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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES, RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
LECTURE NOTES
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F. O. K. Anyemedu
KUMASI
MARCH - 2007
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Chapter 1; Hydraulic Structures
Hydraulic Structures
Hydraulic structures are engineering structures constructed for the purposes of harnessing and using water resources (groundwater, surface water, lakes, sea,etc) or for the prevention of the negative and destructive actions (floods, shoreerosion, etc) of water on the surrounding environment.
There are a large variety of hydraulic structures to serve the many purposes for which water resources are put to use. There are several classifications of hydraulic structures, however, the most important is the classification by functionas given below.
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Table 1. Classification of Hydraulic Structures by function
Type Purpose Structure
1. Storage structures To store water Dams, tanks
2. Flow controlstructures
To regulate thequantity and passexcess flow
Spillways, outlets, gates,valves
3. Flow measurementstructures
To determinedischarge
Weirs, orifices, flumes
4. Division structures To divert the maincourse of water
Coffer dams, weirs, canalheadworks, intake works
5. Conveyancestructures
To guide flow fromone location toanother
Open channel, pressureconduits, pipes, canals andsewers
6. Collection structures To collect water for disposal
Drain inlets, infiltrationgalleries, wells
7. Energy dissipation To prevent erosion Stilling basins, surge tanks,
7. Energy dissipationstructures
To prevent erosionand structuraldamage
Stilling basins, surge tanks,check dams
8. Shore protectionstructures
To protect banks Dikes, groins, jetties,revetments
9. River training andwaterway stabilizationstructures
To maintain river channel and water transportation
Levees, cutoffs, locks, piers,culverts
10. Sediment andquality controlstructures
To control or removesediments and other pollutants
Racks, screens, traps,sedimentation tanks, filters,sluiceways
11. Hydraulic machines To convert energyfrom one from toanother
Pumps, turbines, rams.
1. Storage structures - Dams
Dam: Dam is any artificial barrier and its appurtenant works constructed for thepurpose of holding water or any other fluid.
There are three common classification schemes for dams. According to thefunction performed, dams are classified into:
i) storage dams for impounding water for developmental uses.ii) Diversion dams for diverting streamflow into canals or other
conveyance system andiii) Detention dams to hold the water temporary to retard flood flows
From hydraulic design considerations, dams are classified as:i) overflow dams to carry discharge over their crests, and
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