Chapter 6

Sensation

Turran HillTurran Hill

Sensation Sensation is Sensation is

the detection the detection of simple of simple properties of properties of stimuli, such stimuli, such as brightness, as brightness, warmth, and warmth, and sweetness.sweetness.

1. A neuron that responds directly to physical energy is called a ________ cell.

A. receptorA. receptor B. transducerB. transducer C. sense C. sense

organorgan

The answer is…

A. receptorA. receptor

Receptor cells are neurons that Receptor cells are neurons that respond to stimuli such as light respond to stimuli such as light and vibrations.and vibrations.

What is the relationship between receptor, transducer, and sense organ?

Transduction is the process sense Transduction is the process sense organs use to change energy from organs use to change energy from the environment into neural activity.the environment into neural activity.

Receptor cells release chemical Receptor cells release chemical transmitter substances that transmitter substances that stimulate other neurons. This stimulate other neurons. This changes an axon’s rate of firing of changes an axon’s rate of firing of their axons.their axons.

VISION

Eye Vocabulary CorneaCornea ScleraSclera IrisIris LensLens RetinaRetina PhotoreceptorPhotoreceptor

Optic diskOptic disk RodRod ConeCone FoveaFovea AccommodatioAccommodatio

nn

Color Vision Vocabulary

BrightnessBrightnessSaturationSaturationColor Color

mixingmixing

The key vitamin involved in the transduction of radiant energy is vitamin ___ . A. AA. A B. BB. B C. DC. D D. ED. E

The answer is… Vitamin AVitamin A

Carrots are Carrots are good for vision good for vision because they because they contain a contain a substance that substance that is easily made is easily made into vitamin A.into vitamin A.

In terms of color vision, which of the following does not belong with the others?

A. humansA. humans B. dogsB. dogs C. birdsC. birds D. fishD. fish

Here comes the answer!!

Primates are the Primates are the only mammals that only mammals that have full color have full color vision.vision.

Fish and birds also Fish and birds also have excellent have excellent color vision color vision (among (among nonmammals)nonmammals)

Yellow light stimulates which photoreceptor?

A.A. YellowYellowB.B. Blue and Blue and

GreenGreenC.C. Red and BlueRed and BlueD.D. Red and Red and

GreenGreen

D. Red and Green

Yellow light is located between the Yellow light is located between the red and green and stimulates each red and green and stimulates each equally.equally.

Visual information follows which of the following routes to the brain?

A. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, A. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptorsphotoreceptors

B. photoreceptors, ganglion cells, B. photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cellsbipolar cells

C. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, C. photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cellsganglion cells

D. bipolar cells, ganglion cells, D. bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptorsphotoreceptors

Visual information is sent to the brain through…

C. C. photoreceptophotoreceptor, bipolar r, bipolar cells, cells, ganglion cellsganglion cells

AUDITION

Ear Vocabulary

Hertz (Hz)Hertz (Hz) OssicleOssicle CochleaCochlea Oval windowOval window Basilar Basilar

membranemembrane

Round windowRound window Auditory hair Auditory hair

cellcell CiliumCilium Tectorial Tectorial

membranemembrane

Sound Vocabulary

OvertoneOvertone Fundamental Fundamental

frequencyfrequency TimbreTimbre

White noise contains

A. primarily sounds of less than 200 A. primarily sounds of less than 200 HzHz

B. sounds above 20,000 HzB. sounds above 20,000 Hz C. no sounds of an audible frequencyC. no sounds of an audible frequency D. all frequencies of soundD. all frequencies of sound

D. all frequencies of sound White noise White noise

sounds like the sounds like the ssssh sound ssssh sound you hear when you hear when changing the changing the radio station.radio station.

Which kind of sound is the most effective at causing large solid objects to vibrate?

A. low frequency soundsA. low frequency sounds B. medium frequency soundsB. medium frequency sounds C. medium to high frequency C. medium to high frequency

soundssounds D. high frequency soundsD. high frequency sounds

A. low frequency sounds

Large objects Large objects vibrate in vibrate in response to low response to low frequencies frequencies ONLY.ONLY.

A perfectly healthy ear can hear frequencies of about ____ Hz.

A. 20,000A. 20,000 B. 30,000B. 30,000 C. 40,000C. 40,000 D. 50,000D. 50,000

D. 20,000 A good ear can A good ear can

hear frequencies hear frequencies of more than of more than 20,000 Hz, but 20,000 Hz, but axons cannot fire axons cannot fire more than 1000 more than 1000 tmes per second.tmes per second.

Gustation(taste)

Chemosense One of the two One of the two

sense modalities sense modalities that detect the that detect the presence of presence of particular particular molecules present molecules present in the environmentin the environment

(gustation and (gustation and olfaction)olfaction)

Which of the following is not a quality of taste we can perceive?

A. bitterA. bitter B. spicyB. spicy C. sweetC. sweet D. saltyD. salty E. sourE. sour

B. spicy

Spiciness is Spiciness is a flavor. a flavor. Flavors Flavors include include taste AND taste AND smell.smell.

Regions of Sensitivity

The tip of the tongue is sensitive The tip of the tongue is sensitive to sweet and salty substances.to sweet and salty substances.

The sides are sensitive to sour.The sides are sensitive to sour.

The back is sensitive to bitter.The back is sensitive to bitter.

What is another term for the “bumps” on the tongue? A. papillaeA. papillae B. taste budsB. taste buds C. taste C. taste

receptorsreceptors D. microvilliD. microvilli

A. papillae Each papilla Each papilla

contains a contains a number of taste number of taste buds. buds.

A taste bud is a A taste bud is a small organ that small organ that contains a contains a number of number of receptor cells.receptor cells.

Receptor cells have hairlike projections called microvilli that protrude through the pores of taste buds into the saliva that coats the tongue.

OLFACTION

Among humans, olfaction plays an important role in

A. identifying each other.A. identifying each other. B. attracting potential mates.B. attracting potential mates. C. identifying spoiled food.C. identifying spoiled food. D. repelling people we don’t D. repelling people we don’t

like.like.

C. identifying spoiled food

Odors help us Odors help us avoid some avoid some dangers, such dangers, such as rotten food. as rotten food.

The odor of The odor of rotten meat rotten meat can induce can induce vomiting. vomiting.

One of the places in the brain that olfactory information is sent to is the ______, which plays a role in both______.

A. limbic system; emotion and memoryA. limbic system; emotion and memory B. hypothalamus; homeostasis and B. hypothalamus; homeostasis and

thirstthirst C. amygdala; emotion and aggressionC. amygdala; emotion and aggression D. cerebellum; movement and D. cerebellum; movement and

coordinationcoordination

A. Limbic system; emotion and memory

One reason that we One reason that we may remember a may remember a person, place, or person, place, or thing when we thing when we smell a familiar smell a familiar odor is probably odor is probably because the limbic because the limbic system is where system is where that information is that information is received.received.

SOMATOSENSES

Somatosenses (body senses) include response to temperature, touch, and pain

Skin Senses

TemperatuTemperaturere

PressurePressurePainPain

Touch and Pressure

Touch is the sensation of very Touch is the sensation of very light contact of an object with the light contact of an object with the skin.skin.

Pressure is the sensation Pressure is the sensation produced by more forceful produced by more forceful contact. Pressure occurs only if contact. Pressure occurs only if the skin moves.the skin moves.

Pain It would be It would be

hard to survive hard to survive without pain.without pain.

Pain tells us Pain tells us when when something is something is wrong with our wrong with our bodies.bodies.

Internal Senses

Conveys painful, Conveys painful, neutral, and neutral, and pleasurable pleasurable sensory sensory information.information.

For example, For example, having a warm having a warm drinkdrink

Vestibular Senses

Our sense of Our sense of balance balance involves involves several senses.several senses.

Vestibular Apparatus

Receptive Receptive organs of the organs of the inner ear that inner ear that contribute to contribute to balance and balance and perception of perception of head movementhead movement

If we close If we close our eyes, we our eyes, we can see how can see how important important they are to they are to our ability our ability to balanceto balance

Our receptors for temperature respond best to ______ temperature.

A. lowA. low B. highB. high C. constantC. constant D. changes D. changes

inin

D. changes in

Our skin receptors Our skin receptors respond least to respond least to constant and non-constant and non-changing stimulation.changing stimulation.

Which of the following is NOT one of the somatosenses? A. changes in lateralityA. changes in laterality B. painB. pain C. touchC. touch D. vibrationD. vibration

A. changes in laterality

Our Our somatosensesomatosenses can detect s can detect pain, pain, vibration, vibration, and touch.and touch.