HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES - an introduction

Department of Civil Engineering

IIT Kharagpur

What are hydraulic structures?

• A structure that is constructed in rivers, generally

• Controls and/or regulates the river flow in some way

• Different from marine structures and structures for municipal water supply and disposal

Types of hydraulic structures

Storage (dams)

Types of hydraulic structures (contd.)

Diversion (diversion dams / weirs / barrages)

Types of hydraulic structures (contd.)

Conveyance structures (canals, aqueducts…)

Functions of hydraulic structures

• To store water, mainly excess water of the monsoon, and redistribute it (by diversion / conveyance) during periods of less flows

• Reduce effect of flooding

• Use the water potential to generate electricity

DAMS AND BARRAGES

Bhakra Dam – Google View

Bhakra Dam – Close up aerial view

Bhakra Dam – Looking upstream

Bhakra Dam – View from right bank

Reservoir of Bhakra - Govind Sagar

Bhakra - Dam Statistics

• Total cost of the Project Rs. 245.28 crore• Type of Dam Concrete straight gravity• Height above the deepest foundation 225.55

metres (740 feet)• Height above river bed 167.64 metres (550 feet)• Length at top 518.16 metres (1700 feet)• Width at top 9.14 metres (30 feet)• Length at bottom 99 metres (325 feet)Width at

base190.5 metres (625 feet)• Elevation at top of dam above mean sea level

518.16 metres (1700 feet)• Steel used 101600 tonnes (100000 tons)

Bhakra - Reservoir Statistics

• Catchment area 56980 Sq. kilometres.• Normal reservoir level EL. 512.06 meters • Dead storage level EL.445.62 meters.• New area irrigated 60 lakh acres.• Area of reservoir. 162.48 sq. kilometres • Length of reservoir.96.56 kilometres.• Live storage capacity at EL.1680 ft.: 6911 million

cum • Gross storage capacity at EL.1680 ft.: 9340 million

cum• Dead storage capacity 2430 million cum

Bhakra - Power Generation Statistics

• Number of power houses: 2• Installed capacity of left bank power plant 450 MW - 5

units of 90 MW each• Increased capacity of left bank power plant by uprating

the machines. 540 MW - 5 units of 108 MW each• Installed capacity of right bank power plant. 600 MW -

5 units of 120 MW each• Increased capacity of right bank power plant Uprated

to 660 MW - 5 units of 132 MW each• Present capacity by further uprating the machines.

735 MW - 3 units of 157 MW each & 2 units of 132 MW each

Bhakra-Nangal complex

Nangal Barrage and headworks

Nangal Barrage – view from downstream

Nangal Barrage – Statistics

Height 29 meters (95 ft.)

Length 304.8 meters (1000 ft.)

Length of Nangal Hydel Channel

64.5 kilometers (40 miles)

Discharge 354 cumecs (12500 cusecs)

Number of power houses 2

Total installed capacity of each power house.

77 MW (2units of 24 MW each & one unit of 29 MW)

Head of water 28.35 meters (93 ft.)

Anandpur Sahib Hydel Project

Description PH-I PH-II

Location Ganguwal Nakkian

Capacity 67 MW 67 MW

Rating of each Unit 33.5 MW 33.5 MW

No of Units of each Power House

2 2

Manufacturer M/S BHEL Hardware M/S BHEL Hardware

Turbine Out-put 34.5 MW 34.5 MW

Max.. Net Head 30.5 M 30.5 M

 Min. Net Head 25.9 M 25.9 M

 Designed Net Head 28.0 M 28.0 M

Discharge required per machine for max. generation

5075 Cusecs 5075 Cusecs

Type of Turbine Kaplan Kaplan

No. of blades 6 6

Dia of runner 4000 mm 4000 mm

Generator Voltage 11000 Volts 11000 volts

Some other dams – Pandoh Dam

Pandoh Dam – spillways during floods

Pandoh Dam - StatisticsType of dam Earth-cum-rockfill

Height above river bed 61 meters (200 ft.)

Height above deepest foundation 76.2 meters (250 ft.)

Elevation at top of dam EL.899.16 meters (EL.2950 ft.)

Length at top 255 meters (835 ft.)

Width at base. 268.22 meters (880 ft.)

Width at top 12.19 meters (40 ft.)

Maximum reservoir level EL.896.42 meters (EL.2941 ft.)

Normal reservoir level EL.883.92 meters (EL.2900 ft.)

Minimum reservoir level EL.883.92 meters (EL.2900 ft.)

Gross storage capacity 4100 hectare meters (33240 acre ft.)

Live storage capacity at EL.2941 ft. 1855.98 hectare meters (15.039 acre ft.)

Spillway Type Orifice type gates chute

Radial gates 5 No. 12m x 13m (39.375 ft. x 42.65 ft.) each

Maximum outflow 9939 cumecs (351000 cusecs)

Crest elevation EL. 874.78 meters (EL.2870 ft.)

Pong Dam

Pong Dam - Statistics

• Type of dam Earth core gravel shell• Elevation at top of dam EL. 435. 86 metres• Free board (above max. RWL) 2.74 metres• Maximum height of dam above deepest foundation level 132.59 metres• Crest length1950.7 metres • Width at crest 13.72 metres • Maximum width at base (excluding toe weights) 610 metres • Catchment area 12560 sq. kilometres • Normal reservoir level EL 426.72 meters • Dead storage level EL. 384.05 meters • Gross storage capacity 8570 million cum. • Live storage capacity 7290 million cum • Reservoir length 41.8 kilometres• Type of spillway Overflow gated chute• Spillway gates Six radial gates 14.48 m x 12.344m each• Crest elevation 416.05 meters (1365 feet)• Installed capacity 60 MW x6 = 360 MW

Some other barrages - Harike

Wazirabad barrage

Indraprastha barrage

Okhla barrage

Kanpur barrage

Mahanadi barrage

Kosi barrage

CANALS

Kosi barrage – left bank canal

Kosi barrage – right bank canal

Canal Structures

Canal Structure – head regulator

Canal Structure – drop fall

Canal Structure – aqueduct

Canal Structure – regulator

And many more…