Chapter 20The Atlantic World

Section 1

Let’s Recap!

• Last chapter: we learned about explorers from Portugal and Spain– They wanted to find a sea route to India/Asia – Portugal = went around Africa– Spain = went across the Atlantic…

• This chapter: Spain settles in the W. Hemisphere– Spain’s exploring all started with…………………….

Christopher Columbus! (NC)

• Who: Spanish Explorer• What: first explorer for Spain; he discovered

the Caribbean & led voyages to the new world for Spain

• Where: Spain, Caribbean• When: 1492• Why: his discovery of the Caribbean led to

opening the Americas/West. Hemisphere for exploration and settling colonies in the Americas

• After Columbus, others followed and went to the Americas for 3 reasons:– God – Glory – Gold

• They conquered local people• They settled colonies – brought their people

to live in the New World• Those explorers were called………………………

Conquistadors (NC)

• Who: Spanish explorers• What: Spanish explorers that conquered the

Americas looking for gold and silver• Where: Spain, Mexico, the Americas• When: 1500s• Why: these conquerors destroyed the ancient

American empires/tribes and brought European power to the Americas

1. Hernando Cortes (NC)

• Who: Spanish explorer/conquistador • What: Conquistador that settled in Mexico &

conquered the Aztecs• Where: Spain, Mexico• When: 1520• Why: was able to conquer the Aztecs (the

great MesoAmerican empire) because the Spanish had better weapons, diseases, & help of local groups

2. Francisco Pizarro

• Who: Spanish explorer/conquistador• What: he conquered Peru and destroyed the

Incan Empire• Where: Spain, Peru• When: 1532• Why: he killed Atahualpa (the Incan leader),

destroyed the Incan Empire, and created a Spanish Empire in South America.

Atahualpa• Who: Incan ruler• What: took over Incan Empire from his brother

after a civil war, resisted Christianity when the Spanish came

• Where: Peru• When: 1532• Why: he was conquered, tortured, & killed by

Pizarro (Spanish)= Incans were destroyed = Spanish created a colonial empire in the Americas

Spain’s pattern of conquest

• They lived among the native people: married them & had babies… (Mestizo)

• BUT they oppressed & exploited them for work & resources (Encomienda)

Mestizo (NC)

• Who: person of European & Native Am. descent

• What: children of 1 Spanish parent, 1 Native• Where: Mesoamerica, Spanish Colonial

America• When: 1500s-1600s• Why: these were a low class in colonial society

& had no rights but were above slaves

Encomienda (NC)

• Who: Spanish• What: a system of forced labor that the Spanish

Europeans enslaved the natives• Where: Mesamerica• When: 1500s-1600s• Why: this system oppressed the natives &

eventually was abolished; the abolishment of this system led to an increase in the use of African slaves = slave trade boomed

European Nations Settle North America

Section 2

• Portugal = went around Africa to get to Asia; claimed Brazil

• Spain = went around South America to get to Asia; claimed South America & Mexico

• French, English, & Dutch = looked in North America (Northwest Passage)– Didn’t find it….– Settled colonies instead…

1. France

• Important settlers:– Jacques Cartier – St. Lawrence River & Montreal– Samuel de Champlain – founded Quebec –

became “New France”• Settled Canada• Reasons: – To convert Native Americans to Catholic– Young, single men wanted $$ (Fur trade)– Didn’t want to settle, build towns, or raise families

New France (NC)

• Who: French• What: France’s colonial empire in North

America• Where: Quebec, Canada• When: 1608• Why: the French went for $$ with fur trade-

they took over Canada -> Canada is largely French & Catholic today

2. England

• Not single explorers but company of investors• Reasons:– Gold (Virginia – Jamestown)– Freedom of religion (Plymouth, Mass.- 2 groups)

Jamestown (NC)

• Who: London company of investors, • What: first settlement in North America• Where: Virginia• When: 1606• Why: settlement was destroyed because the

founders wanted to find gold & didn’t plant crops -> found tobacco & eventually learned

-> it became the first permanent settlement in North America

• Second colony: Plymouth, Massachusetts• There were 2 groups in Mass… – Pilgrims– Puritans

Pilgrims

• Who: religiously persecuted English• What: colonists that sought religious freedom

in the new world• Where: England; Plymouth, Mass. • When: 1620• Why: founded the 2nd colony in the new

world; famous for the Thanksgiving with the Native Americans we celebrate today

Puritans (NC)• Who: religiously persecuted English• What: They fled England to avoid religious

persecution & created a model colony for others to follow

• Where: England, Massachusetts• When: 1630• Why: They created a successful colony because

many families traveled & helped it grow; this was where the Salem Witch Trials were

3. Dutch (from the Netherlands)• Funded by a company of investors (not funded

by the King)– made the Dutch West India Company

• Reasons: Fur trade• Henry Hudson – main explorer– Found 3 waterways in North America (near

Canada) : Hudson River, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait

• Land claims: what is today Albany, New York

New Netherland (NC)

• Who: Dutch, Henry Hudson• What: the colonies owned by the Dutch in the

new world• Where: Fort Orange (Albany, New York)• When: 1621• Why: this colony slowly profited from the Fur

trade & they opened themselves to colonists from other countries

French & Indian War

• Who: British vs, French• What: a war b/n British & French over colonial

territories in the new world; known as the “Seven Years War” in Europe

• Where: Americas & Europe• When: 1754-1763• Why: spread to Europe, India, & Africa; The British

won Canada from France= they own it today; Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the war = ensured British dominance of North America

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Section 3

• Europeans go to the New World for resources (Fur, tobacco, Sugar, Cotton, etc)

• They don’t want to do the work, so they need someone to do it to make $$$

• So… SLAVES!!

Causes of slavery

• African rulers: slavery had existed for centuries & was justified b.c. slaves were prisoners of war; Rulers sold their Africans as slaves to the Europeans

• African Merchants: Merchants sell things to make $$$- the demand was African slaves so the merchants sold the slaves for a profit

• European colonization of Americas: natives were dying left & right- they needed labor… Africans were immune to the diseases, could farm, were less likely to escape, & their skin made it easier to catch them

• Portuguese settlement of Brazil: Brazil’s crop was sugar and they needed a lot of cheap labor to get it-- slaves

African Slave Trade

• Who: Africans, Europeans• What: the buying and selling of Africans for

work in the Americas as slaves• Where: Africa, the Americas• When: 1500-1870• Why: by the time the slave trade ended 9.5

million Africans had been transported to the Americas

Triangular Trade• Who: Europeans, Africans• What: transatlantic trading route with 3 routes transporting

‘goods’ back and forth• Where: Africa, Europe, America• When:• Why: 3 routes: – 1) Europeans took manufactured goods to Africa- gave the goods in

exchange for slaves; – 2) Europeans took the slaves to Americas, dropped off slaves & picked

up raw materials– 3) Europeans took the raw materials to England to make

manufactured goods to then sell

Middle Passage

African slaves• The voyage that brought captured Africans to the

Americas (route 2 on Triangular trade)• Why: Brutal voyage- 20% perished during it; those

that survived were sold into slavery in the Americas

Consequences of the Slave Trade

• African societies: devastating!!– lost generations of the fittest members– families were torn apart, & – introduced guns to their societies

• Enslaved Africans: – contributed greatly to the economic & cultural

development of the Americas with their labor & knowledge of farming

– Their culture influenced American societies

• American colonies: – they were able to survive off the raw materials the

Africans grew to then sell to the Europeans

• Present-day American cultures:– A substantial African-American population &

mixed race population – Slaves’ culture (music, art, religion) influenced

American culture

The Columbian Exchange & Global trade

Section 4

• Colonization of the Americas resulted in the exchange of new items around the world – (like the triangular trade but this is focused on

goods rather than slaves)– This exchange is called………………….

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange (NC)• Who: Europeans, Asians, Africans, Americans• What: the global transfer of foods, plants, animals

during the colonization of the Americas• Where: Europe, Africa, Americas• When: 1500-• Why: this transfer of goods introduced items

never seen before (tomatoes, pineapples, tobacco, turkey, pumpkin, corn, potatoes etc) & brought new food sources & diseases to all over the world

• This trading system led to people getting rich…• = the rich ppl. Invested their $$$ in more

colonizing & trading goods• = they formed companies focused on the

trade of goods • = this led to the creation of a new economic

system, called………………….

Capitalism• Who: Europeans• What: an economic system based on private

ownership & investment of $$$ for a profit• Where: Europe • When: 1600s - now• Why: – Governments no longer controlled business &

weren’t the only wealthy ones- – = businesses run by people & companies across

Europe grew & flourished; – This is how we are today

• With Capitalism (the new economic system) new types of companies formed..

• = instead of gov’ts controlling everything, people & companies did…

• These companies were called……………..

Joint-Stock Companies (NC)• Who: European investors & business men• What: a company where businessmen bought

stocks in a company- this combined wealth of many rich people = the company

• Where: Europe• When: 1600s• Why: – They funded voyages to the new world to est. colonies-

if the colony succeeded, the investor made a lotta $$; if the colony failed, the investor didn’t make money

– Today’s Stock market comes from this idea

• Capitalism- New Economic system• Joint-Stock Company – capitalist companies• = all this led to a new economic policy for the

European nations: Mercantilism

Mercantilism (NC)• Who: European governments• What: a new economic policy that said that a country’s

power depended on wealth (not land anymore)• Where: Europe• When: 1600-1800s

• Why: b.c. of this new policy, the goal of every nation was to get the most wealth (not as much land)– The more colonies a country had = the more goods

produced = the more wealth– = European countries raced to get as many colonies

as possible