Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800 Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800

JapanJapanCivil War & the invasion of Korea (1500-1603)

Daimyo & SamuraiJapan – attacked Korea

- Hoping to conquer Korea and China- Turtle boats- Weakened Korea and strengthened Manchus

Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800) - Strong more centralized government

Japan and the Europeans • Jesuits arrive late 1500s • Limited success in converting the regional lords, did make a

significant number of converts among the farmers of southern and eastern Japan

• Rural rebellion (1630s) was blamed on Christians • Tokugawas ban Christianity, and close Japan to Europeans (with

exception of few Dutch traders @ Nagasaki harbor)– Required to have certificates from Buddhist temples - shipwrecked sailors

• Even placed restrictions on # of Chinese traders

Elite decline & social crisisRice economy – transformation from military to civil society

- Enriches rice traders, everyone else suffers- Samurai hurting financially – living on credit

- laws requiring forgiveness of Samurai debts- Stability of Samurai linked to stability of Shogun

- agriculture vs. merchants-1603-1800 Economy grew faster than population

Forty-Seven Ronin incident- Tradition vs civil authority- Tradition gives way, Ronin allowed to commit seppuku

Late Ming and Early Qing EmpiresLate Ming and Early Qing EmpiresThe Ming EmpireEconomic Growth

Demand for Ming porcelain (“china”)Chinese exports gobbled up the world’s silverLittle ice age effected China’s agriculture & political stability

Government policies and corruption lead to collapse

Ming Collapse and the rise of the QingMing Collapse and the rise of the QingMongols – Mongolia

Unified in devotion to Dalai Lama (Tibetan Buddhism)1600 – Galdan restores them to military power

Manchus – ManchuriaJapanese sought their help in 1592-1598 invasion1644 – claimed China for their own when asked to help Ming generalEstablish Qing Empire and adopt Chinese institutions and policies

Trade and missionariesTrade

Portuguese first on scene (1513), embassy (1517), expelled (1522)Portuguese trade from Macao (1557)Spanish traded from outpost in Taiwan (1662), then Manila

Dutch East India Company (VOC) – displaced PortugueseWilling to kowtow to emperor,(will maintain trade privileges)

Missionaries in ChinaFranciscans, Dominicans (lower classes), and Jesuits (elites)Matteo Ricci – mastered language & classics, coopted Chinese culture into CatholicismJesuits also introduced latest science/technology

Emperor Kangxi (child prodigy)Period of economic, military, cultural achievementRepaired infrastructure, encouraged trade Contact with Russia – Amur River

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) – Jesuits used as interpretersFixed border along Amur river, regulated trade

Kangxi led troops to defeat Galdan and take Mongolia (1691) http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/GALDAN.html

Christian compromisesTolerated Confucian ancestor worshipBecomes a wedge, ultimately leads to missionaries expulsion

Chinese influences on EuropeSilk, tea, wallpaper, porcelain, jade, room dividers, fans, ivory – all via CantonQing political philosophy – championed by Voltaire as a model rulerTea & diplomacySingle point for all trade – Canton – Allowed control and taxationBritain and the Trade Deficit

British East India Co (EIC) replaces VOCMacartney Mission

British trade imbalance favoring ChinaRefused to kowtow – just a knee“Sorry, but I don’t need you” (letter to England)

Population and social stressEnvironmental Deterioration

Population growth intensified demand for foodBuilding leads to deforestationInfrastructure not maintained, corruption, inefficiency

The Russian EmpireThe Russian EmpireDrive across Northern AsiaRise of Muscovy (center of pwr under Golden Horde)

Annexed Novgorod in (1478), threw off Mongol yoke (1480)

Expanded South & East by Ivan IV, eventually to Ural Mts

Promoted Moscow as 3rd Rome, Tsar (Caesar)

Problem of seaport(s)Only seaport (Arkhangelsk) frozen most of yearCrimean Turks to south, Sweden to northwestSiberia to the east – untapped riches (esp fur)

http://www.worldology.com/Europe/europe_history_md.htm

First real attempt - Strogonov fur traders, move across Siberia all the way to Alaska

Tsar’s political control follows slowly – uses Siberia as a penal colony

Diversity of Siberia

RomanovsTime of Troubles – Swedish/Polish forces in MoscowBoyars (Nobles) support Mikhail Romanov (start of Romanov dynasty)

SerfsTied to land, hereditaryLargest % of population

Russian society & politics to 1725

Cossacks – bands/tribes living north of Black & Caspian SeasMore loyal to chieftain than political ruler

Used in the conquest of SiberiaUsed to defend Russia from invaders

The Russian Empire …The Russian Empire … continuedPeter the Great – greatest of the RomanovsWesternization

Traveled in disguise across Europe collecting technologyRealized that Trade = $ to spend on military

Why the big emphasis on Westernization?

Great Northern War (Sweden) gives Russia access to Baltic Uses Scorched Earth Policy to defeat Charles XII

St. Petersburg “Window to the West”Peter’s statement to Europe

“One ups” which French monarch

Upwards of 100,000 serfs die building ithttp://www.saint-petersburg.com/video/index.asp

Elites forced to move to St. Petersburg, dress European Why?

Women in public, education opened upImitates Prussian Military

Why Prussia?

No horse!

Moscow St. Petersburg

Growth of Russia

Oprichniki