Chapter 16

Discussion and Review

Fr. Land Belonging to Br. Kings

• A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings.

• Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest].

Conflict Over Flanders

• Wool industry.

• Flanders wants its independence from French control.

• Asks England for help.

The ‘dagger’ pointing at the

‘heart’ of England!

4. A Struggle for National Identity• France was NOT a

united country before the war began.

• The French king only controlled about half of the country.

Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453

French Advantages

• Population of about 16,000,000.

• Far richer and more populous than England.

• At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000 at most, Britain mustered only 32,000.

British Advantages

• Weapons Technologies.

• In almost every engagement, the English were outnumbered.– Britain’s most successful strategies:

/ Avoid pitched battles./ Engage in quick, profitable raids

– Steal what you can.– Destroy everything else.– Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom.

• The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow.

• Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow.– Could pierce an inch of wood or the

armor of a knight at 200 yards!• A longbow could be fired more

rapidly.– 6 arrows per minute.

The Longbow as a Weapon

The Longbow as a Weapon

Early English VictoriesEarly English Victories

Height of English Dominance

Height of English Dominance

Joan of Arc (1412-1432)• The daughter of prosperous peasants

from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English.

• Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation.– Her “voices” told her to go to the king

and assist him in driving out the English.• She dressed like a man and was Charles’

most charismatic and feared military leader!

Cannons Used at Orleans

Cannons Used at Orleans

Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to

the King

Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to

the King

Joan of Arc (1412-1432)• She brought inspiration and a sense of national

identity and self-confidence.• With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending

the “disinheritance”].• She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell

into English hands.– Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine

guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432.

– She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.

Joan of Arc: Turning point

• From 1429 to 1431, From 1429 to 1431, Joan’s successes in Joan’s successes in battle rallied the battle rallied the French forces to French forces to victory. victory.

• French armies French armies continued to win continued to win even after she was even after she was executed by the executed by the English for heresy. English for heresy.

Joan as a “Feminist” Symbol Today?

The End of the War• Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance

continued.• By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers

except Calais.• In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held

fortress.– This was the last battle of the war.

• There was no treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.

France Becomes Unified!France Becomes Unified!

France in 1337

France in 1453

Emergence of Monarchs• Affects of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)– Monarchs had a stronger central government, more stable

national boundaries, and stronger representative institutions• New military technology – The longbow, crossbow (metal tipped arrows) and firearm

made soldiers more important and knights less valuable. – made castles and knights obsolete– Development of professional standing army

• Taxed land, merchants, and church

• Parliamentary Institution– Became a permanent check on royal power– Parliament in England– Estates General in France

Black Death• By 1347, the bubonic

plague had spread to Europe

• The bubonic plague, or "Black Death” strikes – 3 forms:

• Bubonic (flea bite), Pneumonic (air), Septemic (bodily fluid)

The CulpritsThe Culprits

1347: Plague 1347: Plague Reaches Reaches

Constantinople!Constantinople!

The The SymptomsSymptoms

Bulbous

Septicemia Form:

almost 100% mortality rate.

The Disease The Disease CycleCycle

Flea drinks rat blood that carries the

bacteria.

Flea drinks rat blood that carries the

bacteria.

Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.

Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.

Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.

Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.

Human is infected!Human is infected!

Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague

Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague

Bring out your dead!

Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague

An obsession with death.

The victims ate lunch with their friends and

dinner with their ancestors.

The The Danse Danse MacabreMacabre

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

A Doctor’s Robe

“Leeching”

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our

sins!

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlaguePograms against the

Jews

“Jew” hat

“Golden Circle” obligatory badge

Death Triumphant !:Death Triumphant !:A Major Artistic A Major Artistic

ThemeTheme

A Little Macabre A Little Macabre DittyDitty“A sickly season,” the merchant said,

“The town I left was filled with dead,and everywhere these queer red fliescrawled upon the corpses’ eyes,eating them away.”

“Fair make you sick,” the merchant said,“They crawled upon the wine and bread.Pale priests with oil and books,bulging eyes and crazy looks,dropping like the flies.”

A Little Macabre A Little Macabre Ditty (2)Ditty (2)“I had to laugh,” the merchant said,

“The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled;“And proved through solemn disputation“The cause lay in some constellation.“Then they began to die.”

“First they sneezed,” the merchant said,“And then they turned the brightest red,Begged for water, then fell back.With bulging eyes and face turned black,they waited for the flies.”

A Little Macabre A Little Macabre Ditty (3)Ditty (3)“I came away,the merchant said,

“You can’t do business with the dead.“So I’ve come here to ply my trade.“You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…”

And then he sneezed……….!

The Mortality

Rate35% - 70%

25,000,000 dead !!!

1200 - 1500

• Major problems – the Black Death

• Killed 1/3 of Western Europeans 25 million• Led to peasant revolutions, end to serfdom, demand for higher wages

• Improvements– wars led to technological innovation and eventual unity, with

strong centralized governments• Crossbow with metal tipped arrows and gunpowder

• Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirth– Leonardo Da’Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper)– Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David)

• By 1500 Europeans were extending their reach around the world.

Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?

• Italian city-states had grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing.

“New Learning” and Medieval ThoughtCreates Problems For???

– Many of the new ideas were based on logic and reason• Challenged Christianity

• Christian scholars, tried to resolve the conflict between faith and reason.

• Scholasticism used logic to support Christian beliefs.

The Role of Florence

• center of banking, trade and manufacturing

• Became the cultural center of Europe whose patron influence by the Medici Family made it possible

Humanism’s Impact• Results • Focused on secular themes not religious• Experienced an age in which artistic, social,

scientific and political thought turned in new directions

• Appreciation for the arts as a product of mankind; not just a religious symbol

Machiavelli• Niccolò Machiavelli, was an

Italian statesman and writer • His best-known work, The

Prince, describes cunning and unscrupulous methods for rulers to gain and keep power.

• Prince must rule with fear but avoid being hated

Works of Renaissance Artists

Ninja Turtles named after 4 Renaissance Artists

2. Perspective2. Perspective

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

First use First use of linear of linear

perspective!perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

� The The TrinityTrinity

� MasaccioMasaccio

� 14271427

What you What you are, I once are, I once was; what I was; what I am, you will am, you will

become.become.

3. Classicism3. Classicism

� Greco-Roman influence.

� Secularism.

� Humanism.

� Individualism free standing figures.

� Symmetry/BalanceThe The “Classical Pose”“Classical Pose”

Medici “Venus” (1c)Medici “Venus” (1c)

5. Geometrical 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Arrangement of

FiguresFigures� The Dreyfus The Dreyfus

Madonna Madonna with the with the PomegranatPomegranatee

� Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci

� 14691469

� The figure as The figure as architecture!architecture!

Florence Under the Florence Under the MediciMedici

Medici ChapelMedici Chapel

The Medici PalaceThe Medici Palace

Dome Dome ComparisonsComparisons

Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital

(Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

� David by David by DonatelloDonatello

� 14301430

� First free-form bronze First free-form bronze since Roman times!since Roman times!

The Liberation The Liberation of Sculptureof Sculpture

The Baptism of ChristThe Baptism of Christ Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475Verrocchio, 1472 - 1475

Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci

1.1. Self-Portrait Self-Portrait -- da -- da Vinci, 1512Vinci, 1512

1452 - 15191452 - 1519

� Artist

� Sculptor

� Architect

� Scientist

� Engineer

� Inventor

The Renaissance “Man”The Renaissance “Man”

� Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.

� Deep knowledge/skill in one area.� Able to link information from

different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.

� The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.

Leonardo, Leonardo, the Artistthe Artist

� The Virgin The Virgin of the Rocks of the Rocks

� Leonardo daLeonardo daVinciVinci

� 1483-14861483-1486

Mona LisaMona Lisa – da Vinci, – da Vinci, 1503-41503-4

A Macaroni MonaA Macaroni Mona

A Picasso MonaA Picasso Mona

A “Mona”ca A “Mona”ca LewinskyLewinsky

Mona LisaMona Lisa OROR da da Vinci??Vinci??

The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498& Geometry& Geometry

horizontal

vert

ical

PerspectivPerspective!e!

The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498

� Detail of Detail of JesusJesus

� The Last The Last SupperSupper

� Leonardo Leonardo da Vincida Vinci

� 14981498

DeterioratDeteriorationion

A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:St. John St. John oror Mary Magdalene? Mary Magdalene?

Leonardo, the SculptorLeonardo, the Sculptor

� An An Equestrian Equestrian StatueStatue

� 1516-15181516-1518

Leonardo, the Architect:Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

� Study of a Study of a central central church.church.

� 14881488

Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):(Biology):Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

� An example of An example of the humanist the humanist desire to desire to unlock the unlock the secrets of secrets of nature.nature.

Leonardo, the Scientist Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): (Anatomy):

Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

Leonardo, the Leonardo, the Inventor:Inventor:

Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook

Man Can Fly?Man Can Fly?

A study of siege A study of siege defenses.defenses.

Studies of water-lifting Studies of water-lifting devices.devices.

Leonardo, the Engineer: Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Pages from his

NotebookNotebook

Leonardo da Vinci….Leonardo da Vinci….

O investigator, do not O investigator, do not flatter yourself that you flatter yourself that you know the things nature know the things nature performs for herself, but performs for herself, but rejoice in knowing that rejoice in knowing that purpose of those things purpose of those things designed by your own designed by your own mind.mind.

Comparing DomesComparing Domes

2.2. Michelangelo Michelangelo BuonorratiBuonorrati

� 1475 – 15641475 – 1564

� He He represented represented the body in the body in three three dimensions dimensions of sculpture.of sculpture.

� DavidDavid

� MichelangelMichelangelooBuonarottiBuonarotti

� 15041504

� MarbleMarble

15c15c

16c16c

WhatWhat

aa

differencedifference

aa

centurycentury

makes!makes!

� The PietaThe Pieta

� MichelangeMichelangeloloBuonarrotiBuonarroti

� 14991499

� marblemarble

The Popes as Patrons The Popes as Patrons of the Artsof the Arts

The Sistine The Sistine ChapelChapel

MichelangelMichelangelo Buonarrotio Buonarroti

1508 - 15121508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel’s The Sistine Chapel’s CeilingCeiling

Michelangelo BuonarrotiMichelangelo Buonarroti1508 - 15121508 - 1512

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails

The The Creation Creation

of the of the HeavensHeavens

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails

Creation of ManCreation of Man

A Modern A Modern “Adaptation”“Adaptation”

Joe Gallo in the New York Daily News, 2004

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails

The Fall The Fall from from GraceGrace

The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails

The Last JudgmentThe Last Judgment

3.3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483- Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520)1520)

Self-PortraitSelf-Portrait, 1506, 1506 Portrait of the Artist Portrait of the Artist with a Friendwith a Friend, 1518, 1518

Baldassare CastiglioneBaldassare Castiglione by by Raphael,Raphael,

1514-15151514-1515� Castiglione Castiglione

represented represented the humanist the humanist “gentleman” “gentleman” as a man of as a man of refinement refinement and self-and self-control.control.

PerspectivPerspective!e!

PerspectivPerspective!e!

BetrothBetrothal al

of the of the Virgin Virgin

RaphaelRaphael

15041504

Raphael’sRaphael’s Canagiani Canagiani Madonna, Madonna, 15071507

Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas (1)(1)

Sistine MadonnaSistine Madonna Cowpepper MadonnaCowpepper Madonna

Madonna della SediaMadonna della Sedia Alba MadonnaAlba Madonna

Raphael’sRaphael’s Madonnas Madonnas (2)(2)

The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, 1510 -11Raphael, 1510 -11

Raphael

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to thisearth [theearth [thehere andhere and

now].now].

PlatoPlato::looks to thelooks to theheavens [or heavens [or

the IDEALthe IDEALrealm].realm].

The School of Athens The School of Athens – – Raphael, detailsRaphael, details

ZoroasterZoroaster

Ptolemy

Euclid

The Liberation of St. The Liberation of St. PeterPeter by Raphael, 1514 by Raphael, 1514

Portrait of Pope Julius IIPortrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512by Raphael, 1511-1512

� More concerned More concerned with politics than with politics than with theology.with theology.

� The “Warrior The “Warrior Pope.”Pope.”

� Great patron of Great patron of Renaissance Renaissance artists, especially artists, especially Raphael & Raphael & Michelangelo.Michelangelo.

� Died in 1513Died in 1513

Pope Leo X with Cardinal Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Rossi Rossi by Raphael, 1518-1519 by Raphael, 1518-1519� A Medici Pope.A Medici Pope.

� He went through He went through the Vatican the Vatican treasury in a treasury in a year!year!

� His extravagances His extravagances offended even offended even some cardinals some cardinals [[as well as Martin as well as Martin LutherLuther!].!].

� Started selling Started selling indulgencesindulgences..

Rise of cities• Trading cities in Europe– Offered social freedoms– Often independent states– Often charter (immunity) cities where residents could

claim freedom

• Merchant Banking–Organized private shareholding companies,

developed checking accounts, improved bookkeeping techniques

• Led to a growing middle or merchant class

Describe the changes in civic life associated with urban growth in later medieval Europe.

• Jews– were connected to the growing fields of business and

money-lending.– Often blamed and persecuted for social ills– Catholic church condemned usury (charging interest on

loans)• Guilds – association of craft specialist– regulated business practices and the labor of the

working classes – reinforced the divisions of male and female work.

• Agricultural and commercial surpluses spurred technological, artistic, and architectural growth.

The Printing Revolution• Printing originated – China, but western Europeans improved

it significantly – Johann Gutenberg – Perfected the art of printing in 1454– New ink suitable for printing on paper,

movable type consisting of individual letters, mechanical printing press (pressed ink type onto sheets of paper)

• Led to spread of literacy and European intellectual development.

Rise of Modern Universities in the Latin West

• College and universities• Emerged as the new centers of learning after

the 1200s • Became a degree seeking institution• Generally specialized in a particular branch of

learning– All courses taught in Latin

• By 1492, the Muslims were By 1492, the Muslims were driven out of the last driven out of the last Iberian stronghold Iberian stronghold (Granada)(Granada)

• First Spain and later Portugal expelled all Jews and Muslims from its territory

The Reconquista The Reconquista