Post on 29-Jan-2016
Chapter 12
Social/Behavioral Socialization Outcomes
Prologue:
How do children learn how to treat one another?
• Do different cultures have an varying concepts of “goodness”?
• Why do some people behave like ogres in that they lie, cheat, steal, or kill?
• Is the “hero role” just for boys, or can girls assume it too?
Self-regulation/Behavior
• Self-regulation refers to the ability to regulate one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place or object is available
Fig. 12-1, p. 499
Self-regulation/Behavior
• Antisocial behavior: Aggression– Development of aggressive behavior
• Biological theories (Freud, Lorenz)• Learning theories (Bandura)• Information processing• Ecological• Social cognitive theory
Table 12-1, p. 509
Self-regulation/Behavior
• Prosocial behavior– Altruism – behavior that is kind,
considerate, generous, and helpful to others• Biological • Learning (modeling, instruction, learning,
by doing)• Cognitive-developmental• Social-interactional• Cultural theories
Fig. 12-2, p. 518
Table 12-2, p. 520
Morals
• Encompass an individuals evaluation of what is right and wrong– Moral development – one’s moral code
develops through social interaction and reflects one’s ability to distinguish and act on right and wrong
Morals
• Influences on moral development – Several researchers believe that one’s
moral code develops through social interaction (discussion, debate, and emergence of consensus)
Morals
• Situational context – the situation an individual is in often influences moral development
Morals
• Individual contexts– Temperament– Self-control– Self-esteem– Age/intelligence– Education– Social interactions– Emotions
Table 12-3a, p. 524
Table 12-3b, p. 525
Morals
• Socialization contexts– Family– Peers– School– Mass media– community
Gender roles
• A gender role refers to the qualities individuals understand to characterize males and females in their culture– Development of gender roles-sex typing
begins at birth
Fig. 12-3, p. 540
Gender roles
• Theories of gender role development– Psychoanalytical theory (Freud)– Social learning or social cognitive theory
(Mischel, Bandura)– Cognitive-Development theory (Kohlberg)– Gender schema theory (Bem, martin,
Halverson)
Gender roles
• Influences on the development of gender roles
1. Family-individual differences in sex typing are influenced by parental involvement, maternal work status, and sex typing of parental roles within the home
2. Peers-peers tend to reinforce gender stereotyping and to encourage sex segregation that leads to boys and girls differently
Gender roles
3. School-research has found that teachers treat boys and girls differently
4. Mass media-tends to portray gender stereotyped behaviors and expectations
5. Community influences through its attitudes regarding what is appropriate behavior for males and females and the gender roles models it provides with whom children can identify