Post on 21-Jan-2016
Chapter 16
Discussion and Review
Fr. Land Belonging to Br. Kings
• A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings.
• Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest].
Conflict Over Flanders
• Wool industry.
• Flanders wants its independence from French control.
• Asks England for help.
The ‘dagger’ pointing at the
‘heart’ of England!
4. A Struggle for National Identity• France was NOT a
united country before the war began.
• The French king only controlled about half of the country.
Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453
French Advantages
• Population of about 16,000,000.
• Far richer and more populous than England.
• At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000 at most, Britain mustered only 32,000.
British Advantages
• Weapons Technologies.
• In almost every engagement, the English were outnumbered.– Britain’s most successful strategies:
/ Avoid pitched battles./ Engage in quick, profitable raids
– Steal what you can.– Destroy everything else.– Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom.
• The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow.
• Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow.– Could pierce an inch of wood or the
armor of a knight at 200 yards!• A longbow could be fired more
rapidly.– 6 arrows per minute.
The Longbow as a Weapon
The Longbow as a Weapon
Early English VictoriesEarly English Victories
Height of English Dominance
Height of English Dominance
Joan of Arc (1412-1432)• The daughter of prosperous peasants
from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English.
• Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation.– Her “voices” told her to go to the king
and assist him in driving out the English.• She dressed like a man and was Charles’
most charismatic and feared military leader!
Cannons Used at Orleans
Cannons Used at Orleans
Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to
the King
Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to
the King
Joan of Arc (1412-1432)• She brought inspiration and a sense of national
identity and self-confidence.• With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending
the “disinheritance”].• She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell
into English hands.– Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine
guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432.
– She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.
Joan of Arc: Turning point
• From 1429 to 1431, From 1429 to 1431, Joan’s successes in Joan’s successes in battle rallied the battle rallied the French forces to French forces to victory. victory.
• French armies French armies continued to win continued to win even after she was even after she was executed by the executed by the English for heresy. English for heresy.
Joan as a “Feminist” Symbol Today?
The End of the War• Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance
continued.• By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers
except Calais.• In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held
fortress.– This was the last battle of the war.
• There was no treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.
France Becomes Unified!France Becomes Unified!
France in 1337
France in 1453
Emergence of Monarchs• Affects of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)– Monarchs had a stronger central government, more stable
national boundaries, and stronger representative institutions• New military technology – The longbow, crossbow (metal tipped arrows) and firearm
made soldiers more important and knights less valuable. – made castles and knights obsolete– Development of professional standing army
• Taxed land, merchants, and church
• Parliamentary Institution– Became a permanent check on royal power– Parliament in England– Estates General in France
Black Death• By 1347, the bubonic
plague had spread to Europe
• The bubonic plague, or "Black Death” strikes – 3 forms:
• Bubonic (flea bite), Pneumonic (air), Septemic (bodily fluid)
The CulpritsThe Culprits
1347: Plague 1347: Plague Reaches Reaches
Constantinople!Constantinople!
The The SymptomsSymptoms
Bulbous
Septicemia Form:
almost 100% mortality rate.
The Disease The Disease CycleCycle
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the
bacteria.
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the
bacteria.
Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.
Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Human is infected!Human is infected!
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
Bring out your dead!
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
An obsession with death.
The victims ate lunch with their friends and
dinner with their ancestors.
The The Danse Danse MacabreMacabre
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
A Doctor’s Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our
sins!
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlaguePograms against the
Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
Death Triumphant !:Death Triumphant !:A Major Artistic A Major Artistic
ThemeTheme
A Little Macabre A Little Macabre DittyDitty“A sickly season,” the merchant said,
“The town I left was filled with dead,and everywhere these queer red fliescrawled upon the corpses’ eyes,eating them away.”
“Fair make you sick,” the merchant said,“They crawled upon the wine and bread.Pale priests with oil and books,bulging eyes and crazy looks,dropping like the flies.”
A Little Macabre A Little Macabre Ditty (2)Ditty (2)“I had to laugh,” the merchant said,
“The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled;“And proved through solemn disputation“The cause lay in some constellation.“Then they began to die.”
“First they sneezed,” the merchant said,“And then they turned the brightest red,Begged for water, then fell back.With bulging eyes and face turned black,they waited for the flies.”
A Little Macabre A Little Macabre Ditty (3)Ditty (3)“I came away,the merchant said,
“You can’t do business with the dead.“So I’ve come here to ply my trade.“You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…”
And then he sneezed……….!
The Mortality
Rate35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!
1200 - 1500
• Major problems – the Black Death
• Killed 1/3 of Western Europeans 25 million• Led to peasant revolutions, end to serfdom, demand for higher wages
• Improvements– wars led to technological innovation and eventual unity, with
strong centralized governments• Crossbow with metal tipped arrows and gunpowder
• Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth– Leonardo Da’Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper)– Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David)
• By 1500 Europeans were extending their reach around the world.
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
• Italian city-states had grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing.
“New Learning” and Medieval ThoughtCreates Problems For???
– Many of the new ideas were based on logic and reason• Challenged Christianity
• Christian scholars, tried to resolve the conflict between faith and reason.
• Scholasticism used logic to support Christian beliefs.
The Role of Florence
• center of banking, trade and manufacturing
• Became the cultural center of Europe whose patron influence by the Medici Family made it possible
Humanism’s Impact• Results • Focused on secular themes not religious• Experienced an age in which artistic, social,
scientific and political thought turned in new directions
• Appreciation for the arts as a product of mankind; not just a religious symbol
Machiavelli• Niccolò Machiavelli, was an
Italian statesman and writer • His best-known work, The
Prince, describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for rulers to gain and keep power.
• Prince must rule with fear but avoid being hated
Works of Renaissance Artists
Ninja Turtles named after 4 Renaissance Artists
2. Perspective2. Perspective
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
First use First use of linear of linear
perspective!perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
� The The TrinityTrinity
� MasaccioMasaccio
� 14271427
What you What you are, I once are, I once was; what I was; what I am, you will am, you will
become.become.
3. Classicism3. Classicism
� Greco-Roman influence.
� Secularism.
� Humanism.
� Individualism free standing figures.
� Symmetry/BalanceThe The “Classical Pose”“Classical Pose”
Medici “Venus” (1c)Medici “Venus” (1c)
5. Geometrical 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Arrangement of
FiguresFigures� The Dreyfus The Dreyfus
Madonna Madonna with the with the PomegranatPomegranatee
� Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci
� 14691469
� The figure as The figure as architecture!architecture!
Florence Under the Florence Under the MediciMedici
Medici ChapelMedici Chapel
The Medici PalaceThe Medici Palace
Dome Dome ComparisonsComparisons
Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital
(Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)
� David by David by DonatelloDonatello
� 14301430
� First free-form bronze First free-form bronze since Roman times!since Roman times!
The Liberation The Liberation of Sculptureof Sculpture
The Baptism of ChristThe Baptism of Christ Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475
Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci
1.1. Self-Portrait Self-Portrait -- da -- da Vinci, 1512Vinci, 1512
1452 - 15191452 - 1519
� Artist
� Sculptor
� Architect
� Scientist
� Engineer
� Inventor
The Renaissance “Man”The Renaissance “Man”
� Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.
� Deep knowledge/skill in one area.� Able to link information from
different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.
� The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.
Leonardo, Leonardo, the Artistthe Artist
� The Virgin The Virgin of the Rocks of the Rocks
� Leonardo daLeonardo daVinciVinci
� 1483-14861483-1486
Mona LisaMona Lisa – da Vinci, – da Vinci, 1503-41503-4
A Macaroni MonaA Macaroni Mona
A Picasso MonaA Picasso Mona
Mona LisaMona Lisa OROR da da Vinci??Vinci??
The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498& Geometry& Geometry
horizontal
vert
ical
PerspectivPerspective!e!
The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498
� Detail of Detail of JesusJesus
� The Last The Last SupperSupper
� Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci
� 14981498
DeterioratDeteriorationion
A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:St. John St. John oror Mary Magdalene? Mary Magdalene?
Leonardo, the SculptorLeonardo, the Sculptor
� An An Equestrian Equestrian StatueStatue
� 1516-15181516-1518
Leonardo, the Architect:Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
� Study of a Study of a central central church.church.
� 14881488
Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):(Biology):Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
� An example of An example of the humanist the humanist desire to desire to unlock the unlock the secrets of secrets of nature.nature.
Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): (Anatomy):
Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Leonardo, the Leonardo, the Inventor:Inventor:
Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Man Can Fly?Man Can Fly?
A study of siege A study of siege defenses.defenses.
Studies of water-lifting Studies of water-lifting devices.devices.
Leonardo, the Engineer: Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Pages from his
NotebookNotebook
Leonardo da Vinci….Leonardo da Vinci….
O investigator, do not O investigator, do not flatter yourself that you flatter yourself that you know the things nature know the things nature performs for herself, but performs for herself, but rejoice in knowing that rejoice in knowing that purpose of those things purpose of those things designed by your own designed by your own mind.mind.
Comparing DomesComparing Domes
2.2. Michelangelo Michelangelo BuonorratiBuonorrati
� 1475 – 15641475 – 1564
� He He represented represented the body in the body in three three dimensions dimensions of sculpture.of sculpture.
� DavidDavid
� MichelangelMichelangelooBuonarottiBuonarotti
� 15041504
� MarbleMarble
15c15c
16c16c
WhatWhat
aa
differencedifference
aa
centurycentury
makes!makes!
� The PietaThe Pieta
� MichelangeMichelangeloloBuonarrotiBuonarroti
� 14991499
� marblemarble
The Popes as Patrons The Popes as Patrons of the Artsof the Arts
The Sistine The Sistine ChapelChapel
MichelangelMichelangelo Buonarrotio Buonarroti
1508 - 15121508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel’s The Sistine Chapel’s CeilingCeiling
Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 15121508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
The The Creation Creation
of the of the HeavensHeavens
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
Creation of ManCreation of Man
A Modern A Modern “Adaptation”“Adaptation”
Joe Gallo in the New York Daily News, 2004
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
The Fall The Fall from from GraceGrace
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
The Last JudgmentThe Last Judgment
3.3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483- Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520)1520)
Self-PortraitSelf-Portrait, 1506, 1506 Portrait of the Artist Portrait of the Artist with a Friendwith a Friend, 1518, 1518
Baldassare CastiglioneBaldassare Castiglione by by Raphael,Raphael,
1514-15151514-1515� Castiglione Castiglione
represented represented the humanist the humanist “gentleman” “gentleman” as a man of as a man of refinement refinement and self-and self-control.control.
PerspectivPerspective!e!
PerspectivPerspective!e!
BetrothBetrothal al
of the of the Virgin Virgin
RaphaelRaphael
15041504
Raphael’sRaphael’s Canagiani Canagiani Madonna, Madonna, 15071507
Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas (1)(1)
Sistine MadonnaSistine Madonna Cowpepper MadonnaCowpepper Madonna
Madonna della SediaMadonna della Sedia Alba MadonnaAlba Madonna
Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas (2)(2)
The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, 1510 -11Raphael, 1510 -11
Raphael
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to thisearth [theearth [thehere andhere and
now].now].
PlatoPlato::looks to thelooks to theheavens [or heavens [or
the IDEALthe IDEALrealm].realm].
The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, detailsRaphael, details
ZoroasterZoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
The Liberation of St. The Liberation of St. PeterPeter by Raphael, 1514 by Raphael, 1514
Portrait of Pope Julius IIPortrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512by Raphael, 1511-1512
� More concerned More concerned with politics than with politics than with theology.with theology.
� The “Warrior The “Warrior Pope.”Pope.”
� Great patron of Great patron of Renaissance Renaissance artists, especially artists, especially Raphael & Raphael & Michelangelo.Michelangelo.
� Died in 1513Died in 1513
Pope Leo X with Cardinal Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Rossi Rossi by Raphael, 1518-1519 by Raphael, 1518-1519� A Medici Pope.A Medici Pope.
� He went through He went through the Vatican the Vatican treasury in a treasury in a year!year!
� His extravagances His extravagances offended even offended even some cardinals some cardinals [[as well as Martin as well as Martin LutherLuther!].!].
� Started selling Started selling indulgencesindulgences..
Rise of cities• Trading cities in Europe– Offered social freedoms– Often independent states– Often charter (immunity) cities where residents could
claim freedom
• Merchant Banking–Organized private shareholding companies,
developed checking accounts, improved bookkeeping techniques
• Led to a growing middle or merchant class
Describe the changes in civic life associated with urban growth in later medieval Europe.
• Jews– were connected to the growing fields of business and
money-lending.– Often blamed and persecuted for social ills– Catholic church condemned usury (charging interest on
loans)• Guilds – association of craft specialist– regulated business practices and the labor of the
working classes – reinforced the divisions of male and female work.
• Agricultural and commercial surpluses spurred technological, artistic, and architectural growth.
The Printing Revolution• Printing originated – China, but western Europeans improved
it significantly – Johann Gutenberg – Perfected the art of printing in 1454– New ink suitable for printing on paper,
movable type consisting of individual letters, mechanical printing press (pressed ink type onto sheets of paper)
• Led to spread of literacy and European intellectual development.
Rise of Modern Universities in the Latin West
• College and universities• Emerged as the new centers of learning after
the 1200s • Became a degree seeking institution• Generally specialized in a particular branch of
learning– All courses taught in Latin
• By 1492, the Muslims were By 1492, the Muslims were driven out of the last driven out of the last Iberian stronghold Iberian stronghold (Granada)(Granada)
• First Spain and later Portugal expelled all Jews and Muslims from its territory
The Reconquista The Reconquista