Chapter 5. TCP Client-Server Example

• Contents

– Introduction

– TCP Echo Server

– TCP Echo Client

– Normal Startup and Termination

– Posix Signal Handling

– Handling SIGCHLD Signals

– Data Format

– and so on...

5.1 Introductioon

1. The Client reads a line of text from its standard input and writes the line to the server.

2. The server reads the line from its network input and echoes the line back to the client.

3. The client reads the echoed line and prints it on its standard output.

TCPclient

TCPserver

stdin

stdout

fgets

fputs

writen

readline

readline

writen

5.2 TCP Echo Server• main function & str_echo function

for ( ; ; ) {clilen = sizeof(cliaddr);connfd = Accept(listenfd, (SA *) &cliaddr, &clilen);if ( (childpid = Fork()) == 0) {/* child process */

Close(listenfd);/* close listening socket */str_echo(connfd);/* process the request */exit(0);

}Close(connfd); /* parent closes connected socket */

}

void str_echo(int sockfd){

ssize_t n;

char line[MAXLINE];

for ( ; ; ) {

if ( (n = Readline(sockfd, line, MAXLINE)) == 0)return; /* connection closed by other end */

Writen(sockfd, line, n); }}

5.4 TCP Echo Client• main function & str_cli function

Connect(sockfd, (SA *) &servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));

str_cli(stdin, sockfd); /* do it all */exit(0);

void str_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd){

char sendline[MAXLINE], recvline[MAXLINE];

while (Fgets(sendline, MAXLINE, fp) != NULL) {

Writen(sockfd, sendline, strlen(sendline));

if (Readline(sockfd, recvline, MAXLINE) == 0)err_quit("str_cli: server terminated

prematurely");

Fputs(recvline, stdout);}

}

Normal Startup• How the client and server start, how they end• What happens when something goes wrong

– the client host crashes, the client process crashes, network connectivity is lost

• Test method– tcpserv &– netstat -a– tcpcli 127.0.0.1 (local test)– netstat -a– ps -l

Normal Termination– tcpcli 127.0.0.1

hello, world

hello, world

good bye

good bye

^D

– netstat -a | grep procID– ps

19130 p1 Ss -ksh

21130 p1 I ./tcpserv

21132 p1 Z (tcpserv) (Z:zombie process)

5.8 Posix Signal Handling• A signal (software interrupt) : a notification

to a process that an event has occurred.

• Signals can be sent– by one process to another process(or itself)– by the kernel to a process– SIGCHLD signal: a signal sent by the kernel

whenever a process terminates, to the parent of the terminating process

• Every signal has a disposition (action associated with the signal) – We can provide a function hat is called whenever a

specific signal occurs. This function is called a signal handler and this action is called catching the signal. (SIGKILL(x) and SIGSTOP(X)),

• void handler(int signo);

– We can ignore a signal by setting its disposition to SIG_IGN. (SIGKILL(x) and SIGSTOP(X)),

– We can set the default disposition for a signal by setting its disposition to SIG_DFL. (terminate a process on the receipt of a signal)

• SIGCHLD(X), SIGURG(x)

5.8 Posix Signal Handling• signal Function

Sigfunc * signal(int signo, Sigfunc *func){

struct sigaction act, oact;

act.sa_handler = func;sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);act.sa_flags = 0;if (signo == SIGALRM) {

#ifdef SA_INTERRUPTact.sa_flags |= SA_INTERRUPT; /* SunOS 4.x */

#endif} else {

#ifdef SA_RESTARTact.sa_flags |= SA_RESTART; /* SVR4, 44BSD */

#endif}if (sigaction(signo, &act, &oact) < 0) return(SIG_ERR);return(oact.sa_handler);

}

5.8 Posix Signal Handling• 2-3

• normal function prototype – void (*signal(int signo, void (*func) (int) ) ) (int);

• define Sigfunc type in unp.h header– typedef void Sigfunc(int);

• The function prototype – Sigfunc *signal(int signo, Sigfunc *func);

• 6 : The sa_handler member of the sigaction structure is set to the func argument.

• members of sigaction structure

– void (*) (int) sa_handler

– sigset_t sa_mask

– int sa_flag

5.8 Posix Signal Handling• 7 : Set signal mask for handler

– Posix allow us to specify a set of signals that will be blocked when our signal handler is called. Any signal that is blocked cannot be delivered to the process.

#include <signal.h>

int sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signo);

int sigemptyset(sigset_t *set);

int sigfillset(sigset_t *set);

int sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signo);

int sigismember(sigset_t *set, int signo);

int sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oset);– SIG_BLOCK– SIG_SETMASK– SIG_UNBLOCK

• SIGALRM– place a timeout on an I/O operation

• SA_RESTART– a system call interrupted by this signal will be

automatically restarted by the kernel

5.8 Posix Signal Handling

5.8 Posix Signal Handling

• Posix Signal Semantics– Once a signal handler is installed, it remains

installed.– While a signal handler is executing, the signal

being delivered is blocked.– If a signal is generated one or more times while

it is blocked, it is normally delivered only one time after the signal is unblocked. That is, by default Unix signals are not queued.

– It is possible to selectively block and unblock a set of signals using the sigprocmask function.

Handling SIGCHLD Signals• Zombie State

– maintain information about the child for the parent to fetch at some later time

• the process ID of the child, its termination status, the resource of the child(CPU time, memory)

• the parent process ID of all the zombie children: 1(init process)-inherit the children and clean them up

• <defunct>

• Handling Zombies– space waste of the kernel, out of process– wait for the children to prevent them from becoming

zombies

Handling SIGCHLD Signals• We establish the signal handler by adding the

function callSignal (SIGCHLD, sig_chld);

in Figure 5.2, after the call to listen.

#include "unp.h"void sig_chld(int signo){pid_t pid;int stat;pid = wait(&stat);printf("child %d terminated\n", pid);return;

} Figure 5.7 Version of SIGCHLD signal handler that calls wait

– Tcpserv02 &

– tcpcli01 127.0.0.1hi, there

hi, there

^D

child 16942 terminated

accept error: Interrupted system call

// the parent is blocked in its call to accept when the SIGCHLD is delivered

//sig_chld function executes, wait fetches the child’PID and termination status, printf

// kernel causes the accept to return an error of EINTER

5.9 Handling SIGCHLD Signals

• Handling Interrupted System Calls

for ( ; ; ) {

clilen = sizeof(cliaddr);

if( (connfd=accept(listenfd,(SA *) &cliaddr,&clilen)) < 0) {

if( errno == EINTER )

continue;

else

err_sys(“accept error”);

}

5.10 wait and waitpid Functions

• pit_t: the process ID of the terminated child

• statloc : the termination status of the child(an integer) is returned through the statloc pointer.

• pid : specify the process ID that we want to wait for.

– A value of -1 say to wait for the first of our children to terminate.

• option : specify additional option.

– The most common option is WNOHANG.

#include <sys/wait.h>

pid_t wait(int *statloc);

pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *statloc, int option);

>tcpserv03 &>tcpcli03 206.62.226.35 hello hello ^D child 21288 terminated

21282 p1 S ./tcpserv0321284 p1 Z (tcpcli03)21285 p1 Z (tcpcli03)21286 p1 Z (tcpcli03)21287 p1 Z (tcpcli03)

5.10 wait and waitpid Functions

• Difference between wait and waitpid– the problem is that all five signals are generated before the signal

handler is executed, and the signal handler is executed only one time because Unix signals are normally not queued.

• waitpid– we must specify the WNOHANG option: this tells waitpid not to

block if there exist running children that have not yet terminated.

void sig_chld(int signo){

pid_t pid;int stat;

while((pid = waitpid(-1,&stat,WNOHANG)) > 0)printf("child %d terminated\n", pid);

return;}

5.11 Connection Abort before accept Returns• The three-way handshake completes, the connection is

established, and then the client TCP sends an RST(reset). On the server side the connection is queued by its TCP, waiting for the server process to call accept when the RST arrives. Some time later the server process calls accept.

• Implementation

– BSD : kernel

– SVR4 : return an errno of EPROTO

– Posix.1g : return an errno of ECONNABORTED

• EPROTO : returned when some fatal protocol-related events occur on the streams subsystem.

– In the case of the ECONNABORTED error, the server can ignore the error and just call accept again.

5.12 Termination of Server Process

• Our client is not expecting to receive an end-of-file at this point so it quits with the error message “server terminated prematurely”.

solaris % tcpcli01 206.62.226.35

hello

hello

another line

str_cli: server terminated prematurely

SIGPIPE Signal

• What happens if the client the error return from readline and writes more data to the server ?– When a process writes to a socket that has received

an RST, the SIGPIPE signal is sent to the processDefault action of SIGPIPE: terminate the process

>tcpcli11 206.62.226.34hi therehi there

bye

Nothing is echoed for bye dataReason:the default action of SIGPIPE isterminate the process.

• What happens when the server host crashes, reboots, shutdowns