Chapter 2 B Organic Chemistry

What is Organic Chemistry

Biosynthesis: living things making substances

Molecules made from Carbon, but it usually has Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

Carbon Dioxide is not an organic molecule.

Organic compounds:contain Carbon

can be made by an organism

Carbon has 4 valence e-

can bond w/ up to 4 atoms

can form single, double, triple bonds

can form chains & rings

Carbon – the building block

4 kinds of Organic Compounds

1) Carbohydrates

2) Lipids

3) Proteins

4) Nucleic acids

CarbohydratesCH2O - Hydrated Carbon

carbohydrates = saccharides

C(OH2) hydrated Carbon

3 types of simple sugars

1. monosaccharides

ex: ribose, glucose, fructose

2. disaccharides

ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose

3. polysaccharide

ex: starch, glycogen, cellulose

Starch

an energy source stored by plants

Glycogen

an energy storage molecule in humans

Cellulose

makes plants strong

isn’t digestible to most animals

roughage (fiber) in diet

Dehydration Synthesis

How are organic molecules made?

dehydration – remove water

synthesis – to make

Dehydration Synthesis is “to make by removing water”

Dehydration Synthesis

http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/biochemistry/

Hydrolysis

How are organic molecules broken down?

hydro – water

lys – to break

Hydrolysis is “to break by adding water”

Hydrolysis

http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201111230226161476457.png

Lipids (fats, waxes, cholesterol, oil, phospholipids)

* made of fatty acids & glycerol

* do not dissolve in H2O

* contains most energy/ gram

Lipids

Glycerol Molecule

Glycerol (circled in red) and

3 Fatty Acid Chains

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fat.jpg

Lipids

A glycerol molecule connected to 3 fattyAcid chains.

Lipids can be

* saturated with H

solid at room temp

ex: crisco, butter, cholesterol

* unsaturated

has C=C (double bonds)

liquid at room temperature

ex: olive oil

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fat.jpg

Phospholipids

hydrophobic tail

hydrophilic head

Phospholipids

Cellular Membrane is composed of a Phospholipid bilayer

Proteins• wide variety

• made of amino acids

amine acid

group group

-NH3 -COO

amino acid

Building a protein

Amino Acids

http://njms2.umdnj.edu/biochweb/education/bioweb/PreK2010/aminoacids.gif

Proteins

• amino acids linked by peptide bond

forms polypeptide chain

Critical for proteins to be functional

1.chain fold into 3D protein shape

2.sequence of amino acids

determines the protein

Polypeptide Chain

Hemoglobin

Ribosome

http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m3tiv4YgRX1r9duat.jpg

Enzymes = biological catalyst

Enzymes are proteins!!

Enzymes allow reactions (rxn) to occur in living things with out dangerous energy levels

Enzymes usually end in –aseAmylaseCatalaseProteaseLipase CellulasePepsin (but not always end in –ase)

Enzymes

1) proteins

2) highly specific

3) require energy

4) may require coenzymes

5) affected by heat, radiation, pH, chemicals

6) often work in series

7) have active sites

Enzyme Activity

Lego Enzyme Animation

Enzyme lowers Activation Energy

http://njms2.umdnj.edu/biochweb/education/bioweb/PreK2010/EnzymeActivationEnergy2.gif

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

• found in the nucleus

DNA

• material of heredity = genes

• structure determined by

Watson & Crick, 1953

They stole it from Rosalind Strickland

• blueprint for making itself

DNA = double chain of nucleotides

1) sugar = deoxyribose

2) phosphate

3) base

DNA replication

making 2 new DNA molecules from an old 1

RNA

uracil instead of thymine

ribose instead of deoxyribose

Not too painful, was it?

We have knocked this chapter out

Do I have bad breath??