People in the world go hungry People in the world go hungry because:because:

Food production has not been Food production has not been increasing as fast as the human increasing as fast as the human population has increased.population has increased.

Many people worldwide are Many people worldwide are malnourished, in part because malnourished, in part because food production is:food production is:

Sufficient, but distribution is Sufficient, but distribution is inconsistentinconsistent

Some places on Earth do not have Some places on Earth do not have enough food due to famine.enough food due to famine.

Factors that can lead to famine Factors that can lead to famine are:are:

1.1.Crop failure and soil lossCrop failure and soil loss2.2.Unequal distribution of foodUnequal distribution of food3.3.DroughtDrought

The human body uses food for:The human body uses food for:

1.1.A source of energyA source of energy

2.2.A source of materials for A source of materials for building and maintaining body building and maintaining body tissuestissues

If a person does not receive enough food or If a person does not receive enough food or the right types of food they will become the right types of food they will become malnourished.malnourished.

Typical types of malnutrition are: Typical types of malnutrition are:

1.1. Amino-acid deficiencyAmino-acid deficiency2.2. Diet of mostly vegetables and grainsDiet of mostly vegetables and grains3.3. Low calorie consumptionLow calorie consumption

Humans have certain nutritional Humans have certain nutritional requirements that need to be requirements that need to be met. One of those requirements met. One of those requirements are:are:

They must receive 8 essential They must receive 8 essential amino acids from the proteins amino acids from the proteins they eat.they eat.

What people eat in developed countries is What people eat in developed countries is different than what people in developing different than what people in developing countries eat.countries eat.

People in developed countries eat more food People in developed countries eat more food and a larger portion of proteins and fats and a larger portion of proteins and fats than people in developing countries. than people in developing countries.

Different types of food require different Different types of food require different amounts of energy to produce:amounts of energy to produce:

A plot of land can produce more food when it A plot of land can produce more food when it is used to grow:is used to grow:

Plants such as grains and vegetables because Plants such as grains and vegetables because it requires less energy compared to raising it requires less energy compared to raising animals for food consumption.animals for food consumption.

Researchers hope to improve the Researchers hope to improve the efficiency (raising more food on less efficiency (raising more food on less land) of food production by:land) of food production by:

Studying plants and other organisms Studying plants and other organisms that have a high yield that have a high yield (The amount (The amount of a crop produced per hectare or of a crop produced per hectare or acre) acre)

The types of organisms that researchers are The types of organisms that researchers are interested in studying to improve efficiency interested in studying to improve efficiency are:are:

Organisms that can thrive in various climates Organisms that can thrive in various climates and that do not require large amounts of and that do not require large amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, or fresh waterfertilizers, pesticides, or fresh water

The reasons why people suffer from The reasons why people suffer from malnutrition vary, depending upon where malnutrition vary, depending upon where they live.they live.

Malnutrition usually occurs because of:Malnutrition usually occurs because of:

1.1.PovertyPoverty2.2.War and political strife War and political strife 3.3.Transportation problemsTransportation problems

To be able to feed the people of the To be able to feed the people of the world in 2050:world in 2050:

1.1.Produce more foodProduce more food2.2.Abolish povertyAbolish poverty3.3.Increase the productivity of Increase the productivity of subsistence farmerssubsistence farmers

Positive and negative affects of the Green Positive and negative affects of the Green Revolution (increasing the production of Revolution (increasing the production of food without increasing the area of food without increasing the area of farmland used) are:farmland used) are:

PositivePositive1.1.New varieties of grains.New varieties of grains.2.2.Large yield crops.Large yield crops.3.3.Reduce the price of food.Reduce the price of food.4.4.Improve the lives of millions of people.Improve the lives of millions of people.

NegativeNegative

1.1.Soil degradation Soil degradation (harming the soil so (harming the soil so that it can no longer support the local that it can no longer support the local ecosystem)ecosystem)

2.2.Overuse of water, pesticides, and Overuse of water, pesticides, and fertilizers.fertilizers.

The difference between traditional and modern The difference between traditional and modern farming techniques are:farming techniques are:

TraditionalTraditional

1.1.Plows pushed by farmer or livestock.Plows pushed by farmer or livestock.

2.2.Organic fertilizers are used to enrich the soil.Organic fertilizers are used to enrich the soil.

3.3.Fields are irrigated by water flowing through Fields are irrigated by water flowing through ditches.ditches.

4.4.Weeds are removed by hand or machine.Weeds are removed by hand or machine.

ModernModern

1.1.Machinery is now used to plow the soil and Machinery is now used to plow the soil and harvest crops.harvest crops.

2.2.Synthetic chemical fertilizers are used instead Synthetic chemical fertilizers are used instead of manure and plant wastes.of manure and plant wastes.

3.3.A variety of overhead sprinklers and drip A variety of overhead sprinklers and drip systems may be used for irrigation.systems may be used for irrigation.

4.4.Synthetic chemicals are used to kill pests.Synthetic chemicals are used to kill pests.

Earth’s available arable land is being Earth’s available arable land is being reduced by:reduced by:

1.1.Fast growing human populations.Fast growing human populations.

2.2.Soil erosion.Soil erosion.

3.3.Desertification.Desertification.

For crops to grow and be plentiful, they need For crops to grow and be plentiful, they need fertile soil.fertile soil.

Fertile topsoil is composed of: Fertile topsoil is composed of:

1.1.Rock particlesRock particles

2.2.Water and airWater and air

3.3.Organic matter, such as dead and Organic matter, such as dead and decomposing organismsdecomposing organisms

Most soil forms when rock is broken into Most soil forms when rock is broken into smaller and smaller fragments by:smaller and smaller fragments by:

1.1.WindWind

2.2.WaterWater

3.3.Chemical weathering Chemical weathering (when the minerals in (when the minerals in the rock react chemically with substances the rock react chemically with substances such as water to form new materials)such as water to form new materials)

Other processes that help to produce fertile Other processes that help to produce fertile topsoil are:topsoil are:

1.1.Rock particles – supply mineralsRock particles – supply minerals

2.2.Fungi and bacteria – decompose dead Fungi and bacteria – decompose dead plants and organic debrisplants and organic debris

3.3.Earthworms, insects, and small animals – Earthworms, insects, and small animals – break up the soil and allow air and water break up the soil and allow air and water into itinto it

Layers of topsoil from the top to the bottom:Layers of topsoil from the top to the bottom:

1.1.Surface layer – fallen leaves and partially Surface layer – fallen leaves and partially decomposed organic matterdecomposed organic matter

2.2.Topsoil – organic matter, living organisms, and Topsoil – organic matter, living organisms, and rock particlesrock particles

3.3.Zone of leaching - dissolved or suspended Zone of leaching - dissolved or suspended materials moving downwardmaterials moving downward

4.4. Subsoil – larger rock particles with organic Subsoil – larger rock particles with organic matter, and inorganic compoundsmatter, and inorganic compounds

5.5. Rock particles – rock that has undergone Rock particles – rock that has undergone weatheringweathering

6.6. Bedrock – solid rock layerBedrock – solid rock layer

Unfortunately topsoil is being lost due to Unfortunately topsoil is being lost due to erosion.erosion.

Factors that can lead to erosion are:Factors that can lead to erosion are:

1.1.Modern farming techniques – using any Modern farming techniques – using any type of machinery loosens the soil which type of machinery loosens the soil which can then be washed awaycan then be washed away

2.2.Irrigation – washes away any soil that is Irrigation – washes away any soil that is looseloose

Not only can soil be lost to erosion it can also Not only can soil be lost to erosion it can also become like a desert over the years.become like a desert over the years.

Farmland may become desertified if:Farmland may become desertified if:

1.1.Domestic animals are allowed to overgraze the Domestic animals are allowed to overgraze the landland

2.2.Too many crops are grown on the landToo many crops are grown on the land

3.3.Over time the land gradually looses it fertilityOver time the land gradually looses it fertility

4.4.No soil left due to erosionNo soil left due to erosion

The following can be done to help The following can be done to help prevent desertification:prevent desertification:

Letting the land lie fallow or to Letting the land lie fallow or to remain unplanted for several years.remain unplanted for several years.

Soil can be conserved in several different ways.Soil can be conserved in several different ways.

Some methods of soil conservation are:Some methods of soil conservation are:

1.1. No-till farmingNo-till farming

2.2. Contour plowing Contour plowing

3.3. Building terracesBuilding terraces

4.4. Drip irrigationDrip irrigation

No-tilling farming methods include:No-tilling farming methods include:

1.1.Crops being harvested without turning over Crops being harvested without turning over the soilthe soil

2.2.Seeds of the next crop are planted among Seeds of the next crop are planted among the remains of the previous cropthe remains of the previous crop

Advantage and disadvantages of no-till farming Advantage and disadvantages of no-till farming include:include:

AdvantagesAdvantages

1.1.The remains of the first crop hold the soil in The remains of the first crop hold the soil in place while the new crop developsplace while the new crop develops

2.2.Saves time compared with conventional Saves time compared with conventional methodsmethods

3.3.Can also reduce soil erosion to one-tenth of the Can also reduce soil erosion to one-tenth of the erosion caused by traditional methodserosion caused by traditional methods

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

1.1.May not be suitable for some cropsMay not be suitable for some crops

2.2.Soil that becomes too densely packedSoil that becomes too densely packed

3.3.Lower crop yields over timeLower crop yields over time

Irrigation water usually comes from:Irrigation water usually comes from:

Rivers and groundwaterRivers and groundwater

Over the years the soil can build up a Over the years the soil can build up a concentration of salts, known as salinization.concentration of salts, known as salinization.

Salinization usually occurs because of:Salinization usually occurs because of:

long-term irrigation because when the long-term irrigation because when the groundwater evaporates it leaves behind groundwater evaporates it leaves behind saltssalts

Ways to reduce salinization include:Ways to reduce salinization include:

1.1.Using rainwater instead of groundwater on Using rainwater instead of groundwater on crops, because of less saltscrops, because of less salts

2.2.Use organic fertilizers in place of chemical Use organic fertilizers in place of chemical fertilizers, which contain excess salts and fertilizers, which contain excess salts and nitratesnitrates

Even if a person is successful in obtaining a high Even if a person is successful in obtaining a high yield of crops, using the least amount of land, yield of crops, using the least amount of land, they may still have to deal with pests.they may still have to deal with pests.

Major crop pests include:Major crop pests include:

1.1.Plants, such as weedsPlants, such as weeds

2.2.FungiFungi

3.3.MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

Pest populations damage plants by:Pest populations damage plants by:

1.1.Breeding more rapidly in warmer climatesBreeding more rapidly in warmer climates

2.2.Becoming resistant to pesticides via natural Becoming resistant to pesticides via natural selectionselection

3.3.More successful at ruining crops than wild More successful at ruining crops than wild plantsplants

Reason why it is easier for pests to invade Reason why it is easier for pests to invade crops instead of wild plants are:crops instead of wild plants are:

Wild plants grow throughout the landscape Wild plants grow throughout the landscape and have a variety of pest predators that and have a variety of pest predators that live on or near the plants, whereas crops live on or near the plants, whereas crops grow densely packed together which makes grow densely packed together which makes it easy for pests to wipe them out fasterit easy for pests to wipe them out faster

To help get rid of pests, farmers have turned to To help get rid of pests, farmers have turned to using pesticides.using pesticides.

Human health concerns regarding pesticide use Human health concerns regarding pesticide use include:include:

1.1. Cancer rates among children is higher in areas Cancer rates among children is higher in areas that use pesticidesthat use pesticides

2.2. Nervous system damageNervous system damage

3.3. Accidental chemical leaks in factories that make Accidental chemical leaks in factories that make pesticidespesticides

Environmental problems associated Environmental problems associated with pesticides include the following:with pesticides include the following:

1.1.Accumulate in the soil and waterAccumulate in the soil and water

2.2.Do not break down rapidly into Do not break down rapidly into harmless chemical when they enter harmless chemical when they enter the environmentthe environment

In order to avoid the problems with pesticides, In order to avoid the problems with pesticides, farmers are turning towards biological pest farmers are turning towards biological pest control.control.

Biological pest control works by:Biological pest control works by:

1.1. Releasing a pathogen to control insect larvaeReleasing a pathogen to control insect larvae

2.2. Breeding plants with natural defensesBreeding plants with natural defenses

3.3. Interrupting reproductive methodsInterrupting reproductive methods

Tools of biological pest control include:Tools of biological pest control include:

1.1.Pathogens – used to kill the organism that Pathogens – used to kill the organism that is the pestis the pest

2.2.Chemical compounds – repel the pest and Chemical compounds – repel the pest and physical barriers – tougher skinphysical barriers – tougher skin

3.3.Plant’s defensive chemicals - Plant’s defensive chemicals - biodegradablebiodegradable

Farmers are also using another type of pest Farmers are also using another type of pest management known as integrated pest management known as integrated pest management.management.

The goal of integrated pest management is:The goal of integrated pest management is:

Reduce pest damage to a level that causes Reduce pest damage to a level that causes minimal economic damageminimal economic damage

Integrated pest management can include:Integrated pest management can include:

1.1. A mix of farming methodsA mix of farming methods

2.2. Biological pest controlBiological pest control

3.3. Chemical pest controlChemical pest control

Through advances with technology, farmers Through advances with technology, farmers are now able to grow crops with desirable are now able to grow crops with desirable traits.traits.

The do this through a process known as The do this through a process known as genetic engineering.genetic engineering.

Farmers choose to use genetic engineering:Farmers choose to use genetic engineering:

In order to get a faster result thaIn order to get a faster result tha

Genetic engineering of food crops:Genetic engineering of food crops:

Continues to be debated among Continues to be debated among scientistsscientists

The following are advantages and The following are advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering:disadvantages of genetic engineering:

AdvantagesAdvantages

1.1. Tastier fruitTastier fruit

2.2. Pest resistancePest resistance

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

1.1.Products have not been fully tested for Products have not been fully tested for environmental impactsenvironmental impacts

2.2.Genetically engineered traits are Genetically engineered traits are accidentally passed on to the wild plantsaccidentally passed on to the wild plants

An alternative to genetic engineering An alternative to genetic engineering include:include:

Sustainable agricultureSustainable agriculture

Not only do people get their nourishment Not only do people get their nourishment from vegetables, they also get vitamins and from vegetables, they also get vitamins and minerals from animals.minerals from animals.

Animals can be wild, domesticated, or farm Animals can be wild, domesticated, or farm raised.raised.

Just like plants, animals can be Just like plants, animals can be overharvested.overharvested.

To combat overharvesting, especially fish, To combat overharvesting, especially fish, governments have created:governments have created:

No-fishing zones, so that fish populations No-fishing zones, so that fish populations can recovercan recover

A highly used method of harvesting fish and A highly used method of harvesting fish and seafood is known as aquaculture.seafood is known as aquaculture.

The most common method of aquaculture The most common method of aquaculture is:is:

Fish farmingFish farming

The different types of aquaculture include:The different types of aquaculture include:

Fish farm – many individual ponds that each Fish farm – many individual ponds that each contain fish at a specific stage of contain fish at a specific stage of developmentdevelopment

Ranch – fish raised until they reach a certain Ranch – fish raised until they reach a certain age and then releasedage and then released

The environmental damages that can occur The environmental damages that can occur from aquaculture are:from aquaculture are:

1.1.A large amount of waste, which can be a A large amount of waste, which can be a source of pollutionsource of pollution

2.2.Requires so much water that they can Requires so much water that they can deplete local water suppliesdeplete local water supplies

Animals, known as livestock, are raised for Animals, known as livestock, are raised for certain products.certain products.

Products obtained from livestock include:Products obtained from livestock include:

1.1. LeatherLeather

2.2. WoolWool

3.3. Eggs and meatEggs and meat

People in developed and developing People in developed and developing countries use livestock for different reasons.countries use livestock for different reasons.

The differences between developed and The differences between developed and developing countries and their use of developing countries and their use of livestock are:livestock are:

Developing countries use livestock for Developing countries use livestock for manure and fuel, also for plowing and manure and fuel, also for plowing and pulling cartspulling carts

Another type of livestock raised is poultry or Another type of livestock raised is poultry or chickens, ducks, and geese.chickens, ducks, and geese.

Chickens are raised for:Chickens are raised for:

Meat and eggs, which are a good source of Meat and eggs, which are a good source of essential amino acidsessential amino acids

Chickens, ducks, and geese are usually Chickens, ducks, and geese are usually raised in factory farms.raised in factory farms.

The criticisms against raising poultry in The criticisms against raising poultry in factory farms are:factory farms are:

They live in cramped, artificial They live in cramped, artificial environmentsenvironments

Ducks are being used as part of an integrated Ducks are being used as part of an integrated system in which some of their products are used system in which some of their products are used to help another crop.to help another crop.

Ways in which ducks are used as part of an Ways in which ducks are used as part of an integrated system are:integrated system are:

1.1. Droppings are used to fertilize fields of riceDroppings are used to fertilize fields of rice

2.2. Rice fields are flooded several times a year with Rice fields are flooded several times a year with nearby pondsnearby ponds

3.3. Mulberry trees are irrigated by the pondsMulberry trees are irrigated by the ponds

The integrated system is beneficial because:The integrated system is beneficial because:

1.1.Uses little fresh waterUses little fresh water

2.2.Recycles wasteRecycles waste

3.3.Produces ducks, silk, rice and fishProduces ducks, silk, rice and fish