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Transcript of Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
BIOCHEMISTRY
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3-1: Carbon Compounds
• Who’s made of them???
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Organic Compounds Vs. Inorganic
• Carbon, carbon, carbon!
• Living organisms...mostly __________– Almost
everything else is _________!
• No carbon
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CARBON
• # valence electrons?
• Wants to bond to
• Forms:
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What are the
“lines”?• Each C forms HOW MANY bonds?
Single, Dbl, Tpl
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• Clusters of • Hydroxyl groups • Soluble in
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Making Large Carbon Molecules:
“MACROMOLECULES”
• MONOMER: • POLYMER:
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How’s It Work?
• Condensation Reactions
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Figure 3.4 Condensation of Polymers : Water is removed; Cov bond forms b/w monomers
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• In words...
• WATER comes from
• Monomers? Polymer?
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DM.Tasty. Gotta
break it down. HOW?
• Reactions• REVERSE of• is USED to break
bonds
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Figure 3.4 Hydrolysis of Polymers– water is added; cov bond b/w monomers is broken
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ACT IT OUT!
• You’re lots of monomers• One by one you link up.....
“??? reactions?”• Now you’re a .... “???”• Now one by one you break
up... “??? Reactions?”• Now you’re “???”
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ATP
• A t p • 3 “parts”:• Phosphates joined by
• Break releases
• reaction
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http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60028.htm
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Page 54: 1-3, 5-7, 10
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3-2: Organic 3-2: Organic CompoundsCompounds
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What is an organic What is an organic compound???compound???
• Compounds made up of ...Compounds made up of ...
• C, H, OC, H, O
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ProteinsProteins• Monomers: Amino Acids, peptide
bonded together
• C,H,O, N & Sometimes S
• Major use?– Structural (keratin)– Functional (enzymes, hemoglobin)
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60044.htm
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Amino AcidsAmino Acids• (monomers for proteins)
• basic structure– Central carbon atom– A single Hydrogen atom– A Carboxyl group– An amino group– R group
R group
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Peptide BondsPeptide Bonds• Special covalent bond
– condensation reaction
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Amino AcidsAmino Acids• 20 different ones used by human body
• Body produces most – not all; not in great enough quantities
• Two categories– Essential - must be obtained by food– Non-essential - produced by human body
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Amino Acids in FoodAmino Acids in Food• plants and seeds
• Animal products– Ex. Eggs, milk, fish, poultry, and beef
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1 type of Protein: Enzymes1 type of Protein: Enzymes•Biological catalysts
•ESSENTIAL FOR CELL FUNCTION!!!
•Substrate(s) fits @ active site(s)
•Reaction occurs here product(s)
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Draw it!!
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EnzymesEnzymes
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60034.htm
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Fast Food Math
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LipidsLipids• C,H,O & Non-polar
– NOT soluble in water
• Examples include… – Fats-- Triglycerides – Oils– Waxes
• Uses:– Cell membranes--phospholipids– Steroid hormones
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60035.htm
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Lipids...more usesLipids...more uses
• Excess fats stored by the body– Under skin for warmth– Around organs for protection
• Long-term (stored)
source of energy!!!
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LipidsLipids• Monomers: glycerol &
fatty acids• Diff Structures:
– Saturated• all C atoms connected with
single bonds
– Unsaturated• At least one C bond is a
double bond
– Polyunsaturated• Two or more bonds are double
Ex: phospholipids, butter, oils
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Monomer: sugar
• C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio
• Short-term source of energy– (cell respiration)– Sugars are quickly converted to ATP
• Usable energy
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Three types of sugars
– Monosaccharides• Simple, one sugar
– Disaccharides• Two chemically bonded monosaccharides
– Polysaccharides• Complex, made up of many monosaccharides• Requires use of enzyme to break down to
useable form
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60029.htm
Ex: glucose, glycogen, sucrose
Ex: glucose, glycogen, sucrose
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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids• 2 examples/types:2 examples/types:
• DNADNA– Deoxyribonucleic acidDeoxyribonucleic acid
• RNARNA– Ribonucleic Ribonucleic
acidacid
http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60041.htm http://my.hrw.com/sh2/sh07_10/student/flash/visual_concepts/60041.htm
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For both:For both:
• Monomer: Nucleotide– Three parts
• Phosphate group• Five-carbon sugar• Ring shaped nitrogenous base
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p. 60 #1-5, 7, 8, 10
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Pineapple Enzyme LabPineapple Enzyme LabPrediction TablePrediction Table
Name Which cup Why?
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Pineapple Enzyme LabPineapple Enzyme LabData TableData Table
Cup Qualitative observations
Jello only
Jello+Fresh
Jello+Canned
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Pineapple enzyme labPineapple enzyme labPROCEDURE: • Label all cups with your period & team name and
label them: FRESH, CANNED, PLAIN• Make Jello according to instructions on box. • Put one piece of canned pineapple in the “CANNED”
cup.• Put one piece of fresh pineapple into the “FRESH”
cup. • Carefully pour 15mL of Jello into each of your three
cups• MEASURE CAREFULLY, THIS IS AN EXPERIMENT!!• Refrigerate overnight. Make qualitative observations
tomorrow.• CLEAN UP YOUR LAB AREA!!!CLEAN UP YOUR LAB AREA!!!
– You will lose points if you leave it a mess