Chapter 1 Lesson 2:PROCESSOR IN EMBEDDED

SYSTEM

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 1Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

Hardware units in the EmbeddedSystems

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Typical Embedded System Hardwareunits

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Processor

Program Flow and data path ControlUnit (CU) —includes a fetch unit forfetching instructions from thememory

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Processor

Execution Unit (EU) —includescircuits for arithmetic and logical unit(ALU), and for instructions for aprogram control task, say, datatransfer instructions, halt, interrupt,or jump to another set of instructionsor call to another routine or sleep or

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System designer considerationsProcessor Instructions in the Instruction setProcessor ability to solve the complexalgorithms used in meeting the deadlinesfor their processing.

Maximum bits in operand (8 or 16 or 32)in a single arithmetic or logical operation.

Internal and External bus-widths in thedata-path

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 6Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

System designer considerationsClock frequency in MHz and processingspeed -

Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS) orMillion Floating Point Instructions PerSecond (MFLOPS) or

Dhrystone- an alternate metric formeasuring processing performance. ReferSection 2.6

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1a. General purpose microprocessor

For example, Intel 80x86, Sparc, orMotorola 68HCxxx

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 8Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

1b. Embedded general purposeprocessor

Fast context switching features,use of on-chip Compilers, forexample, Intel® XScale™

Applications Personal Internet ClientArchitecture-based PDAs, cell phones

and other wireless devices,

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 9Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

2. Application Specific Instruction-Set Processor (ASIP)

(a)Microcontroller — Intel, Motorola,Hitachi, TI, Philips and ARM, …

For example, an Intel® — MCS51, Philips®51XA, 51MX, or

Motorola — 68HC11, 68HC12, 68HC16

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 10Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

Commonly used exemplarymicrocontrollers in small scale embeddedsystems

Small Scale Embedded System 8/16-bit Microcontroller

8051 PIC16F8X Hitachi 68HC11xxfamily family H8

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 11Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

Commonly used exemplarymicrocontrollers in medium scaleembedded systems

Medium Scale Embedded System16-bit Microcontroller

8051MX

2008

PIC Hitachi 68HC12xx,16F876, D64F2623FA 68HC16xxPIC18

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Commonly used exemplarymicrocontrollers in large-scale embeddedsystems

Large Scale Embedded System 32-bitMicrocontroller

ARM family Cortex-M3, AtmelAT91 series, ST10 series, Philips

LPC 2000 series, Texas InstrumentC16x and TMS470R1B1M,

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HitachiSH7045F

13

Subunits in a Microcontroller

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Application Specific Instruction-SetProcessor (ASIP)

(b) DSP or(c) Media processor or

(d) IO processor or(e) Network processor or

(f) A domain specific processor

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 15Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

(b) DSP

Typically aTexas Instruments- C28xSeries, C54xx or C64xx orAnalog Devices SHARC orTigerSHARC,

Motorola 5600xx

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 16Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

(d) Media processor

TI DSP TMS320DM310 or TrimediaPhillips Media Processor 1x00series for Processing Streaming andData Networks and Image, Videoand Speech: PNX 1300, PNX 1500(2002)

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A Media Processor PNX 1x002008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 18

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3. GPP or ASIP core (s)

GPP or ASIP Integrated into either anApplication Specific Integrated Circuit(ASIC), or a Very Large ScaleIntegrated Circuit (VLSI) circuit or aFPGA core integrated with processorunit(s) in a VLSI (ASIC) chip

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4. Application Specific SystemProcessor (ASSP)

Typically a set top box processoror mpeg video-processor ornetwork application processoror mobile application processor

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 20Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

5. Single purpose processor orApplication Specific Instruction

processor• Floating point Coprocessor

• CCD Pixel coprocessor and imagecodec in digital camera

• Graphic processor

• Speech processor

• Adaptive filtering processor

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 21Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

• Encryption engine

• Decryption engine

• Communication protocol stackprocessor

• Java accelerator

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Use of Accelerator Cores:Examples

Java Accelerator NazoninCommunications Java codes run 15 to

60 Times fast,

Video Accelerator for fast Videoprocessing

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 23Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

6. Multi core processors ormultiprocessor system using

GPPsExamples

• Multiprocessor system for Real timeperformance in a video-conferencesystem,

• Embedded firewall cum router,

• High-end cell phone, …

2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 24Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

SummaryWe learnt

(i) overview of hardware units,(ii) Processor (s) used in thesystems: general purpose

processor, ASIPs (microcontroller,DSP, Media processor, ..), singlepurpose processor and multi-processor, …

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End of Lesson 2

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