Ch4 lesson 5 electron notation configuration_theory

Lesson FiveEnd of

Chapter 4

“Where do

Electrons

Live?”

We are going to assign ELECTRONS their own addresses.

Where to they live?

Each electron in an atom has its own coordinates.

Just like ships in the ocean use L___________ and L___________ to describe their positions, we are going to assign electrons their

own positions.

First, what are your coordinates?

You are……somewhere in the universe.…in the _________ _____ galaxy…on the planet _______…in the __________ hemisphere…on the _______ _______ continent…in the country of The ______ _______…in the state of __________…in __________ county…in the municipality of _________…on __________ Road…_____ McMurray Road…in the ___ Wing…on the _____ floor…in room ______…sitting in row ____ and in the _____ seatYou will notice that no two students share the same seat at the same time.

This is called Pauli’s Exclusion Principle , but we will talk about that later.

We need to know where each electron is in each atom so we can make chemical bonds in

Chapter 6.This is going to take a while so

you have to play along.

You have a job to do. Your job is assign people their spot in a

bomb shelter. This bomb shelter has many levels that reach deep into the ground and can hold thousands of

people. You must have a system so we know where every

person is and they are spread out as evenly as possible.

Since this bomb shelter has so many levels we are going to place the people who get there first in to the

rooms that are easiest to reach.That is part of our system. It is called the AUF-BAU

PRINCIPLE. Auf Bau, in the German language, means, “Building Up.”

This bomb shelter has a weird shape, a lot of different levels and a lot of different types of

rooms.

This bomb shelter has a weird shape, a lot of different levels and a lot of different types of

rooms.This is our bomb shelter

Bomb Shelter

This is the first level, it is the easiest to reach so the first people to arrive will be placed here.

Bomb Shelter

First Level

Second Level

Bomb Shelter

First Level

Second Level

Third Level

Bomb Shelter

First Level

Second Level

Third Level

Fourth Level

Fifth Level

Sixth Level

Seventh Level

Sixth Level (annex)

Seventh Level (annex)

Bomb ShelterNext, each area of this bomb shelter has different shaped rooms or areas. These areas are called sublevels or shapes.

We are going to call each area by a letter.1st

Bomb ShelterThis is the “s” area.

Bomb ShelterThis is the “p” area.

Bomb ShelterThis is the “d” area.

Bomb ShelterThis is the “f” area.

This is what an “s” room looks like. It is

a sphere.

This is what an “p” room looks like. It is a peanut

shape. (some people call it a dumbbell shape.)

The “p” shape can also fall along the “y-axis”

It can also fall along the “z-axis”

All of these are “p” shapes, they just face different directions.

We will be using the “d” shapes and the “f” shapes

but they are too mathematically difficult to sketch so we will skip that

One small detail before we start.The “s” shape looks like a sphere so no matter which way you turn it, it

is always the same. When you are playing pool, does it matter which way the cue ball is

oriented or facing when you break? No, you just put it where you want it

and hit it.The “s” shape has one unique

orientation along the x, y, and z axis.

As we saw, the “p” shape can fall along the x-axis, the y-axis, or the

z-axis.The “p” shape has three

orientations along the x, y, and z axis.

The “d” shape has five orientations along the x, y, and z axis.

And the “f” shape has seven orientations along the x, y, and z

You have to just take this on faith.

Shape Orientations or Positions

Back to placing people in our bomb shelter.Each orientation or position can hold two people so…..

Shape Orientations or Positions

Two People per Position

Total Number of People per

s 1 x 2 2

p 3 x 2 6

d 5 x 2 10

f 7 x 2 14

“s” holds 2, “p” holds 6, “d” holds 10, “f” holds 14

Say that three times to yourself.

Bomb ShelterWe have to backtrack to make one

final point

Bomb Shelter

1st Level only holds an “s” shaped area

Bomb Shelter

2nd Level holds an “s” shape and a “p” shape

Bomb Shelter

3rd Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, and a “d” shape

Bomb Shelter

4th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape

Bomb Shelter

5th Level holds an “s” shape, a “p” shape, a “d” shape and an “f” shape, also.

Bomb Shelter

So…Energy Level Shape Number of

People per Shape

Total Number of People per Energy Level

1 s s=2 2

2 s and p s=2 and p=6 8

3 s, p, and d s=2, p=6, d=10

4 s, p, d, and f s=2, p=6, d=10, and

1st energy level holds 2, the 2nd energy level holds 8, the 3rd energy level holds 18, and the 4th

energy level holds 32……2, 8, 18, 32

Say that three times to yourself.

Bomb ShelterNow it gets good.

Bomb ShelterThe only thing is that we are not talking about people in a bomb shelter we are

going to discuss electrons in elements on the Periodic Table.

Periodic Table

Periodic Table Let’s start at the beginning, with hydrogen, H.

How many electrons does it have? ____1st H

Periodic Table Let’s start at the beginning, with hydrogen, H.

How many electrons does it have? _1__1st H

What are the coordinates of that electron?

What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.

What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1

What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1Add the shape where the electron is found… 1s

What are the coordinates of that electron?This is how we are going to write it on the test.First, write the energy level where the electron is found…. 1Add the shape where the electron is found… 1sShow the number of electrons as a superscript… 1s1

So H = 1s1

Periodic Table Now for Helium, He.

How many electrons does it have? ___1st He

Periodic Table Now for Helium, He.

How many electrons does it have? _2_1st He

Helium He

Write the energy level first….1

Helium He

Write the energy level first…. 1Add the shape… 1s

Helium He

Write the energy level first…. 1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons as a superscript 1s2

Helium He

Write the energy level first…. 1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons as a superscript 1s2

So He = 1s2

Periodic Table Now for Lithium, Li.

How many electrons does it have? ___1st

2nd Li

Periodic Table Now for Lithium, Li.

How many electrons does it have? _3_1st

2nd Li

Lithium Li

Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1

Lithium Li

Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1s

Lithium Li

Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape holds as a superscript 1s2

Note: “s” only holds 2 electrons. It is now filled.

Where does the next electron go?

Lithium Li

In the second energy level, which also has an “s” shape.

Lithium Li

In the second energy level, which also has an “s” shape. So, since lithium has three electrons their

coordinates are Li = 1s22s1

Periodic Table Next is beryllium, Be.

2nd Be

Periodic Table Next is beryllium, Be.

2nd Be

Beryllium Be

Where do the next two electrons go?

Beryllium Be

Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape hold as a superscript 1s2

Again, in the second energy level, which also has an “s” shape, which can hold up to two electrons.

Beryllium Be

Write the energy level for the 1st electron….1Add the shape… 1sShow the number of electrons that the “s” shape can holds as a superscript 1s2

Again, in the second energy level, which also has an “s” shape, which can hold up to two electrons.

Since beryllium has four electrons their

coordinates are Be = 1s22s2

Periodic Table Next is Boron, B. This is the end, sort of.

Boron B

The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like the beryllium.

Boron B

The next two electrons go in the 2s2 orbital just like the beryllium. So far we have 1s22s2

Boron B

We have a 5th electron, where does it go?

It stays in the 2nd energy level but since the “s” shape is full it goes into the “p” shape.

Boron B

We have a 5th electron, where does it go?

It stays in the 2nd energy level but since the “s” shape is full it goes into the “p” shape.

So B = 1s22s22p1

Now for the shortcuts.

Now for the shortcuts. On your paper number down 1 through 7.

Now for the shortcuts. Add an “s” after each number.

Now for the shortcuts. After 2s add a “2p”. Repeat for 3s through 7s.

Now for the shortcuts. After 3p add a 3d. Repeat for 4p through 7p.

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d

5s 5p 5d

6s 6p 6d

7s 7p 7d

Now for the shortcuts. After 4d add a 4f. Repeat all the way down.

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d 6f

7s 7p 7d 7f

Now for the shortcuts. Add diagonal lines like in the diagram.

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d 6f

7s 7p 7d 7f

This is the Auf Bau Chart – “Building Up”

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d 6f

7s 7p 7d 7f

Auf Bau ChartThis is how it works. We are just going to read the chart,

follow the arrows, and assign coordinates to all of the electrons in an atom.

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d 6f

7s 7p 7d 7f

Energy Level

Shape Electrons per Shape

1 s s=2

s=2 p=6

s=2p=6d=10

4 sPdf

s=2p=6d=10f=14

This is the end of part one.

Ch4 lesson 5 electron notation configuration_theory

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