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Chapter OneRUBENSTEIN
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of suitable land for agriculture
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of suitable land for agriculture
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
Base line
An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
The science of making maps.
Cartography
The science of making maps.
The spread of something over a given area.
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area.
Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Connections
Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature of trend throughout a population
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature of trend throughout a population.
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
Cultural ecology
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
Cultural landscape
Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
CultureThe body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
The process of spread of a feature of trend from one place to another over time.
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature of trend from one place to another over time.
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from it origin.
Distance decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from it origin.
The arrangement of something across Earths surface.
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earths surface.
A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
Environmental determinism
A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
The spread of a feature or tend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
Expansion diffusion
The spread of a feature or tend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
Formal region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
An area organized around a node or focal point.
Functional region
An area organized around a node or focal point.
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
Geographic information system (GIS)
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.
A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude.
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
The time in that time zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude.
The region from which innovative ideas originate.
Hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate.
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person of node of authority or power to other persons or places.
Hierarchical diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person of node of authority or power to other persons or places
An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
Land Ordinance of 1785
A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
The numbering system used to indicate the location or parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location or parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.
The position of anything on Earths surface.
Location
The position of anything on Earths surface.
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
Map
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.
An internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
Mental map
An internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.
Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area.
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
Place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.
Polder
Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area.
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
The meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
Prime meridian
The meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
Principal meridian
A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States.
The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
Region
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.
Regional studies
An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area.
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
Relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
Remote sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
Scale
Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface.
A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections.
Sections
A square normally 1 mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections.
The physical character of a place.
Site
The physical character of a place.
The location of a place relative to other places.
Situation
The location of a place relative to other places.
The physical gap or interval between two objects.
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects.
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
Space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems.
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
Stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.
A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.
Township
A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships.
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its head-quarters or shareholders are located.
Transnational corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its head-quarters or shareholders are located.
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
Uneven development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Vernacular region An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Chapter 2: Rubenstein
PopulationBy: Santiago Realmo
• The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Agricultural Density
• The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
• The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
Agricultural Revolution
• The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
• The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Arithmetic Density
• The total number of people divided by the total land area.
• A complete enumeration of a population.
Census
• A complete enumeration of a population.
• The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Birth Rate
• The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
• The total number deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Death Rate
• The total number deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
• The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Demographic Transition
• The process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population
• The scientific study of population characteristics.
Demography
• The scientific study of population characteristics.
• The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
Dependency Ratio
• The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
• The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant natural increase.
Doubling Time
• The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant natural increase.
• The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Ecumene
• The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
• Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
Epidemiologic Transition
• Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
• Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
Epidemiology
• Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
• A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Industrial Revolution
• A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
• The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Infant Mortality Rate
• The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
• The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Life Expectancy
• The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
• Medical technology in Europe and North America that diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
Medical Revolution
• Medical technology in Europe and North America that diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
• The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Natural Increase Rate
• The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
• The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Overpopulation
• The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
• Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
Pandemic
• Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
• The number of people per unit of arable land.
Physiological Density
• The number of people per unit of arable land.
• A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Population Pyramid
• A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
• The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Sex Ratio
• The number of males per 100 females in the population.
• The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Total Fertility Rate
• The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
• A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Zero Population Growth
• A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
Chapter 3: Migration
Rubenstein
Large-scale emigration by talented people
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members
of the same nationality previously migrated there
Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same
nationality previously migrated there
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular
basis.
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular
basis.
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Migration from a location
Emigration
Migration from a location
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according
to historical trends
Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to
historical trends
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
Forced Migration
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
Workers who migrate to the most developed countries of Northern and
Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North
Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs
Guest workers
Workers who migrate to the most developed countries of Northern and Western Europe,
usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs
Migration to a new location
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Permanent movement within a particular country
Internal migration
Permanent movement within a particular country
Permanent movement from one country to another
International migration
Permanent movement from one country to another
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Interregional migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders
migration
Intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders
migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country
Intraregional migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population
growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
Migration transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population
growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
All types of movement from one location to another
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of
emigration
Net migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of
emigration
Factor that induces people to move to a new location
Pull factor
Factor that induces people to move to a new location
Factor that induces people to leave to a new location
Push factor
In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Quotas
In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or
political opinion
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution
because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion
People who enter a country without proper documents
Undocumented immigrants
People who enter a country without proper documents
Permanent movement undertaken by choice
Voluntary migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice
Chapter 4: Folk and Popular Culture
By Johnny Crim
The frequent repetition of an act, to extent that
it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
CUSTOM
The frequent repetition of an act, to extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
FOLK CULTURE
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.
HABIT
A repetitive act performed by a particular individual.
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
POPULAR CULTURE
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
TABOO
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.
TERROIR
The contribution of a location’s distinctive physical features to the way food tastes.
Chapter 5: Language
Rubenstein
The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area and now considered standard in the United Kingdom
• The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area now considered standard in the United Kingdom
British Received Pronunciation
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
• A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
Creole or creolized language
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
• A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Dialect
Dialect spoken by some African Americans.
• Dialect spoken by some African Americans.
Ebonics
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
• A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.
Extinct Language
A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of Francais and anglais, the French words for “French” and “English,” respectively.
• A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of Francais and anglais, the French words for “French” and “English,” respectively.
Franglais
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian counties in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.
• The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.
Ideograms
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.
• A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.
Isogloss
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
• A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.
Isolated Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
• A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
Language
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
• A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.
Language Branch
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
• A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
Language Family
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
• A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Language group
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
• A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.
Lingua Franca
A language that is written as well as spoken.
• A language that is written as well as spoken.
Literacy Tradition
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
• The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.
Official Language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
• A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speaker of two different languages.
Pidgin Language
Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans.
• Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans.
Spanglish
The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
• The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
Standard Language
A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.
• A form of Latin used daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.
Vulgar Latin
Chapter 6
Rubenstein
• Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
Animism
• Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms or earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.
• A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
Autonomous religion
• A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.
• The class or distinct hereditary order in which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
Caste
• A class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.
• A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
Cosmogony
• A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.
• A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
Denomination
• A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.
• The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church.
Diocese
• The basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church.
• A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
Ethnic Religion
• A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.
• Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).
Fundamentalism
• Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination or sect).
• During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
Ghetto
• During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.
• A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.
Hierarchical diffusion
• A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.
• An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.
Missionary
• An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.
• The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.
Monotheism
• The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god.
• A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.
Pagan
• A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times.
• A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
Pilgrimage
• A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
• Belief in or worship of more than one god.
Polytheism
• Belief in or worship of more than one god.
• A relatively small group that has broken away form an established denomination.
Sect
• A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
• Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator.
Solstice
• Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator.
• A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
Universalizing religion
• A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.
• A large and fundamental division within a religion.
Branch
• A large and fundamental division within a religion.
Chapter 8: Political Geography
Rubenstein
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established
government that has control over it’s internal and external affairs.
StateAn area organized into a
political unit and ruled by an established government
that has control over it’s internal and external
affairs.
Independence from control of it’s internal affairs by other states.
Sovereignty
Independence from control of it’s internal affairs by other states.
States with very small land areas.
Microstates
States with very small land areas.
The effort by one country to establish it’s political, economic, and cultural
principles on such territory.
A sovereign state that comprises of a town and
the surrounding countryside.
City-state
A sovereign state that comprises of a town and the surrounding
countryside.
ColonialismThe effort by one
country to establish it’s political, economic, and
cultural principles on such territory.
Control of a territory already occupied and
organized by an indigenous society.
ImperialismControl of a territory already occupied and
organized by an indigenous society.
The distance from the center to any boundary
does not vary significantly.
An invisible line marking the extent of
a state’s territory.
Boundary
An invisible line marking the extent
of a state’s territory.
Compact State
The distance from the center to any
boundary does not vary significantly.
An otherwise compact state with a large
projecting extension.
Prorupted StateAn otherwise
compact state with a large projecting
extension.
State with a long and narrow shape.
Elongated State
State with a long and narrow shape.
Includes several discontinuous pieces of
territory.
Fragmented State
Includes several discontinuous
pieces of territory.
A state that completely
surrounds another one.
Perforated StateA state that completely
surrounds another one.
Lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is
surrounded by several other countries.
Landlocked StateLacks a direct outlet to the sea because it
is surrounded by several other
countries.
A zone where no state exercises complete
political control.
FrontierA zone where no
state exercises complete political
control.
Places most power in the hands of central government officials.
Unitary State
Places most power in the hands of
central government officials.
Allocates strong power to units of local government
within the country.
Federal State
Allocates strong power to units of local government
within the country.
The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the
purpose of benefiting the party in power.
GerrymanderingThe process of
redrawing legislative boundaries for the
purpose of benefiting the party in power.
A condition of roughly equal strength
between opposing alliances.
Balance of PowerA condition of roughly
equal strength between opposing
alliances.
Chapter 9Development
By Johnny Crim
Countries that have progressed further along the development continuum.
DEVELOPED COUNTRY
Has progressed further along the development continuum.
A country in an earlier stage of development.
DEVELOPING COUNTRY
A country in an earlier stage of development.
A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
DEVELOPMENT
A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
FAIR TRADE
Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
FOREIGN DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
GENDER EMPOWERMENT MEASURE
Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.
GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.
Gross domestic product
• The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period(normally one year).
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period(normally one year).
Human development index
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
A country in an earlier stage of development.
LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRY
A country in an earlier stage of development.
The percent of a country’s peopled who can read and write.
LITERACY RATE
The percent of a country’s peopled who can read and write.
Has progressed further along the development continuum.
MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRY
Has progressed further along the development continuum.
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
PRIMARY SECTOR
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor to make it.
PRODUCTIVITY
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor to make it.
Has progressed further along the development continuum.
RELATIVELY DEVELOPED COUNTRY
Has progressed further along the development continuum.
The portions of earth’s economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
SECONDARY SECTOR
The portions of earth’s economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.
Economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAM
Economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
TERTIARY SECTOR
The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters of share holders are located.
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters of share holders are located.
The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
VALUE ADDED
The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
Chapter 10- Agriculture
Rubenstein
Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and
rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic
gain.
Agriculture
Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and
rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or
economic gain.
Any plant cultivated by
people.
Crop
Any plant cultivated by
people.
The reproduction of plants by direct cloning
from existing plants.
Vegetative Planting
The reproduction of plants by direct
cloning from existing plants.
The reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that
result from sexual fertilization.
Seed Agriculture
The reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that
result from sexual fertilization.
The production of food primarily for
consumption by the farmer’s family.
Subsistence Agriculture
The production of food primarily for
consumption by the farmer’s family.
The production of food primarily for sale off the farm.
Commercial Agriculture
The production of food primarily for sale off the farm.
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from
one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few
years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Shifting Cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity
from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long
period.
Farmers clear land for planting by
slashing vegetation and burning the
debris.
Slash-and-burn Agriculture
Farmers clear land for planting by slashing
vegetation and burning the debris.
A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated
animals.
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on
the herding of domesticated
animals.
Seasonal migration of livestock between
mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Transhumance
Seasonal migration of livestock between
mountains and lowland pasture
areas.
Grass or other plants grown for feeding
grazing animals, as well as land used for
grazing.
PastureGrass or other plants
grown for feeding grazing animals, as
well as land used for grazing.
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers
must expand a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum
feasible yield from a parcel of land.
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture in which
farmers must expand a relatively large amount of
effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
The practice of planting wet rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.
Wet RiceThe practice of planting wet rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving
the seedlings to a flooded field to promote
growth.
A flooded field in Austronesian.
Sawah
A flooded field in Austronesian.
The Malay word for wet rice.
PaddyThe Malay word
for wet rice.
Husks of grain separated from the seeds by threshing.
Chaff
Husks of grain separated from the seeds by threshing.
To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it.
ThreshTo beat out grain
from stalks by trampling it.
To remove chaff by allowing it to be
blown away by the wind.
WinnowTo remove chaff by
allowing it to be blown away by the
wind.
The outer covering of a seed.
HullThe outer
covering of a seed.
Harvesting twice a year from the same
field.
Double CroppingHarvesting twice a year from the
same field.
The practice of rotating use of different fields
from crop to crop each year to avoid
exhausting the soil.
Crop RotationThe practice of rotating use of different fields
from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting
the soil.
A large farm that specializes in one or
two crops.
Plantation
A large farm that specializes in one
or two crops.
A grass yielding grain for food.
Cereal grainA grass
yielding grain for food.
The ring surrounding a city from which milk
can be supplied without spoiling.
MilkshedThe ring
surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied
without spoiling.
Wheat planted in the fall and
harvested in early summer.
Winter Wheat
Wheat planted in the fall and
harvested in early summer.
Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.
Spring WheatWheat planted in
the spring and harvested in the
late summer.
A machine that cuts grain standing in the
field.
ReaperA machine that
cuts grain standing in the
field.
A machine that performs the three tasks of
reaping, threshing, and cleaning in one
operation.
CombineA machine that
performs the three tasks of reaping, threshing, and cleaning in one
operation.
The commercial grazing of livestock over an
extensive area.
Ranching
The commercial grazing of
livestock over an extensive area.
The growing of fruits, vegetables,
and flowers.
HorticultureThe growing of
fruits, vegetables, and
flowers.
Commercial gardening and fruit
farming, named for a Middle English word.
Truck FarmingCommercial
gardening and fruit farming, named for
a Middle English word.
An agricultural practice that preserves and
enhances environmental quality.
Sustainable Agriculture
An agricultural practice that
preserves and enhances
environmental quality.
A system of planting crops on ridge tops.
Ridge TillageA system of
planting crops on ridge tops.
Fields are cleared and utilized for up to 2 years and left fallow for more
than 20 years, long enough for the forest to
grow back.
Forest FallowFields are cleared and
utilized for up to 2 years and left fallow for more
than 20 years, long enough for the forest to
grow back.
Fields are cleared and utilized for up to 8 years and left fallow for up to 10 years, long enough for small trees and bushes to grow back.
Bush FallowFields are cleared and
utilized for up to 8 years and left fallow for up to 10 years, long enough
for small trees and bushes to grow back.
Fields are cleared and utilized for perhaps 2
years and left fallow for up to 2 years, long
enough for wild grasses to grow back.
Short FallowFields are cleared and utilized for perhaps 2
years and left fallow for up to 2 years, long
enough for wild grasses to grow back.
Fields are used every year and left fallow for a few
months by planting legumes and roots.
Annual CroppingFields are used
every year and left fallow for a few
months by planting legumes and roots.
Fields are used several times a
year and never left fallow.
Multicropping
Fields are used several times a year
and never left fallow.
Human actions causing land to deteriorate to a
desertlike condition.
DesertificationHuman actions causing land to deteriorate to a
desertlike condition.
The invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the
1970’s and 1980’s.
Green RevolutionThe invention and rapid
diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the
1970’s and 1980’s.
Chapter 11: Industry
Rubenstein
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to
another
Break-of-bulk point
A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to
another
An industry in which the final product weighs more or compromises a greater volume than the inputs
Bulk-gaining industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or compromises a greater volume than the inputs
An industry in which the final product weighs less or compromises
a lower volume than the inputs
Bulk-reducing industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or compromises a lower
volume than the inputs
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factory, commonly found before industrial
revolution
Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factory, commonly found before industrial revolution
Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to
perform repeatedly
Fordist Production
Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific
task to perform repeatedly
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Industrial revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process
of manufacturing goods
An industry for which labor costs make up a high percentage of total expenses
Labor-intensive industry
An industry for which labor costs make up a high percentage of total
expenses
Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take
advantage of much lower labor cost in Mexico
Maquiladora
Factories built by U.S. companies in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of
much lower labor cost in Mexico
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled
workers, from more developed to less developed countries
New international division of labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled
workers, from more developed to less developed countries
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent
supplies
Outsourcing
A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for
production to independent supplies
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to
teams that perform a variety of tasks
Post-Fordist Production
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks
A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract
that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment
Right-to-work laws
A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a
union as a condition of employment
Location factors related to the costs of factors production inside the plant,
such as land, labor, and capital
Site factors
Location factors related to the costs of factors production inside the plant,
such as land, labor, and capital
Location factors related to transportation of materials into and from a factory
Situation factors
Location factors related to transportation of materials into and
from a factory
A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing
Textile
A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing
Chapter 12Rubenstein
Services
• An industry that exports primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
Basic Industries
• An industry that exports primarily to consumers outside the settlement.
• To facilitate other businesses.
Business Services
• To facilitate other businesses.
• Services of all types clustered in the center of the city, commonly called downtown.
Central Business District (CBD)
• Services of all types clustered in the center of the city, commonly called downtown.
• A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
Central place
• A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
• Explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists.
Central place theory
• Explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists.
• Independent self-governing communities that included the settlement and nearby country sides.
City-State
• Independent self-governing communities that included the settlement and nearby country sides.
• A number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
Clustered Rural Settlement
• A number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings.
• To provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them.
Consumer Services
• To provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them.
• Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.
Dispersed Rural Settlement
• Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.
• A community's unique collection of basic industries.
Economic Base
• A community's unique collection of basic industries.
• When a country converts their rural landscapes from clustered settlements to dispersed patterns.
Enclosure movement
• When a country converts their rural landscapes from clustered settlements to dispersed patterns.
• A model that predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
Gravity model
• A model that predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
• The area surrounding a service which customers are attracted to.
Market area (hinterland)
• The area surrounding a service which customers are attracted to.
• Enterprises whose customers live in the same community, essentially consumer service.
Nonbasic industries
• Enterprises whose customers live in the same community, essentially consumer service.
• A country's largest city.
Primate city
• A country's largest city.
• The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.
Primate city rule
• The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement.
• Provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
Public services
• Provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
• The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
Range (of a service)
• The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
• A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
Rank-size rule
• A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
• Any activity that fulfills a human need or want and returns money to those who provide it.
Service
• Any activity that fulfills a human need or want and returns money to those who provide it.
• A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.
Settlement
• A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.
• The minimum number of people needed to support a service.
Threshold
• The minimum number of people needed to support a service.
Chapter 13Rubenstein
Urban Patterns
• Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
Annexation
• Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.
• An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
Census Tract
• An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
• The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.
• A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Concentric Zone Model
• A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Density Gradient
• The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.
• A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
Edge City
• A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.
• A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.
Filtering
• A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.
• A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
Gentrification
• A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
• A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
Greenbelt
• A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
• In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
Metropolitan statistical area
• In the U.S., a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.
• An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found and adjacent counties tied to the city.
Metropolitan statistical area
• An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found and adjacent counties tied to the city.
• A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes and activities.
Multiple nuclei model
• A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes and activities.
• A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business area tied together by a beltway or ring road.
Peripheral model
• A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business area tied together by a beltway or ring road.
• Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families incomes.
Public Housing
• Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families incomes.
• A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
Redlining
• A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
• The four consecutive 15- minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.
Rush Hour
• The four consecutive 15- minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic.
• A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out form the central business district.
Sector Model
• A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out form the central business district.
• Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
Smart Growth
• Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
• Development of new housing sites at relatively low density an locations that are not contiguous to the existing built up area.
Sprawl
• Development of new housing sites at relatively low density an locations that are not contiguous to the existing built up area.
• An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
Squatter Settlement
• An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
• A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
Underclass
• A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
• An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
Urbanization
• An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.
• In the U.S., a central city plus is contiguous built-up suburbs.
Urbanized area
• In the U.S., a central city plus is contiguous built-up suburbs.
• A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.
Zoning Ordinance
• A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.
Chapter 14: Resource Issues
Rubenstein
Power supplied by machines.
Inanimate power
Power supplied by machines.
Metals utilized to make products other than steel and iron.
Nonferrous
Metals utilized to make products other than steel and iron.
A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted.
Nonrenewable Energy
A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted.
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation found in the stratosphere, a z zone between
15 and 50 km above earth’s surface.
Ozone
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation found in the stratosphere, a z zone between
15 and 50 km above earth’s surface.
Solar energy system that collects energy without the use of
mechanical devices.
Passive Solar Energy Systems
Solar energy system that collects energy without the use of
mechanical devices.
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle
emissions.
Photochemical Smog
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle
emissions.
Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collects solar rays to
generate electricity.
Photovoltaic Cell
Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collects solar rays to
generate electricity.
Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate.
Pollution
Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate.
The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified.
Potential Reserve
The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified.
Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little
human impact as possible.
Preservation
Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little
human impact as possible.
The amount of resource remaining in discovered deposits.
Proven Resource
The amount of resource remaining in discovered deposits.
Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal
to people; therefore the particles must be safely stored for thousands of years.
Radioactive Waste
Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal
to people; therefore the particles must be safely stored for thousands of years.
The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of
unwanted material.
Recycling
The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of
unwanted material.
A resource that has theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted
when used by humans.
Renewable Energy
A resource that has theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted
when used by humans.
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and
technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and
technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from decaying trash,
to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
Sanitary Landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from decaying trash,
to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.
One that actually has good jokes. (i.e. Not Mr. Luby.)
Funny Teacher
One that actually has good jokes. (i.e. Not Mr. Luby.)
The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generation will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development.
Sustainable Development
The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generation will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development.