspecies = =

1. 1. breed successfullybreed successfully viable, viable,

fertile offspringfertile offspring

2. 2. unique featuresunique features similar to others of similar to others of

same same speciesspecies

3. have 3. have similar DNAsimilar DNA to other species to other species

membersmembers

TaxonomyTaxonomy

G. 7 Taxa of living things ( taxon = G. 7 Taxa of living things ( taxon = group)group)

KingdomKingdom (kings)(kings) PhylumPhylum (play)(play)ClassClass (chess)(chess)Order Order (on)(on)FamilyFamily (fine)(fine)GenusGenus (green)(green)SpeciesSpecies (silk)(silk)

TaxonomyTaxonomy

H. Kingdom is least specific, largest H. Kingdom is least specific, largest groupgroup

I. Species is most specific, I. Species is most specific,

contains only one kind of contains only one kind of organismorganism

TaxonomyTaxonomy

J. An example:J. An example:

Kingdom Kingdom AnimaliaAnimalia

Phylum Phylum ChordataChordata

Class Class MammaliaMammalia

Order Order PrimatesPrimates

Family Family HominidaeHominidae

Genus Genus HomoHomo

Species Species sapienssapiens

K. Other Systems of ClassificationK. Other Systems of Classification

1.1. CladogramsCladograms

K. Other Systems of ClassificationK. Other Systems of Classification

2. Three Domain System2. Three Domain System

TaxonomyTaxonomy

L. ¿ What determines how somethingL. ¿ What determines how something

is classified?is classified?

1. DNA1. DNA

2. Structure2. Structure

TaxonomyTaxonomy

3. Embryology & development3. Embryology & development

TaxonomyTaxonomy

L. ☺L. ☺There are 6 kingdoms of living thingsThere are 6 kingdoms of living things

1. Archaebacteria 1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protista3. Protista4. Fungi4. Fungi5. Plantae 5. Plantae 6. Animalia6. Animalia

TaxonomyTaxonomy

M. DefinitionsM. Definitions

Prokaryotic = does not have a Prokaryotic = does not have a

nucleus to nucleus to contain its DNAcontain its DNA

Eukaryotic – has a membrane–boundEukaryotic – has a membrane–bound

nucleusnucleus

TaxonomyTaxonomy

N.N. Unicellular UnicellularProkaryoticProkaryotic

1. Archaebacteria –ancient bacteria1. Archaebacteria –ancient bacteria2. Eubacteria – most bacteria2. Eubacteria – most bacteria

EukaryoticEukaryotic3. Protista – single-celled3. Protista – single-celled

O. O. MulticellularMulticellular

4. Fungi – e.g. mushrooms4. Fungi – e.g. mushrooms5. Plantae - plants5. Plantae - plants6. Animalia - animals6. Animalia - animals