Chapter 1

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy

• Describes the structures of the body:– what they are made of– where they are located– associated structures

Physiology

• Is the study of:– functions of anatomical structures– individual and cooperative functions

Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 3)

• Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures: – surface anatomy:

• exterior features – regional anatomy:

• body areas

Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 3)

– systemic anatomy: • groups of organs working together

– developmental anatomy: • from egg (embryology) to maturity

– clinical anatomy: • medical specialties

Specialties of Anatomy (3 of 3)

• Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules: – cytology:

• cells and their structures• cyt = cell

– histology: • tissues and their structures

Specialties of Physiology

• Cell physiology: – processes within and between cells

• Special physiology: – functions of specific organs

• Systemic physiology: – functions of an organ system

• Pathological physiology: – effects of diseases

The Scientific Method: A powerful way of “knowing”.

1. Starts with a question or problem, based on observations of the natural world.

2. Propose a hypothesis, a possible answer that presents a reasonable explanation or solution.

3. Make a prediction that tests the hypothesis. 4. Design an experiment to see if the prediction is correct.Example: 1. Problem: The computer cannot connect to the internet.2. Hypothesis: The cable is faulty.3. Prediction: If I use the cable from my roommate’s laptop,

which is working, I should be able to connect.4. Experiment: Connect the known good cable and try to

connect.5. (Using a cable that is known to be good and changing

just that one thing while keeping the rest the same provides a “control”)

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organizing a Muscle

• Protein molecules (chemical level)• Protein filaments (organelle level)• Muscle cells (cellular level)• Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level)• Heart (organ level)

Mechanisms of Regulation

• Autoregulation (intrinsic):– automatic response in a cell, tissue, or

organ • Extrinsic regulation:

– responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is controlled by feedback loops

Example of negative feed back: blood glucose regulation

A positive feed back mechanism:blood clotting and

wound healing

Integration means working together

• Systems integration: – systems work together to

maintain homeostasis

Anatomical Landmarks Figure 1–6

Positional terms• Anatomical position:

– hands at sides, palms forward• Supine:

– lying down, face up• Prone:

– lying down, face down

Quadrants and Regions • 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around

umbilicus

Figure 1–7b

• 9 abdominopelvic regions

Figure 1–7c

• Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions

Which Direction? • Lateral:

– side view • Frontal:

– front view • Anatomical direction:

– refers to the patient’s left or right

Which Direction?

3 Dimensions• Plane:

– a 3-dimensional axis • Section:

– a slice parallel to a plane

3

Dimensions

The Ventral Body Cavity

• Coelom: – divided by the

diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Serous membranes

The pericardium

The 11 organ systems -Some structural associations

1. Integumentary - skin2. Skeletal - bones, cartilage, joints3. Muscular - skeletal cardiac and smooth4. Nervous - central & peripheral, voluntary & involuntary5. Endocrine - glands & hormones6. Cardiovascular - blood, blood vessels & the heart7. Lymphatic & Immune - lymph vessels, organs, tissues

& cells8. Respiratory - nasal structures, larynx, airways & lungs9. Digestive - alimentary canal & accessory organs10.Urinary - kidneys, ureters & urethra11.Reproductive - gonads, accessory organs (primary and

secondary structures)

The 11 organ systems -Some general functions

1. Integumentary - protection, water regulation, endocrine2. Skeletal - protection, support, movement3. Muscular - movement, transportation, heat4. Nervous - communication & control, rapid to intermediate5. Endocrine - communication & control, short to long term6. Cardiovascular - transportation, thermal regulation, defenses,

water7. Lymphatic & Immune - water balance, absorption, immunity8. Respiratory - gas exchange9. Digestive - absorption, energy storage & production, filtration10. Urinary - water & pH balance, blood pressure, toxin removal11. Reproductive -makin’ babies!

Some main points:• Scientific method– Hypothesis– Theory– law

• Complementarity of structure and function• Hierarchy of structural organization

– Atoms– Molecules– Compounds– Biochemical– Organelles– Cells– Tissues– Organs– Organ systems (we organize them into distinct 11 systems)– Organisms– Populations

• Homeostasis - the balancing act of living systems– Negative feedback– Positive feedback

Fin