Post on 19-Mar-2020
Chapter 3States of Matter
Section 1Matter and Energy
Kinetic Theory∙All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles.
∙These particles are always in motion. The higher the temperature, the faster they move.At the same temperature, heavier particles move slower than lighter particles.
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Most matter on earth is found in 3 forms:1. solid Definite shape and definite volume. Particles packed closely together. Slow moving.
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Crystalline solids have orderly arrangements of atoms or molecules. Iron, diamonds, quartz, and ice.
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∙Amorphous Solids Atoms and molecules in no particular order. Change shape under certain conditions. Rubber, wax, glass.
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2.liquid Definite volume but no definite shape. Particles are spaced far enough apart so they move about easily. Move faster than particles in solid
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Surface tension causes liquid to form spherical drops. Caused by forces acting on particles at the surface of the liquid.
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3. gas No definite shape and no definite volume. Particles move fast enough to break away from each other
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http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/
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Plasma Fourth phase. Extremely rare on earth but makes up 99% of known matter in the universe. Particles move with extreme energy. Found on earth in lightening, fire, aurora borealis, and solar matter. Different from gas in that plasma can conduct electricity.
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4 Phases of Matter
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Energy The ability to change or move matter. The capacity to do work.
Thermal Energy The kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms.∙At higher temperatures, the faster the particles move.∙The faster the particles move, the more kinetic energy.∙The greater the kinetic energy, the greater the thermal energy.∙Kinetic energy also depends on the number of particles.
Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy.
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Phase changes from one form to another is a physical change.
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http://www.brainpop.com/science/matter/matterchangingstates/
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Changes requiring energy are called endothermic changes. ∙Melting solid to liquid
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Boiling liquid to gas
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Evaporation liquid to gas at the surface
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Sublimation Going from a solid directly to a gas. Dry ice.
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Changes that release energy are called exothermic changes.∙Condensation gas to a liquid
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∙Freezing liquid to a solid
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A phase change either gains energy or releases energy but the temperature does not change at the point where the change takes place. The energy is used to shift the molecules.
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Conservation of Mass and Energy
∙The Law of Conservation of Mass Mass cannot be created or destroyed.
∙The Law of Conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
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Section 2FluidsFluid Don’t have a fixed shape. Molecules are free to move about each other. Liquids and gases.
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Buoyant Force the upward force that fluids exert on matter.Fluids exert pressure (amount of force over a given area)
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Archimedes’ principle the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces.An object will sink or float based on its density and the density of the surrounding fluid.If the object has a smaller density, it will float. If it has a larger density, it will sink.
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Dr. Dad's PH3: Episode Two: Buoyancy
http://www.unitedstreaming.com/index.cfm?unique=92365EA4BCD431973AC3061D3BC120C5
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Fluids and Pressure∙All fluids exert pressure∙Pressure = force divided by area∙Reduce the area, you have greater pressure∙Increase the force, you have greater pressure
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Fluids exert pressure equally in all directions.∙Balloon∙Bubble
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Pascal’s Principle a change in pressure at any point in a fluid is transmitted equally throughout the fluid.
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Hydraulic devices use liquids to transmit pressure from one point to another.
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Fluids in MotionViscosity a liquid's resistance to motion
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Bernoulli’s Principle as the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure decreases
An airplane wingBlowing over a piece of paper
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Section 3 Behavior of Gases
Properties of Gases∙Gases have no definite shape or volume, and they expand to completely fill their container∙Gas particles move rapidly in all directions∙Gases are fluids∙Gas molecules are in constant motion, frequently colliding with each other and the container∙Gases have low densities because the molecules are far apart∙Gases are compressible∙Gases spread out easily and mix with other gases
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Boyle’s Law for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, as the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases. And as the pressure decreases, the volume increases.A bicycle pump being pushed down and the hose is kinked.
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Charles’ Law for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas increases as the temperature increases. And as the temperature decreases, the volume decreases.
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A marshmallow in a microwave.
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GayLussac’s Law the pressure of a gas increases as the temperature increases if the volume of the gas does not change.
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United Streaming Video:States of Matter
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