Post on 20-Aug-2018
Chapter 18: An Emerging World Power
Unit 5
Section 1: The Roots of Imperialism
The Causes of Imperialism
• Age of Imperialism: mid-1800s into the early 1900s
• Nations were doing everything they could to expand their influence across the globe
• Imperialism—the policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories.
Imperialists Seek Economic Benefits • New colonies
meant more access for countries to gather raw materials and natural resources
• Imperialist countries would extract the materials they wanted from the colonies, and ship them back to the home country – Extractive economy
Imperialists Seek Economic Benefits
• The United States had an abundance of resources and was not interested in colonizing in the 19th century
• The US economy was booming and we were producing more than we could consume
– Supply and demand = economic issues started to arise
• We became more interested in trading/selling our goods with new markets (in new countries)
Imperialists Stress Military Strength
• To protect their new territories abroad, countries began to expand and strengthen their militaries
• The United States started to do the same – Drive to gain foreign bases
where American ships could refuel
– US Navy began to expand and create better ships
Imperialists Believe in National Superiority
• US feared that the country would fail because we were not going out and colonizing other places, like the other world powers
• Social Darwinism allowed countries to dominate new territories – Racial, national, and cultural
superiority – Manifest Destiny…
US Power Grows in the Pacific
• Through diplomacy (and gifts), the US gained trade rights with Japan and got the Midway Islands
• The US increased trade with the Hawaiian Islands and built a naval base at Pearl Harbor
Seward Purchases Alaska
• 1867
• Secretary of State William Seward buys Alaska from Russia
– $7.2 million
• Seen as a foolish move but…
– Doubled the size of the US
– Rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources
Section 2: The Spanish-American War
Introduction • Spain was a serious military and imperialist
power at the turn of the 20th century
• Spain had control of the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Cuba
Cubans Rebel Against Spanish Rule
• 1895 Jose Marti launched a war for independence against Spain
• America had a real interest in this: – $50 million had been invested in
sugar cane plantations on the island
• Rebel forces used guerrilla tactics against Spanish forces, but the Spanish fought back by depriving food and recruits – Tens of thousands of Cubans died of
disease and starvation
The Yellow Press Inflames Opinion
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were journalists who used the Yellow Press (or Yellow Journalism) – This form of journalism exaggerated Spanish
atrocities and compared Cuban rebels to the patriots of the American Revolution
The Yellow Press Inflames Opinion
• President McKinley warned the Spanish to establish peace, or else the US would step in
• Spain couldn’t stop continued violence, so McKinley ordered the US battleship Maine to Havana harbor to protect Americans
• Zimmermann Note
– Incited American jingoism
The Maine Blows Up
• Soon after the Zimmermann Note was published, the Maine exploded
• 266/350 Americans died
• Yellow Press ran the story saying that Spain had blown up the ship – Reality?
• America mobilized for war – “Remember the Maine!”
The Nation Goes to War
• April 11, 1898 McKinley asked Congress to use force against the Spanish in Cuba
• Congress agreed, but added the Teller Amendment – This stipulation said that the
US had no intention of annexing Cuba
War in the Philippines
• May 1, 1898, George Dewey moved the American navy into the Philippines and surprised the Spanish fleet – Completely destroyed the
Spanish fleet and killed 400 soldiers (no Americans dead)
– Eventually, between the American naval assault and the Filipino nationalists rebelling on land, Spain gave up control of the area
US Forces Win in Cuba
• June 1898 • US Marines captured
Guantanamo Bay and American forces stormed the shore
• Americans unprepared for Cuba • Rough Riders were sent in
– Cavalry unit, led by the future President Theodore Roosevelt
– Joined by African American soldiers from the Ninth and Tenth Cavalries
• With a blockade to stop the Spanish and the fighting on the island, eventually Spain gave up
Effects of the War
• Treaty of Paris
– December 1898
– Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam
– Sold the Philippines to the US ($20 million)
• Imperialism or Isolationism??
Section 3: The U.S. and East Asia
Guerrilla War Erupts in the Philippines
• Filipinos wanted independence from America, war broke out
• 5,000 Americans were killed
• 100,000 Filipinos were killed
• Filipinos lost the fight, the Philippines remained in control of the US
Reforms Lead to Promise of Self-Rule
• 1901, William Taft (future president) became the governor of the Philippines
• He limited some aspects of life (like journalism) but also helped to build schools, roads, and bridges
• Jones Act – Pledged that the Philippines would eventually gain
their independence
– Doesn’t happen until the end of WWII
America Declares Equal Trade in China
• China had been divided up into Spheres of Influence – Britain, France, Germany, Russia,
Japan – US did not have it’s own zone
• America claims it has every right to open markets with China…meant something to China, but not the other countries
• John Hay pushed America’s Open Door Policy – Stated that America didn’t want
colonies in China, it simply wanted to trade with the Chinese
The Boxer Rebellion
• Righteous and Harmonious Fists (The Boxers) were a group of angry Chinese – Secret society that was
against foreigners and Chinese converts to Christianity
• May 1900: – Boxer Rebellion
• The Boxers went in and killed foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians
• Foreign troops (including 2,000 Americans) squashed the rebellion
Russo-Japanese War
• 1905 Russia and Japan met in New Hampshire to negotiate an end of the war.
• President Theodore Roosevelt intervened and helped the two to sign a peace treaty
• Roosevelt ended up winning a Nobel Peace Prize and this helped boost America’s strength on the world stage
Gentlemen’s Agreement
• Anti-Asian sentiments were growing in the US
• Segregated schools and housing in California
• Gentlemen’s Agreement
– Quota laws in return for less prejudice
Section 4: The U.S. and Latin America
Civil Government in Puerto Rico
• 1900: Congress passes the Foraker Act – Established a civil government in Puerto
Rico – The president could appoint a governor
and part of the Puerto Rican legislature – Puerto Ricans could fill the rest of the
seas
• 1917: President Wilson signs the Jones-Shafroth Act – Granted Puerto Ricans more citizenship
rights and gave islanders greater control over their legislature
Theodore Roosevelt and “Big Stick” Diplomacy
• President Roosevelt felt that it was the U.S.’s duty to “civilize” and “uplift” weaker areas of the world – “Speak softly and
carry a big stick” • If necessary, the
military would be used to enforce any of the President’s/U.S.’s policies
The Panama Canal • U.S. bought the Panama route for $40 million • Issue was, the Colombian government controlled Panama at the
time, and would not allow the U.S. to do anything with the territory • Roosevelt stepped in using “Big Stick” Diplomacy
– Sent U.S. warships down to Panama to assist the Panamanians in rebelling against Colombia
• Canal was a huge feat, but had a big payoff – Cut about 8,000 miles off the trip from the west coast to the east
coast of the US
Roosevelt Updates the Monroe Doctrine
• Recap: – Monroe Doctrine was established to keep out any
European countries from interfering with things in the Western Hemisphere
– Basically: meant to stop any new European colonies in the Americas
• Roosevelt Corollary – Built on Monroe Doctrine – Said that if there were any issues in Latin America,
Europe could NOT intervene. The U.S. would use it’s military force to restore order.
Taft and “Dollar” Diplomacy
• William Howard Taft wins the Presidency in 1908
• Taft agreed with Roosevelt’s imperialistic views, but thought military force wasn’t the best option
• Dollar Diplomacy: – Investing money into weaker
nations to get what you want
– Set up businesses, establish railways, mines, oil wells, etc.
Wilson and “Moral” Diplomacy
• Wilson wins the presidential election in 1912
• He promised that the US would never invade another territory using force, instead we would promote:
– Human rights
– National integrity
– And opportunity