Traffic Calming  1.6‐1 

SECTION 1, CHAPTER 6

Traffic Calming 

6.1 Introduction 

6.1.1 What is Traffic Calming? 

Trafficcalmingdealswithneighborhoodtrafficissuescomprehensivelyusingthe“threeE’s,”Education,Enforcement,andEngineering,tosloworreducemotorvehicletrafficandimprovesafetyforpedestriansandbicyclists.Afourth“E,”enhancement,isusedtoimproveareaaestheticsandsoftenthelookofphysicalinstallations.Educationprovidesneighborswithinformationabouthowtheyasmotoristscanhelptoeasetrafficimpactsintheircommunitythroughchangesinbehaviorandattitudes,andinformsthemaboutneighborhoodtrafficmanagementactivitiesandopportunities.EnforcementenliststheassistanceofthePoliceDepartmenttofocusenforcementeffortsinkeyareas.Engineeringandplanningencompassesbothtraditionaltrafficmanagementmeasuresaswellasnewerapproaches,suchastrafficcalming.Allthreeareimportantcomponentsindealingeffectivelywithneighborhoodandcommunity‐widetrafficissues.Moderntrafficcalmingbeganasagrassrootsmovementinthelate1960’swhichstartedwiththeWoonerfdevelopmentsintheCityofDelft,theNetherlands.Woonerven,or“livingstreets,”areresidentialstreetswherespeedsaredrasticallyreducedthroughreconstructionandspaceissharedbetweenvehiclesandpedestrians.

According to the Institute of Transportation Engineers, traffic calming is the “combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver behavior and improve conditions for non‐motorized street users.” 

1.6‐2  Traffic Calming    

IntheUnitedStates,Seattle,Washingtonwasanearlypioneerinarea‐widetrafficcalmingwithneighborhood‐widedemonstrationsintheearly1970’s.Berkeley,CA,wasoneofthefirstcommunitiestoestablishacomprehensivearea‐wideprogramoftrafficcalming,whenitadoptedacitywidetrafficmanagementplanin1975.TheCityofNorwalkhasimplementedtrafficcalmingmeasuresinseveralneighborhoodsthroughouttheCityinrecentyears.Usinglessonslearnedfromtheseprojects,atrafficcalmingprogramwasdevelopedaspartoftheCity‐WideTrafficManagementPlan(TMP)toprovideaprocessforselectingappropriatetrafficcalmingmeasuresandprioritizingprojectfunding.Thetrafficcalmingprogramisaresident‐drivenprocessthatensuressafetyandlivabilityforallroadusers.TheNorwalkTrafficCalmingProgramisdiscussedinSection2‐3.

6.1.2 Goals and Benefits 

Themaingoaloftrafficcalmingistoreducevehiclespeedsandcut‐throughvolumesthroughresidentialneighborhoods,providinglivableenvironmentsthataresafeforpedestriansandbicyclists.Reducedvehiclespeedscanmeanfewer,lessseverecollisions,especiallywhenanincidentinvolvesapedestrian.Desiredspeedstypicallyrangefrom15to30milesperhourinresidentialsettingsand20to35milesperhourincommercialsettings,withanappropriatedesignspeedselectedforeachlocationbasedonexistingoperatingspeedsandthedesiredcharacteristicsoftheroadwayenvironment.Whilethenegativeeffectsofautomobiletrafficcannotbecompletelyeliminated,trafficcalmingcanencourageautomobiledriverstooperatesafelyandwithincreasedconsiderationforotherroadusers.Benefitstopedestriansandbicyclistsinclude: Increaseddriverattentivenesstothepresenceofpedestriansandbicyclists

Increasedspaceforbicyclelanesandpedestrianfacilities

Bufferingfrommotorvehicletrafficbyuseoftrees,landscaping,parkedvehiclesandbicyclelanes.

Feweropportunitiesforpedestrian/vehicleconflictsInadditiontothebenefitsforroadusers,trafficcalminghastheaddedadvantageofreducednoiseandairpollution.

Section 1 – Chapter 6

  Traffic Calming  1.6‐3 

6.1.3 How to Use the Traffic Calming Toolbox 

Trafficcalmingisarelativelynewconcept,andmanypeopledonotknowaboutthewidevarietyoftoolsandstrategiesthatareavailabletotheircommunities.Thischapterservesasaresourceforresidentsandneighborhoodgroupsseekingtoeffectchangeintheircommunities.Itisalsointendedforusebydevelopersinordertosupporttheestablishmentofmorelivable,walkablecommunitiesinNorwalk.NorwalkresidentsandneighborhoodgroupsmayusetheTrafficCalmingToolboxtolearnaboutthevarioustrafficcalmingtoolsandresources,beginthinkingabouttheroadwayclassificationandcharacteristicsoftheirneighborhood,andcreateaplanforgarneringsupportfortrafficcalmingintheirneighborhood.ThestepsinvolvedintheNorwalkTrafficCalmingProgramarediscussedindetailinSection2,Chapter3.TheTrafficCalmingToolboxisaresourcefordevelopersseekingtocreatestreetswhicharelivableandaccessibletoallresidentsandtenants.ThematrixinAppendixisaquickreferencefordeterminingwhichtrafficcalmingmeasuresmaybeappropriateforagivenlocation,andtheStandardSpecificationsandDetailsintheAppendixareprovidedtoassistindesigningtrafficcalmingmeasures.

6.2 Traffic Calming Toolbox (The Nuts and Bolts) 

ThefollowingpresentsasummaryofthevariousTier1andTier2trafficcalmingmeasureswhichmaybeimplementedintheCityofNorwalk.Atrafficcalmingsummarymatrixoutliningthecost,bestuseandotherconsiderationsforthesetoolsisprovidedinAppendix.

6.2.1 Tier 1 Measures 

ThefollowingTier1implementationmeasuresarelowcosttools,intendedtorespondquicklytoneighborhoodtrafficconcerns.Theyconsistofprimarilyeducation,enforcementandsomeengineeringmeasures.

6.2.1.1 Education 

Theprimarypurposeofeducationinitiativesistoprovideinformationthatincreasesdriverawarenessandmotivatespeopletoaltertheirbehavior.

Pros::Inexpensive,somewhateffectiveonhigh‐volumecollectorsandarterials~wheretraditionalengineeringmeasuresarerestrictive.Cons::Littleevidencethatlong‐termbenefitscanbeachieved.

1.6‐4  Traffic Calming    

6.2.1.2 Neighborhood Newsletter 

Thismailercontainsinformationabouttheneighborhood’ssafetyconcerns,explainstheresultsofspeedandvolumestudiesandrecommendswaystoslowtrafficintheneighborhood.Inaddition,trafficandpedestriansafetybasicsarecovered.

Pros::inexpensive,cantargetspecificresidents.Cons::Doesnotreachnon‐localtravelers,limitedevidencethatthisapproachcanbeeffective.

6.2.1.3 Radar Speed Display Sign 

Thesesigns,whichmaybeportable,useradartoprovidemotoristswithanelectronicdisplay,alertingthemiftheyareexceedingacceptablespeeds.

Pros::speedscanbereducedbyupto25%1whenusedinshortperiodsoftimeandonlowvolumeroadways.Goodpublicrelationsforneighborhoods.Educationaltoolformotorists.Cons::Residualeffectsofspeedsignplacementarenegligiblewhenremoved.Long‐termplacementhasbeenmetwithmixedresults.

6.2.1.4 Signage 

SignsmaybeinstalledwhereappropriateandinaccordancewiththeManualofUniformTrafficControlDevices(MUTCD).TheMUTCDhasestablishedspecificwarrantsforinstallationofStopSigns,includingmulti‐wayStopSigns.TheCityofNorwalkdoesnotinstall“Stop”signsforspeedcontrol.Speedlimitsignsareinstalledforschoolzones(20milesperhour)andatpointswheredriverstendtoenterneighborhoods.Thespeedlimitonresidentialstreetsis25milesperhour.Pedestriancrossing,schoolcrossing,andbikeroutesignsmayalsobeusedtowarnmotoristsofbicycleorpedestrianactivityandcanhelptoreducevehiclespeeds.

Pros::inexpensive,whencoupledwithEnforcement(seebelow),canbeeffectiveovertime.Increasesdriverawarenessalongcertainstreets.Cons::Unwarrantedand/orunjustifiedsignagecanleadtonon‐complianceandcreatesafetychallenges.Signageisnot‘self‐enforcing’.

6.2.1.5 Enforcement 

Whenappropriate,theDPWwillworkwiththeNorwalkPoliceDepartmenttotargetspecificareasidentifiedduringthedatacollectionprocesstoenforcespeedlimitsand

1 T. Mazzella and D. Godfrey, “Building and Testing a customer Responsive Neighborhood Traffic Control Program”, in 1995 Compendium of Technical 

Papers, ITE, Washington DC, 1995.  

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  Traffic Calming  1.6‐5 

othertrafficlawsinneighborhoods.Bysharingkeytrafficdata,officerscanfocustheirpatrolsonthetimesandplaceswherespeedingmostoftenoccurs.

Pros::Long‐termperiodicdaytimespeedenforcementoncertainproblemcorridorsmayresultindriverchangesovertime;Canbeusedinareasthatdonotqualifyforengineeringsolutionstotrafficchallenges;Targetsviolatorswithoutunnecessarilyimpactingnormaltrafficflow.Cons::Withoutlong‐termdedicationoflawenforcementpersonneltoaspecificcorridor,targetedenforcementhasbeenshowntobedisappointing.

6.2.1.6 Striping and On‐street Parking 

Widetravellanesallowforfastervehiclespeeds.Narrowingthetravellanethroughtheuseofpavementmarkingscancreateasubtletrafficcalmingeffectwithoutintroducingphysicalbarriersthatmayslowdownemergencyresponsevehicles.Narrowinglanesthroughtheuseofpavementmarkingsmaybeachievedbycreatingwidershouldersorstripingforon‐streetparkingononeorbothsidesoftheroad.

Pros::Inexpensive.Easytoinstallandmodify,asneeded.Someexperienceshaveindicatedthatmodestspeedreductionscanbeachieved.Canalsoprovideforimprovedbicycleandpedestriansafety,ifproperlyimplemented.Cons::Studieshaveshownthatbybetterdefiningtravellanessometimeshasthereverseimpactandmayincreasespeedsoncertaincorridors.Mayreduceon‐streetparking.

6.2.1.7 Landscaping 

Landscapingmaybeusedinconjunctionwithothertrafficcalmingmeasuressuchasmediansandislands,chicanes,andgatewayareastoenhancethepedestrianenvironmentwhilehelpingtoprovideaneighborhoodidentity.

Pros::Generallywellreceivedbythepublicinresidentialneighborhoods.Can,andshould,beusedinconjunctionwithothertrafficcalmingelementstosoftentheirappearance.Cons::Long‐termmaintenancecostsneedtobeconsidered.Carefulconsiderationtosightlinesandothersafetyelementsshouldalsobeplanned.

6.2.2 Tier 2 Measures 

Whenpossible,theaimofTier2measuresshouldbetoinherentlyalterthestreetenvironmentinawaythatmakeslowerspeedsmorecomfortablefordriversand

1.6‐6  Traffic Calming    

increasestheirawarenessofthepresenceofbicyclistsandpedestrians.Onlywhereothermeasuresarenotfeasibleshouldmoreintrusivedevicessuchasspeedhumpsandroadclosuresbeused.

6.2.2.1 Textured and Colored Pavement 

Texturedandcoloredpavementsmaybeusedtoannounceentryintoatrafficcalmedarea.Materialssuchasbrick,cobbles,stampedconcreteandconcretepaversmaybeusedalongtheentireroadway,inlimitedsections,oralongthepavementedgestosignaltodriversthattheyareinapedestrianzone.

Pros::Changesthedriverperspectiveandcanbeeffectiveinalertingdriverstochangeinsetting.Texturedpavementcanslowdriversdown,muchlikecobblestoneswould.Cons::Long‐termmaintenancecostsneedtobeconsidered.Texturedpavementmaypresentdifficultiesforpedestrianandbicyclists,particularlyinwetconditions.

6.2.2.2 Traffic Circle 

Raisedcircularislandsconstructedinthecenterofintersections.Thisdesignrequiresvehiclestokeeprightandtravelthroughtheintersectioninacounter‐clockwisedirectionaroundtheisland.Trafficcirclescanbeplacedatbothfour‐wayandthree‐wayintersections.

Pros::Slowstrafficasdriversapproachcircle;Improvesaccessfromsidestreet;Breaksupsightlinesonstraightstreets;changesthecontextofthestreetandcanmakethecorridormoreaestheticallypleasinginneighborhoodsettings.Cons::Introducespossibledriverconfusionastowhohastheright‐of‐way.Possibleimpactstolargevehiclesturningleft;Couldpotentiallyimpactemergencyresponsetimes;bicyclistsmustmergewithtrafficaroundtrafficcircle.

6.2.2.3 Modern Roundabout 

Amodernroundaboutisalargeraisedcircularislandinstalledinthecenterofanintersection.Thedesignrequiresvehiclestoslowdownandnavigatearoundtheislandinacounter‐clockwisedirection.Unlikeatraditionaltrafficcircle,amodernroundaboutrequiresvehiclestoyieldtovehiclesalreadyinthe

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  Traffic Calming  1.6‐7 

roundaboutandthegeometryisspecificallydesignedtorestrictspeeds.Modernroundaboutsmaybeusedinplaceoftrafficsignalsathighervolumeroads.

Pros::Slowstrafficasdriversapproachcircle;Improvesaccessfromsidestreet;Breaksupsightlinesonstraightstreets;changesthecontextofthestreetandcanmakethecorridormoreaestheticallypleasinginneighborhoodsettings.Cons::Mayrequirerightofwayfromadjacentproperties;Introducespossibledriverconfusionastowhohastheright‐of‐way;Couldpotentiallyimpactemergencyresponsetimes;bicyclistsmustmergewithtrafficaroundtrafficcircle.

6.2.2.4 Curb Extension 

Alsoknownasbulb‐outs,curbextensionsextendthesidewalkorcurblineoutintotheparkingcrossingsbyreducingthepedestriancrossingdistance,visuallyandphysicallynarrowingtheroadway,improvingtheabilityofpedestriansandmotoriststoseeeachother,andreducingthetimethatpedestriansareinthestreet.

Pros::Pedestriancrossingdistancesarereduced;Narrowedroadwaysectioncancontributetoreducedspeeds;Breaksupdriversightlines;Introducesopportunityforlandscapingandvisualenhancementsfortheneighborhood.Cons::Mayreducevisibilityforbicyclists;Mayrequirelossofon‐streetparking;Expensivetoconstruct;Mayincreaseemergencyresponsetimes;caninterferewithsnowremovaloperations;Mayimpactdrainagealonggutterlines.

6.2.2.5 Edge Treatment 

Edgetreatments,suchasraisedcurbs,provideuniformcrosssectionswithidentifiableedgesalonganentirecorridor.Theyoftensignalalowerdesignspeedtodrivers.Raisedcurbsalsoallowplacingroadsideobjectssuchastreesandstreetfurnitureclosertotheroadway,producingatrafficcalmingeffect.Wherecurbsareimpractical,pavementmarkingsorchangesinpavementtexturemaybeusedtocreateasimilareffect.

Pros::Mayslowtrafficalongcertaincorridors;Easytoinstall;Mayhavepositiveimpactonstormwatermanagement.Cons::Notself‐enforcing;Mayhavenegativeimpactonutilitiesandstormwatermanagementifnotproperlyconsidered.

6.2.2.6 Median Island 

Raisedislandsplacedinthecenterofaroadwaytoseparateopposingtraffic.Theycanbeplacedmid‐blockoratentrancesintoneighborhoods.Mediansnarrowtheroadway,displacingavehicletotherightwhichtendstoslowtraffic.Thesecanbeovalor

1.6‐8  Traffic Calming    

ellipticalshaped.Thoseislandsusedatacrosswalktoprovideapedestrianrefugeincreasepedestriansafetybyallowingpedestrianstocrossonedirectionoftrafficflowatatime.Typically,mediansarelandscapedtoprovidevisualenhancement.

Pros::Narrowedlanescanslowvehiclespeeds;Providesshorterdistancesincertaininstancesforpedestrianstocross;Opportunityforlandscapingandvisualenhancementstoneighborhood.Cons::MayinterruptdrivewayaccessandresultinU‐turnsattheendofmedians;Possiblelossofon‐streetparking;highcosttoconstruct;possibleimpacttostormwatermanagement;mayinterferewithsnowremovaloperations.

6.2.2.7 Gateway Treatment 

Agatewayisaphysicalorgeometriclandmarkthatindicatesachangeinenvironmentfromahigherspeedarterialorcollectorroadtoalowerspeedresidentialorcommercialdistrict.Theyoftenplaceahigheremphasisonaestheticsandarefrequentlyusedtoidentifyneighborhoodandcommercialareaswithinalargerurbansetting.Gatewaysmaybeacombinationofstreetnarrowing,medians,signing,archways,roundabouts,orotheridentifiablefeatures.Gatewaysshouldsendaclearmessagetomotoriststhattheyhavereachedaspecificplaceandmustreducespeeds.

Pros::Alertsdriverstothetransitionfromhigh‐speedroadwaystolower‐speedsettings;Canbeaestheticallypleasingandbetterdefineneighborhoods.Mosteffectiveoninfrequentusersofthecorridor.Cons::Long‐termmaintenancecostsforlandscapingshouldbeconsidered;mayonlybeeffectiveinslowingdriversastheytransitionintoneighborhood;notshowntobeeffectiveforfrequentcommuters.

6.2.2.8 Chicane 

Chicanesconsistofaseriesofcurbextensionsthatnarrowthestreetatselectedpointsandforcemotoriststoslowdowntomaneuverbetweenthem.TheyalternatefromonesideofthestreettotheothertoformS‐shapedcurves.Chicanescreateapark‐likeenvironmentandencourageadditionalgreeneryandplantings,butmustbedesignedcarefullytoavoiddriversfromdeviatingoutoftheappropriatelane.

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  Traffic Calming  1.6‐9 

Pros::Mayslowdriversandreducecut‐throughtraffic;Changesthelookofthestreet;Hasminimalimpactonemergencyresponse.Cons::Requiresdesignandexpensiveimplementation;Likelytorequiremodificationstostormwaterdrainage;mayimpacton‐streetparking;mayimpactsnowremovaloperations;Withoutproperplanning,canhavelittletonoimpactoncut‐throughtraffic.

6.2.2.9 Choker or Neckdown 

Chokersaresimilartocurbextensionsthatnarrowastreetbycreatingamid‐blockpinchpointalongthestreet.Chokerscanbecreatedbybringingbothcurbsin,orbyinstallingplantingstrips.Theycanbedonemoredramaticallybywideningonesideatamid‐blocklocation.Theycanalsobeusedatintersections,creatingagatewayeffectwhenenteringastreet.

Pros::Narrowedlanescanslowvehiclespeeds;Breaksupdriversightlines;Increasespedestrianandmotoristvisibility.Cons::Possiblelossofon‐streetparking;Narrowlanesdirectbicyclistsintovehiculartravellanes;Impactstostormwaterdrainage;highcosttoconstruct;mayimpactsnowremovaloperations.

6.2.2.10 Diverter or Partial Closure 

Adiverterisanislandbuiltataresidentialstreetintersectionthatpreventscertainthroughand/orturningmovements.Partiallyorfullyclosingaccesstoaneighborhoodstreetwillcertainlyincreasetrafficonsurroundingstreets.Theseshouldbeusedasmeasuresoflastresortandonlyconsideredifotherlessrestrictivephysicalmeasureshavefailed.

Pros::Reducescut‐throughtraffic;Channelstrafficflow,thuseliminatingvehicularconflictsatsomeintersections;canbedesignedtoaccommodateemergency

1.6‐10  Traffic Calming    

vehicles;presentsopportunitiesforlandscapingandvisualenhancementstoaneighborhoodsetting.Cons::Willredirecttraffictootherlocalstreets;causesincreasedtraveltimesforlocalresidents;highcosttoconstruct;isapermanentmeasurethatmayonlyaddressproblemsduringcertaintimesoftheday;mayrequireremovalofon‐streetparking;needssignificantwarningandguidancesignage;mayaffectsnowremovaloperations.

6.2.2.11 Reduced Corner Radii 

Reducingthecurbradiiatanintersectionforcesdriverstoslowdowntomaketighterturns.Careshouldbetakenwhenusingthistrafficcalmingapproachasreducedradiicanlimittheturningmovementsoftrucks,busesandemergencyresponsevehicles.

Pros::Selfenforcing;potentiallyreducesthecrossingdistanceforpedestrians.Cons::Maynegativelyimpacttheabilityoflargevehiclestonegotiateturns;mayimpactemergencyresponsetimes.

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  Traffic Calming  1.6‐11 

6.2.2.12 Roadway Closure 

Afullroadwayclosurecompletelycutsofftraffictothroughvehicles,leavingonlypedestrianandbicycleaccess.Theseclosuresaretypicallyusedonlyasalastresortafterothertrafficcalmingmethodstoreducecut‐throughtraffichavefailed.Astreetmaybeclosedatanintersectionormid‐blockthroughtheuseofwalls,bollards,landscapedislands,orgatesthatallowemergencyvehicleaccess.

Pros::Selfenforcing;Restrictsallthroughtraffic;Effectiveatvolumeandspeedcontrol;MayImprovetheaestheticqualityofthestreet;Canallowforcontinuedpedestrianandbicycleflow,Cons::Mayredirectdriverstootherstreets;Highcosttoconstructandmaintain;couldresultinrightofwaytakingsastheabilityforvehiclestoturn‐aroundneedstobeprovided;Mayincreasetriplengthsfordrivers;mayimpacton‐streetparking;Impactstoemergencyresponseroutes.

6.2.2.13  Turn Restriction 

Turnrestrictionscaninsomecasesbealow‐costmethodofreducingcut‐throughtraffic,buttheyrequireenforcement.

Pros::Inexpensive.Reducescutthroughtraffic;Effectiveatvolumeandspeedcontrol.Cons::Mayredirectdriverstootherstreets;Mayincreasetriplengthsfordrivers;

6.2.2.14 Speed Hump 

Speedhumpsareraisedsectionsintheroadwayapproximately3incheshighattheircenterandextendingthefullwidthofthestreet,taperingnearthedrainguttertoallowunimpededbicycletravel.Thetraditionalhumprangesfrom14feetto22feetinlength.Thelongerhumps,alsoknownasspeedtables,aremuchgentlerforlargervehicles.Speedhumpsaretypicallyplaced200to600feetapart.Speedhumpsaredifferentthanspeedbumps,whicharecommonlyseeninparkinglotsoronprivatestreets.TheCityofNorwalkdoesnotallowspeedbumpsonpublicstreets.Speedhumpscanhelpcontrolspeedingandcutthroughtrafficonlocalneighborhoodstreets.

1.6‐12  Traffic Calming    

Unliketraditionalpoliceenforcement,speedhumpsprovidecontinuousservice.Speedhumpsaremostusefulwhenspeedsareinexcessof35mphintheimmediatevicinityofthespeedhump.Theyarelesseffective,however,inbetweeninstallations.Speedhumpscanbeveryeffectiveifusedappropriately.Thereare,however,somenegativeimpactstheymayhave: Residentslivingnearspeedhumpsmusttolerateincreasednoiselevelsasvehicles

traversespeedhumpsdayandnight.

Vehiclesmaydriveonsidewalksorthroughfrontyardstoavoidspeedhumps.

Trafficmaybedivertedtootherstreetsintheneighborhood.

Police,fireandemergencymedicalserviceresponsetimessuffer.

Motorizedstreetsweepingequipmentcannotbeusedatspeedhumplocations.

Speedhumpsinterferewithstreetrepaving,decreasingtheeffectivenessofboththespeedhumpandthenewpavementsurface.

Speedhumpsblocktheflowofdrainagewateronsomestreetsandcancausefloodingproblems.

Speedhumpsrequiresigningandstriping,whichsomeresidentsconsiderunattractive.

Pros::Selfenforcing;Maydecreasetrafficvolumes;requiresminimalmaintenance.Cons::Likelytoincreasenoiseinthevicinityofthehump;potentialtoimpactdrainage;mayincreaseemergencyresponsetimes;difficulttoreplace.

6.2.2.15 Raised Intersection 

Araisedintersectionisessentiallyaspeedtablefortheentireintersection.Constructioninvolvesprovidingrampsoneachvehicleapproach,whichelevatestheentireintersectiontothelevelofthesidewalk.Theycanbebuiltwithavarietyofmaterials,includingasphalt,concrete,stampedconcrete,orpavers.Thecrosswalksoneachapproacharealsoelevatedaspartofthetreatmenttoenablepedestrianstocrosstheroadatthesamelevelasthesidewalk,eliminatingtheneedforcurbramps.

Pros::Selfenforcing;Providesclearcrossinglocationforpedestrians;Increasesdriverawareness.Cons::Likelytoincreasenoiseinthevicinityoftheintersection;potentialtoimpactdrainage;mayincreaseemergencyresponsetimes;difficulttoreplace;mayimpactsnowremovaloperations.

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  Traffic Calming  1.6‐13 

6.2.2.16 Raised Crosswalk 

Araisedpedestriancrossingisalsoessentiallyaspeedtable,withaflatportionthewidthofacrosswalk,usually10to15ft.Raisedintersectionsandcrosswalksencouragemotoriststoyield.

Pros::Selfenforcing;Maydecreasetrafficvolumes;requiresminimalmaintenance.Cons::Likelytoincreasenoiseinthevicinityofthecrosswalk;potentialtoimpactdrainage;mayincreaseemergencyresponsetimes;difficulttoreplace;mayimpactsnowremovaloperations.