Chapter 3

BIOCHEMISTRY

3-1: Carbon Compounds

• Who’s made of them???

Organic Compounds Vs. Inorganic

• Carbon, carbon, carbon!

• Living organisms...mostly __________– Almost

everything else is _________!

• No carbon

CARBON

• # valence electrons?

• Wants to bond to

• Forms:

What are the

“lines”?• Each C forms HOW MANY bonds?

Single, Dbl, Tpl

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• Clusters of • Hydroxyl groups • Soluble in

Making Large Carbon Molecules:

“MACROMOLECULES”

• MONOMER: • POLYMER:

How’s It Work?

• Condensation Reactions

Figure 3.4 Condensation of Polymers : Water is removed; Cov bond forms b/w monomers

• In words...

• WATER comes from

• Monomers? Polymer?

DM.Tasty. Gotta

break it down. HOW?

• Reactions• REVERSE of• is USED to break

bonds

Figure 3.4 Hydrolysis of Polymers– water is added; cov bond b/w monomers is broken

ACT IT OUT!

• You’re lots of monomers• One by one you link up.....

“??? reactions?”• Now you’re a .... “???”• Now one by one you break

up... “??? Reactions?”• Now you’re “???”

ATP

• A t p • 3 “parts”:• Phosphates joined by

• Break releases

• reaction

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3-2: Organic 3-2: Organic CompoundsCompounds

What is an organic What is an organic compound???compound???

• Compounds made up of ...Compounds made up of ...

• C, H, OC, H, O

ProteinsProteins• Monomers: Amino Acids, peptide

bonded together

• C,H,O, N & Sometimes S

• Major use?– Structural (keratin)– Functional (enzymes, hemoglobin)

http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60044.htm

Amino AcidsAmino Acids• (monomers for proteins)

• basic structure– Central carbon atom– A single Hydrogen atom– A Carboxyl group– An amino group– R group

R group

Peptide BondsPeptide Bonds• Special covalent bond

– condensation reaction

Amino AcidsAmino Acids• 20 different ones used by human body

• Body produces most – not all; not in great enough quantities

• Two categories– Essential - must be obtained by food– Non-essential - produced by human body

Amino Acids in FoodAmino Acids in Food• plants and seeds

• Animal products– Ex. Eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and beef

1 type of Protein: Enzymes1 type of Protein: Enzymes•Biological catalysts

•ESSENTIAL FOR CELL FUNCTION!!!

•Substrate(s) fits @ active site(s)

•Reaction occurs here product(s)

Draw it!!

EnzymesEnzymes

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Fast Food Math

LipidsLipids• C,H,O & Non-polar

– NOT soluble in water

• Examples include… – Fats-- Triglycerides – Oils– Waxes

• Uses:– Cell membranes--phospholipids– Steroid hormones

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Lipids...more usesLipids...more uses

• Excess fats stored by the body– Under skin for warmth– Around organs for protection

• Long-term (stored)

source of energy!!!

LipidsLipids• Monomers: glycerol &

fatty acids• Diff Structures:

– Saturated• all C atoms connected with

single bonds

– Unsaturated• At least one C bond is a

double bond

– Polyunsaturated• Two or more bonds are double

Ex: phospholipids, butter, oils

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Monomer: sugar

• C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio

• Short-term source of energy– (cell respiration)– Sugars are quickly converted to ATP

• Usable energy

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Three types of sugars

– Monosaccharides• Simple, one sugar

– Disaccharides• Two chemically bonded monosaccharides

– Polysaccharides• Complex, made up of many monosaccharides• Requires use of enzyme to break down to

useable form

http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60029.htm

Ex: glucose, glycogen, sucrose

Ex: glucose, glycogen, sucrose

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids• 2 examples/types:2 examples/types:

• DNADNA– Deoxyribonucleic acidDeoxyribonucleic acid

• RNARNA– Ribonucleic Ribonucleic

acidacid

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For both:For both:

• Monomer: Nucleotide– Three parts

• Phosphate group• Five-carbon sugar• Ring shaped nitrogenous base

p. 60 #1-5, 7, 8, 10

Pineapple Enzyme LabPineapple Enzyme LabPrediction TablePrediction Table

Name Which cup Why?

Pineapple Enzyme LabPineapple Enzyme LabData TableData Table

Cup Qualitative observations

Jello only

Jello+Fresh

Jello+Canned

Pineapple enzyme labPineapple enzyme labPROCEDURE: • Label all cups with your period & team name and

label them: FRESH, CANNED, PLAIN• Make Jello according to instructions on box. • Put one piece of canned pineapple in the “CANNED”

cup.• Put one piece of fresh pineapple into the “FRESH”

cup. • Carefully pour 15mL of Jello into each of your three

cups• MEASURE CAREFULLY, THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT!!• Refrigerate overnight. Make qualitative observations

tomorrow.• CLEAN UP YOUR LAB AREA!!!CLEAN UP YOUR LAB AREA!!!

– You will lose points if you leave it a mess