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Chapter 1
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Transcript of Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
• Describes the structures of the body:– what they are made of– where they are located– associated structures
Physiology
• Is the study of:– functions of anatomical structures– individual and cooperative functions
Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 3)
• Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures: – surface anatomy:
• exterior features – regional anatomy:
• body areas
Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 3)
– systemic anatomy: • groups of organs working together
– developmental anatomy: • from egg (embryology) to maturity
– clinical anatomy: • medical specialties
Specialties of Anatomy (3 of 3)
• Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules: – cytology:
• cells and their structures• cyt = cell
– histology: • tissues and their structures
Specialties of Physiology
• Cell physiology: – processes within and between cells
• Special physiology: – functions of specific organs
• Systemic physiology: – functions of an organ system
• Pathological physiology: – effects of diseases
The Scientific Method: A powerful way of “knowing”.
1. Starts with a question or problem, based on observations of the natural world.
2. Propose a hypothesis, a possible answer that presents a reasonable explanation or solution.
3. Make a prediction that tests the hypothesis. 4. Design an experiment to see if the prediction is correct.Example: 1. Problem: The computer cannot connect to the internet.2. Hypothesis: The cable is faulty.3. Prediction: If I use the cable from my roommate’s laptop,
which is working, I should be able to connect.4. Experiment: Connect the known good cable and try to
connect.5. (Using a cable that is known to be good and changing
just that one thing while keeping the rest the same provides a “control”)
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Organizing a Muscle
• Protein molecules (chemical level)• Protein filaments (organelle level)• Muscle cells (cellular level)• Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level)• Heart (organ level)
Mechanisms of Regulation
• Autoregulation (intrinsic):– automatic response in a cell, tissue, or
organ • Extrinsic regulation:
– responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is controlled by feedback loops
Example of negative feed back: blood glucose regulation
A positive feed back mechanism:blood clotting and
wound healing
Integration means working together
• Systems integration: – systems work together to
maintain homeostasis
Anatomical Landmarks Figure 1–6
Positional terms• Anatomical position:
– hands at sides, palms forward• Supine:
– lying down, face up• Prone:
– lying down, face down
Quadrants and Regions • 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around
umbilicus
Figure 1–7b
• 9 abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7c
• Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions
Which Direction? • Lateral:
– side view • Frontal:
– front view • Anatomical direction:
– refers to the patient’s left or right
Which Direction?
3 Dimensions• Plane:
– a 3-dimensional axis • Section:
– a slice parallel to a plane
3
Dimensions
The Ventral Body Cavity
• Coelom: – divided by the
diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Serous membranes
The pericardium
The 11 organ systems -Some structural associations
1. Integumentary - skin2. Skeletal - bones, cartilage, joints3. Muscular - skeletal cardiac and smooth4. Nervous - central & peripheral, voluntary & involuntary5. Endocrine - glands & hormones6. Cardiovascular - blood, blood vessels & the heart7. Lymphatic & Immune - lymph vessels, organs, tissues
& cells8. Respiratory - nasal structures, larynx, airways & lungs9. Digestive - alimentary canal & accessory organs10.Urinary - kidneys, ureters & urethra11.Reproductive - gonads, accessory organs (primary and
secondary structures)
The 11 organ systems -Some general functions
1. Integumentary - protection, water regulation, endocrine2. Skeletal - protection, support, movement3. Muscular - movement, transportation, heat4. Nervous - communication & control, rapid to intermediate5. Endocrine - communication & control, short to long term6. Cardiovascular - transportation, thermal regulation, defenses,
water7. Lymphatic & Immune - water balance, absorption, immunity8. Respiratory - gas exchange9. Digestive - absorption, energy storage & production, filtration10. Urinary - water & pH balance, blood pressure, toxin removal11. Reproductive -makin’ babies!
Some main points:• Scientific method– Hypothesis– Theory– law
• Complementarity of structure and function• Hierarchy of structural organization
– Atoms– Molecules– Compounds– Biochemical– Organelles– Cells– Tissues– Organs– Organ systems (we organize them into distinct 11 systems)– Organisms– Populations
• Homeostasis - the balancing act of living systems– Negative feedback– Positive feedback
Fin