Post on 26-Jan-2022
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CATEGORY SHIFT AND READABILITY
IN TWO VERSIONS OF THE INDONESIAN TRANSLATION
OF POE’S “THE TELL-TALE HEART”
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
WENSESLAUS SERIYANO JECKY LAMERE
Student number: 164214001
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2020
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CATEGORY SHIFT AND READABILITY
IN TWO VERSIONS OF THE INDONESIAN TRANSLATION
OF POE’S “THE TELL-TALE HEART”
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
WENSESLAUS SERIYANO JECKY LAMERE
Student number: 164214001
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2020
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text ofthe undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, January 8, 2020
Wenses aus Seriyano Jecky Lamere
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAHTINTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Wenseslaus Seriyano Jecky Lamere
Nomor Mahasiswa : 164214001
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
CATEGORY SHIFT AND READABILITYIN TWO VERSIONS OF THE INDONESIAN TRANSLATION
OF POE'S "THE TELL-TALE HEART"
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain utntuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 8 Januari2020
Yang menyatakan
V1
Wenseslaus Seriyano Jecky Lamere
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If the world says there is
no way anymore, easy,
I’ll just make one
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Gratitude I send first to the Almighty God, for by His blessing I can still
stand today, and experience such a wonderful life. Furthermore, I would like to
thank my parents for all support they give in any ways that make me the way I am
now.
I would like to deliver a special thanks to Mr. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid,
S.S.,M.Hum. as my thesis advisor, who is always available when I need academic
favour. Besides, I would also give a round appreciation for Mrs. Adventina
Putranti, S.S.,M.Hum. who at will assists me by giving correction and pieces of
advice for making the best of my thesis.
Ultimately, I thank all my friends who always support and help me in the
last three years I have lived my life in the university.
Wenseslaus Seriyano Jecky Lamere
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................. v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................ vii
DEDICATION PAGE ..................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................... xii
LIST OF CHARTS ......................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... xiv
ABSRACT ....................................................................................................... xvi
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... xvii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study .......................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................ 5
C. Objectives of the Study............................................................................. 5
D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE................................................... 7
A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................ 7
B. Review of Related Theories .................................................................... 12
1. Theory of Translation Shift ............................................................... 12
2. Theory of Category Shift .................................................................. 12
3. Theory of Readability ....................................................................... 15
4. Theory of Plot................................................................................... 20
C. Theoretical Framework........................................................................... 21
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 23
A. Areas of Research .................................................................................. 23
B. Object of the Study ................................................................................. 23
C. Method of the Study ............................................................................... 24
D. Research Procedure ................................................................................ 25
1. Types of Data ................................................................................... 25
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2. Data Collection ................................................................................. 26
3. Population and Sample ..................................................................... 27
4. Data Analysis ................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................... 31
A. The Types of Category Shift in Two Versions of the Indonesian
Translation of Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” ............................................ 31
B. The Readability of Indonesian Translation in “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
and “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” ........................................................ 87
1. Readability of “Jantung yang Mengaduh” ......................................... 88
2. Readability of “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” .................................. 92
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 97
REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 100
APPENDICES ............................................................................................... 102
Appendix 1 : ....................................................................................... 102
Appendix 2 : ....................................................................................... 104
Appendix 3 : ....................................................................................... 106
Appendix 4 : ....................................................................................... 110
Appendix 5 : ....................................................................................... 123
Appendix 6 : ....................................................................................... 138
Appendix 7 : ....................................................................................... 141
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ST : Source Text
TT : Target Text
TTs : Target Texts
TT1 : Target Text 1
TT2 : Target Text 2
No : Number
JYM : Jantung yang Mengaduh
GJYT : Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa
Ex : Exposition
Ra : Rising Action
H : Head
M : Modifier
S : Subject
V : Verb
O : Object
Od : Object Direct
Oi : Object Indirect
PP : Prepositional Phrase
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LIST OF CHARTS
No. Charts Page
1 Chart 1. Comparison of Category shift Occurences in “Jantung
yang Mengaduh” and “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”
32
2 Chart 2. Category Shift in “Jantung yang Mengaduh” 33
3 Chart 3. Category Shift in “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” 34
4 Chart 4. Readability between JYM and GJYT 87
5 Chart 5. Readability of “Jantung yang Mengaduh” 88
6 Chart 6. The Frequency of Readability Factors in “Jantung yang
Mengaduh”
89
7 Chart 7. The Frequency of Not-Readability Factors in “Jantung
yang Mengaduh”
90
8 Chart 8. Readability of “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” 92
9 Chart 9. The Frequency of Readability Factors in “Gema
Jantung yang Tersiksa”
93
10 Chart 10. The Frequency of Not-Readability Factors in “Gema
Jantung yang Tersiksa”
95
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Table Page
1 Table 1. Example of Data Coding 27
2 Table 2. Example of Category Shift Analysis 28
3 Table 3. Example of Readability Data in TT1/JYM 29
4 Table 4. Example of Readability Data in TT2/GJYT 30
5 Table 5. Types of Shift in Datum Number 1 35
6 Table 6. Types of Shift in Datum Number 2 36
7 Table 7. Types of Shift in Datum Number 3 37
8 Table 8. Types of Shift in Datum Number 4 37
9 Table 9. Types of Shift in Datum Number 5 38
10 Table 10. Types of Shift in Datum Number 6 38
11 Table 11. Types of Shift in Datum Number 7 39
12 Table 12. Types of Shift in Datum Number 8 39
13 Table 13. Types of Shift in Datum Number 9 40
14 Table 14. Types of Shift in Datum Number 10 40
15 Table 15. Types of Shift in Datum Number 11 41
16 Table 16. Types of Shift in Datum Number 12 41
17 Table 17. Types of Shift in Datum Number 13 42
18 Table 18. Types of Shift in Datum Number 14 42
19 Table 19. Types of Shift in Datum Number 15 42
20 Table 20. Types of Shift in Datum Number 16 43
21 Table 21. Types of Shift in Datum Number 17 44
22 Table 22. Types of Shift in Datum Number 18 45
23 Table 23. Types of Shift in Datum Number 19 46
24 Table 24. Types of Shift in Datum Number 20 46
25 Table 25. Types of Shift in Datum Number 21 46
26 Table 26. Types of Shift in Datum Number 22 47
27 Table 27. Types of Shift in Datum Number 23 47
28 Table 28. Types of Shift in Datum Number 24 48
29 Table 29. Types of Shift in Datum Number 25 49
30 Table 30. Types of Shift in Datum Number 26 49
31 Table 31. Types of Shift in Datum Number 27 50
32 Table 32. Types of Shift in Datum Number 28 51
33 Table 33. Types of Shift in Datum Number 29 52
34 Table 34. Types of Shift in Datum Number 30 52
35 Table 35. Types of Shift in Datum Number 31 53
36 Table 36. Types of Shift in Datum Number 32 54
37 Table 37. Types of Shift in Datum Number 33 55
38 Table 38. Types of Shift in Datum Number 34 55
39 Table 39. Types of Shift in Datum Number 35 56
40 Table 40. Types of Shift in Datum Number 36 57
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41 Table 41. Types of Shift in Datum Number 37 58
42 Table 42. Types of Shift in Datum Number 38 58
43 Table 43. Types of Shift in Datum Number 39 58
44 Table 44. Types of Shift in Datum Number 40 59
45 Table 45. Types of Shift in Datum Number 41 60
46 Table 46. Types of Shift in Datum Number 42 60
47 Table 47. Types of Shift in Datum Number 43 61
48 Table 48. Types of Shift in Datum Number 44 61
49 Table 49. Types of Shift in Datum Number 45 63
50 Table 50. Types of Shift in Datum Number 46 64
51 Table 51. Types of Shift in Datum Number 47 64
52 Table 52. Types of Shift in Datum Number 48 65
53 Table 53. Types of Shift in Datum Number 49 66
54 Table 54. Types of Shift in Datum Number 50 67
55 Table 55. Types of Shift in Datum Number 51 67
56 Table 56. Types of Shift in Datum Number 52 68
57 Table 57. Types of Shift in Datum Number 53 68
58 Table 58. Types of Shift in Datum Number 54 69
59 Table 59. Types of Shift in Datum Number 55 69
60 Table 60. Types of Shift in Datum Number 56 70
61 Table 61. Types of Shift in Datum Number 57 70
62 Table 62. Types of Shift in Datum Number 58 71
63 Table 63. Types of Shift in Datum Number 59 72
64 Table 64. Types of Shift in Datum Number 60 73
65 Table 65. Types of Shift in Datum Number 61 74
66 Table 66. Types of Shift in Datum Number 62 75
67 Table 67. Types of Shift in Datum Number 63 76
68 Table 68. Types of Shift in Datum Number 64 76
69 Table 69. Types of Shift in Datum Number 65 77
70 Table 70. Types of Shift in Datum Number 66 78
71 Table 71. Types of Shift in Datum Number 67 79
72 Table 72. Types of Shift in Datum Number 68 79
73 Table 73. Types of Shift in Datum Number 69 80
74 Table 74. Types of Shift in Datum Number 70 80
75 Table 75. Types of Shift in Datum Number 71 81
76 Table 76. Types of Shift in Datum Number 72 82
77 Table 77. Types of Shift in Datum Number 73 82
78 Table 78. Types of Shift in Datum Number 74 83
79 Table 79. Types of Shift in Datum Number 75 84
80 Table 80. Types of Shift in Datum Number 76 84
81 Table 81. Types of Shift in Datum Number 77 85
82 Table 82. Types of Shift in Datum Number 78 86
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ABSTRACT
LAMERE, WENSESLAUS SERIYANO JECKY (2020). Category Shift and
Readability in Two Versions of the Indonesian Translation of Poe’s “The
Tell-Tale Heart.” Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of
Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Translation conducted in literary works is believed to be challenging for
translators due to the nuances, figurative languages, structures, and even the
writing style of the author. Related to that, translation shifts are still required in
the process of translation. Moreover, the translation to be readable is inevitably
case to happen. In accordance with the phenomenon, this study employed the
two versions of the Indonesian translation of Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” named
“Jantung yang Mengaduh”, and “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” as the object of
analysis.
This study focuses on solving two problems. The first is to identify the category
shift in the two TTs, whereas the second is to examine the readability level of
translation works.
Qualitative-quantitative research is the applied method of the study. This is
argued to be qualitative since this study applies the library and explicatory
method driven from particular theories intended to reinforce the analysis.
Differently, this study is also classified as quantitative research method since in
collecting data, there distributed the questionnaire to chosen respondents.
The results reveal that there occuring all types of category shift in both TTs.
Structure shift becomes the most frequent shift occurring in “Jantung yang
Mengaduh” presented over 42%, while unit shift becomes the most frequent
shift occuring in “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” with percentage over 38% of
occurence. On the other hand, “Jantung yang Mengaduh” exhibits the higher
level of readability rather than “Gema Jantung yang tersiksa.” The percentage of
“Jantung yang Mengaduh is 55% over 45% belongs to “Gema Jantung yang
Tersiksa.”
Keywords: category shift, readability
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ABSTRAK
LAMERE, WENSESLAUS SERIYANO JECKY (2020). Category Shift and
Readability in Two Versions of the Indonesian Translation of Poe’s “The
Tell-Tale Heart.” Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penerjemahan karya literatur dipercaya menantang bagi penerjemah karena
berkaitan dengan nuansa, khiasan, struktur, dan bahkan gaya penulisan
pengarang. Sehubungan dengan itu, pergeseran terjemahan sudah pasti muncul
di dalam proses terjamahan itu sendiri. Selain itu, tantangan lain yang akan
dihadapi adalah apakah terjemahan tersebut bisa dipahami oleh pembaca
merupakan hal yang tidak bisa dipungkiri. Sehubungan dengan fenomena terkait,
penelitian ini menggunakan “Jantung yang Mengaduh” dan “Gema Jantung yang
Tersiksa” sebagai data penelitian. Kedua teks tersebut adalah versi terjemahan
Bahasa Indonesia dari “The Tell-Tale Heart” karya Poe.
Terdapat 2 fokus permasalahan dalam penelitian ini. Yang pertama ditujukan
untuk menemukan pergeseran kategori, dan yang kedua untuk menguji tingkat
keterbacaan pada 2 versi terjemahan terkait.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif-kuantitatif. Disebut sebagai
metode kualitatif karena menggunakan metode pustaka dan eksplikatori yang
mana dimaksudkan menjadi penopang analisis yang diperoleh dari teori-teori
tertentu. Di sisi lain, penelitian ini juga termasuk dalam penelitian kuantitatif
karena menggunakan metode perolehan angka lewat persebaran kuesioner bagi
responden tertentu dalam mengumpulkan data.
Hasil akhir menunjukan bahwa semua tipe pergeseran kategori terdapat di kedua
target teks dan pergeseran struktur menjadi yang paling dominan pada “Jantung
yang Mengaduh” dengan persentase 42%, sedangkan pada “Gema Jantung yang
Tersiksa”, pergeseran unit adalah yang paling dominan dengan persentase 38%.
Di lain pihak, “Jantung yang Mengaduh” menunjukkan tingkat keterbacaan lebih
tinggi dibanding “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” dengan persentase 55% untuk
“Jantung yang Mengaduh” dan 45% untuk “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa.”
Keywods: category shift, readability
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
At present days, conducting a research in the area of translation is still one
of so much enticing areas to reach. It happens so because eventhough it is a
common thing to notice that one text can be translated into many languages, in
fact, that one text can also have versions in mere one language. uniquely, despite
sharing the same ST, there are to be found the discrepancies among versions in
one language making each of which unique in each own way. This phenomenon
happens due to the fact that translators have their particular purposes in translating
the text (Nababan, 1999, p. 29).
Translation is not only a matter of translating words or texts from one
language into another language, but more than that it is also a changing of content
in one language by the same equal content in another language (Catford, 1965, p.
20). Thereby, it is important to keep in mind that working on translation means
paying a deeper attention on how to make a source text (ST) and its target text
(TT) share the same meaning.
The term translation itself refers to the transfer of written massages, in this
case is texts (Nababan, 1999, p. 18). There are so many texts that we can find and
access easily in order to conduct a translation. Those types of texts can be
documents, books, and many other more. Each of which must have its own
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characteristics that are distinctive to the other, let alone when it comes to
translating a literary work. Alike any other texts, translation conducted on literary
works definitely has its own complexity that is worth considering, thus in fact,
whenever comparing to the other subject on translation, translating literary work
revealed as more complicated and problematic. When it comes to render literary
works, huge problems that translators will encounter are its fundamental aspects
such as the nuances, culture-related terms, figurative languages, and many other
literary devices. Therefore, it is interesting, and altogether challenging to do
research on literary work translation.
In this study, the researcher chooses to scrutinize a literary work
particularly a short story entitled “The Tell-Tale Heart.” This piece written by
Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843 which ever since has become one of his
masterworks (House, 1944, pp. 503-509). Since Poe’s writing style is melancholy
and sometimes full of suspense, the researcher argues that this work is worth
analyzing.
Specifically, this study observes the two versions of the Indonesian
translation of Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart; the first version translated by Shinta
Dewi into “Jantung yang Mengaduh”. This version first published by Noura
Books in 2016. Whereas the second version translated by Maggie Tiojakin into
“Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” and was first published by PT Gramedia Pustaka
Utama in 2010. Both versions are published along the other short stories belongs
to Edgar Allan Poe, whereby all are combined into a book. The book published by
Noura books entitled “Kisah-Kisah Tengah Malam”, while the other version takes
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title “Kucing Hitam.” As can be seen, both TTs are translated in a different year;
GJYT in 2010, as JYM in 2016. This phenomenon of retranslation appears due to
the notion that the retranslation is “expected to be more source-text oriented than
the first translation of the same work” (Dastjerdi & Mohammadi, 2013, p. 181),
meaning to say that the ST is retranslated (resulting in TT1, JYM) in order to
“emphasize the ‘otherness’ of the ST which was lost in the first translation”, in
this case is TT2, GJYT (p. 181).
Furthermore, In accordance with the problem of analyzing the texts, the
study will unravel each text thoroughly in terms of the occurrence of translation
shifts, particularly category shift. Furthermore, in order to obtain the level of
readability of the TTs, this study then measures each TT based on the
consideration given to determine how readable a text is.
Analyzing category shift is important because it is very common aspect to
face when it comes to translate texts. Category shift itself is one of two major
parts of translation shift that speaks about the changing of words or sentences’
form in particular category (Catford, 1965, p. 73). In translation process, the
appearance of form changes makes a translation stands differently or uniquely.
Those changes could dwell in words or phrases category, and sometimes it could
be in a bigger category such as in clauses, or sentences (Catford, 1965, p. 76).
Therefore, this requires translators to be meticulous when translating texts let
alone translating a literary work.
The occurrence of category shift in this study can be seen in the following
example:
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ST TT1 TT2 Shift
TT1 TT2
I heard all things
in
the heaven and in
the earth.
Aku mendengar
segala hal yang
terjadi di surga
dan di bumi.
Aku bisa mendengar semua
yang telah terjadi
di bumi, bahkan
di surga.
Intra-system shift Unit shift
The example shows that the applied shift in both TTs is different. The TT1
possesses the intra-system shift shown in the things which is plural. Yet it gains a
changing into hal which is singular. Conversely, TT2 applies a unit shift. It
happens because the phrase all things undergoes a downrank into a word, from all
things into semua. Apparently, the translator of the TT2 wants to put more
emphasis in the word all rather that things itself.
The other phenomenon to discuss in this study is readability. It is a term
refers to how easy a text to understand (Sakri, 1993, p. 135). Discussing this
phenomenon is important because only by complying the condition of readability
should the reader understand the meaning intended in the text. Clearly, this
pehoenmonon deals with the notion that the higher a text’s level of readability, the
easier to follow, and the lower the text’s level of readability the harder to follow
(Wuriyantoro, 2018, p. 76). Subsequently, there will be shown the results in the
comparison and contrast between ST and TTs and TT1 and TT2.
The readability of TT can be found in the following questionnaire:
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The example of questionnaire of “Jantung yang Mengaduh” (TT1) shows
that the respondent puts the sentence into readable by choosing the column
“kalimat lengkap”, a term which in English equals to ‘complete sentence’. By
pointing at this factor, the researcher infers that the respondent understand this
sentence as it contain a complete sentence’s components in it, such as, the subject,
verb, and object (Nababan, 1999, p. 70).
The theoretical benefit of this study is to enrich the translation repertoire in
the field of translation shift in particular category shift in the area of translating
literary works, especially short stories.
B. Problem Formulation
The research questions can be formulated as follows:
1. What types of category shift are observed in two versions of Indonesian
translation of Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart”?
2. How is the readability level in the two Indonesian versions of Indonesian
translation Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart?”
C. Objectives of the Study
This thesis aims at, firstly, analyzing the types of category shift in both
target texts, secondly, identifying the level of readability that both target texts
could possibly offer.
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D. Definition of Terms
Here is the definition of some significant terms that are beneficial to
understand the topic clearly:
Shift can be simply defined as the changing of forms from SL into TL.
Catford clearly states this phenomenon as “departures from formal
correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford, 1965, p.
73).
Readability denotes a level of how simple a text is in terms of reading and
comprehending (Sakri, 1993, p. 135). Compared to Richard who states similarly
that a written text is readable when it comes to read and easy to grasp (Richards,
Platt, & Weber, 1985, p. 238).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter particularly discusses related studies, related theories and the
theoretical framework. Systematically, here is the sequence; firstly, there will be
an exposition about the review of studies related to this topic, secondly an
elaboration about the theories applied in this study. Lastly, the theoretical
framework is given to explain the scope and the beneficial of applied theories.
A. Review of Related Studies
1. Category Shifts in the English Translation of Harry Potter and the
Philosopher’s Stone Movie Subtitle into Indonesia (An Applied Linguistics
Study)
This article speaks about the occurrence of the category shifts in subtitle of
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone movie. In the conclusion, Herman
infers that there occurs all types of category shift and the most frequent occurred
shift is unit shift (2014, p. 37).
Both the journal and this undergraduate thesis are the same in terms of
discussing the category shift. However, the journal focuses only on the category
shift that occurs in the subtitle while this study focuses in the category shift
occurring in the literary work entitled “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe
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which further measures the level of readability of both versions of the Indonesian
translation.
2. Structural Shift in Translation of Children’s Literature
This article discusses the role of the structure shift occurring in the
children’s literature from English into Persian and its role on affecting the
meaning (Akbari, 2012). It scrutinizes whether the circumstances on how
translators apply the structure shift resulting on the shift occurred, and lastly,
pointing on the most frequent structure shift occuring. Thus, this paper also
specifies how the structure shift occurring affects the meaning of the translation.
In conclusion, she states that the occurrence of structure shift affects the
translator’s in determining the meaning in the TL which apparently reducing the
distance of nonequivalence between SL and TL. In other word it is said as to
“minimize the inevitable loss of meaning” (Akbari, 2012, p. 592) during the
process of translation.
This article shares a common interest with the study. The similarity they
share is observing the translation shift of literary text from English into native
language. The difference is that the artilcle, first, analyzes deeper about the shift
phenomenon in literary text, while this present study’s focus is broader, which
talks about the category shift. Second, this research makes use of the literary
element only for sampling the data based on the plot development. It does not,
however, discusses the phenomenon of literary element in translation. Therefore,
it can be said that the article focusing deeper to the literary work translation, while
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this present study works the other way, meaning to say that it focuses only on the
surface of the translation by employing the literary element that the piece has.
3. Literature Translation Shifts in Goenawan Mohamad’s Poem Collection
“On God and Other Unfinished Things” (with Special Reference to Poem 33)
This journal tries to look at the translation shifts occurring in the English
version of Goenawan Mohamad’s poem collection entitled “On God and Other
Unfinished Things” which is translated from Bahasa Indonesia “Tuhan dan Hal-
hal Yang Tak Selesai”, especially poems 33 by comparing the literary elements in
Bahasa Indonesia and English versions (Tirtayasa & Setiajid, 2018, pp. 200-206).
This paper analyzes not only the category shift, but also the semantic aspect,
textual, pragmatic, rhetorical, and stylistic components in the English version. In
conclusion, this paper states that the English translation of the poem has a various
type of shifts occuring; category, structure, class, rank, intra-system, and other
expression shifts, including the change/omission of certain parts point of view
modulation, and specification. Finally, this confirms that the occurring translation
shifts fortifies the bond of ST and TTs in the sense of the literary translation (p.
205).
The article is similar to this present study in sense of discussing the
translation shifts of the literary work. The difference is that the article does not
only focus on the shift itself, but also its relation to the literary aspect which
exhibits the power on producing the meaning in the TT. Nevertheless, besides
observing the category shift, this undergraduate thesis displays the impact of the
category shift in how readable the source texts are.
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4. The Compound Nouns in the New World Translation of the Holy
Scriptures’ the Book of Proverbs: A Study of Translation Shift and
Readability
This is an undergraduate thesis conducted by Hapsari-Pollakal (Pollakal,
2017). It observes the translation shift in the compound nouns of the holy
scriptures’ the book of proverbs. Furthermore, the researcher examines whether
the translation shift occurring affecting the readability of the TT or not.
Subsequently, in the conclusion, the researcher finds that out of 40
compound nouns analyzed undergoes translation shift in the TT. The result shows
that the most frequent shift appearing is the unit shift (31), followed by intra-
system shift (5), and the rest is class shift (4). The compound nouns undergo the
changing resulting in the transformation into phrases, verbs and an adjective
(Pollakal, 2017, p. 57). This outcome leads the degree of readability of the TT is
highly understood, that the shift unquestionably affects the legibility of the TT (p.
58).
This undergraduate thesis has resemblance to this present study in terms of
applying the same translation technique; by enabling the translation shift and
measuring the readability of the TT. However, what truly distincts both study is
the difference of object of study both researchs involves, whereat the
undergraduate thesis conducted with only one object of study which is the
translation of a holy scripture, whereas this present study is conducted in the
translation in two target texts of a literary work.
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5. The Effects of Translation Shifts on Readability in Translation of
Children’s literature
This article speaks out the translation shift in affecting the translation of
children’s literature (Ghoreishi & Aminzadeh, 2016, pp. 239-255). The article
first aims at identifying the translation shift occurring in three Persian translations
of Alice’s Adventures in the Wonderland thus examining its impact to the
readability of the TT. The theory applies Catford’s theory on observing the
category shift (p. 243) and subsequently detects its significance in modulating the
readability of the TTs.
Throughout two-stage procedure, the researcher finds out that translation
shift has each TT to be distinctive in terms of readability which particularly
modified by the structural and lexical differences of each translation.
Consequently, the shifts examined in the data, shown to bring out its effectiveness
towards making each TT more readable, thus resulting on the different level of
readability of each TT (Ghoreishi & Aminzadeh, 2016, p. 254).
The article is similar to present study in terms of analyzing the translation
shift and measuring the readability in literary work. However, the article which
focuses on the children literature applying the Gunning formula (fog index
formula) (Ghoreishi & Aminzadeh, 2016, p. 246) in measuring the readability by
scoring, as this present study underlies on the traditional way meaning to say that
it undertakes the questionnaire having the consideration of making a text is
readable, whereby also leaning on theories to obtain the result.
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B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Translation Shift
The term translation shift is used by Catford to refer to the changing of
words’ form when a translation is conducted. He specifies about shift as the
“departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to
the TL” (Catford, 1965, p. 73). By formal correspondence, Catford means that
“any TL category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc) which can be
said to occupay, as nearly as possible, the same place in the economu of the TL as
the given SL category occupies in the SL (p. 27). Furthermore, he classifies the
translation shift into two major types; level shift and category shift (p. 73). The
level shift occurs when a TT is equivalent to the ST on a linguistic level. This
shift has to do with the level of grammar to lexis and vice versa (p. 73), while
category shift refers to unbounded translation between sentence, clauses, groups,
words and morphemes. It has to do with the changes of unit, structure, class and
of term in system (p. 76).
2. Theory of Category Shift
Category shifts can be defined as a departures from formal correspondence
in translation (Catford, 1965, p. 73). This shift consists of 4 parts: structure shift;
class shift; unit shift; and intra-system shift.
a. Structure Shift
This shift occurs when the structure in a sentece of ST undergoes a change
in TT. This is also the most frequent type to be found in translation occuring in
phonological and graphological and even in total translation. Moreover, this could
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occur at all ranks in grammar. It is important to note that a sentence undergoes
translation shift only whenever there is a formal orrespondece between SL and TL
(Catford, 1965, p. 77).
English/Structure Bahasa Indonesia/Structure
“Boris Pasternak with his definition of poetry” “Boris Pasternak memberi kita suatu definisi”
The example above shows that there is an absence of predicate ST,
however, the TT reversely shows the presence of a predicate and even completing
the sentence by adding two objects. In other words, there is a structure shift
occuring. The structure of the English sentence above shows a pattern of S-PP, yet
it changes as is translated into the TT, Bahasa Indonesia which has pattern of S-V-
Oi-Od (Tirtayasa & Setiajid, 2018, p. 202).
b. Class Shift
Class shift is a shift that occurs when the words’s class in ST performs a
changing in TT. Catford stated this shift to occur “when the translation equivalent
of an Sl item is a member of a different class from the original item (Catford,
1965, p. 78).”
English Bahasa Indonesia
“Rasa syukur adalah sebuah momen etis” “Being grateful is an ethical moment”
The table shows that the English sentence undergoes a class shift. The
occuring since the word syukur which is a noun, translated into Bahasa Indonesia
as grateful which performs an adjective. Therefore, the shift experiences a
changing from an adjective to a verb (Tirtayasa & Setiajid, 2018, p. 202).
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c. Unit/Rank Shift
Catford defines unit shift as, “…changes of rank –that is, departures from
formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in
the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL (1965, p. 79). For example;
English Bahasa Indonesia
“Gravity” “Gaya tarik bumi”
Inherently, the word gravity itself has the equivalent word in Bahasa
Indonesia as gravitasi. However, since in this case it is translated as gaya tarik
bumi, the unit shift happens uprank from word into phrase category (Alzuhdy,
2014, p. 189).
d. Intra-System Shift
This shift means a changing that occurs internally within a corresponding
system within two languages. According to Catford, this shift merely means the
“departure from formal correspondence in which (a term operating in) one system
in the SL has as its translation equivalent (a term operating in).” One of systems
of language that we can find in text is system of number or so-called plural and
singular (Catford, 1965, p. 79). For example;
English Bahasa Indonesia
“Hal-hal yang mempesona, tapi akan segera
hilang” “The value of which the poet knows too well”
In the example above, the phrase hal-hal which is a plural noun undergoes
an intra-system shift in Bahasa Indonesia as displayed in the word value which
possesses a singular form (Tirtayasa & Setiajid, 2018, p. 203).
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3. Theory of Readability
All texts are meant to be read, but sometimes not all is easy to understand.
Concerning that matter, there comes readability as a facility in settling how
readable a text is. According to Adjat Sakri in Nababan, readability refers to a
degree of naturality of a text to be understood. Similarly, Richards et al states that,
“readability.... how easily writen materials can be read and understood” (Nababan,
1999, p. 62). In determining the readability level of a text, there are some factors
to consider as comes next:
a. Unfamiliar word
The use of words which are unfamiliar, or “new” to reader apparently
affects the readability to the lower level (Nababan, 1999, pp. 64-65).
Unfamiliar word Synonym Meaning in English
“Anggit” “Konsep” “Concept”
The word konsep is in fact a common word to hear for the Indonesian
listener rather than the word anggit. Therefore, whenever a translator employs
anggit in a translation it perhaps would give the reader a hard time to understand
the meaning of the text (Nababan, 1999, p. 65).
b. Borrowing
Borrowing words is also an important factor to concern. This phenomenon
usualy derived from the usage of other languages or traditional languages’ words
(Nababan, 1999, p. 64). Below is provided example of borrowing from other
language, then followed by borrowing from traditional language:
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1. Borrowing from other language. Alberto Moravia’s English novel The
Conformist contains French words such as consume froid; filets de sole meuniere;
didne au riz, sauce supreme, and salade de saison. Those examples surely to
avoid in order to create a readable text especially when the readers do not
understand French (Nababan, 1999, p. 68).
2. Borrowing from traditional language.
Borrowing from Javanese Standard of Bahasa Indonesia
“Nuwun Sewu” “Minta ijin”
Nuwun sewu is familiar perhaps word for javanese, however whenever a
text containing the word is read by someone who is outside the javanese, then
they might not understand it instead of using word minta ijin which is a standard
word in Bahasa Indonesia (Nababan, 1999, p. 66).
c. Ambiguous sentence
Ambiguous sentence is a sentence that could possibly carry two or more
meanings (Wuriyantoro, 2018, p. 77)
Sentence First possible meaning Second possible meaning
“They are broiling hens” “[They (human)] [are broiling]
[hens]”
“[They (hens)] [are] [broiling
hens]
They are broiling hens obviously contains two meanings. The ambiguity
of the sentence is generated firstly by the word They which offers two meanings.
The first meaning proposes They as human, who are doing something that is
broiling hens. While the second They refers to the hens itselves, which means that
the phrase broiling hens here stands as the compliment of the subject They.
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Secondly, Broiling in the first meaning stands as a main verb in a continuous
present tense. While in the second meaning it stands as a modifier which follows
the head hens (Nababan, 1999, p. 69).
d. The use of incomplete sentence
Incomplete sentence refers to the sentence which does not possess
complete elements as a sentence is supposed to have like subject, predicate, and or
object. This is one substantial matter that should be considered for through its
presence, readers would find it challenging in understanding the messages
(Nababan, 1999, p. 71).
Sentence example
“komponen sintaksis tata bahasa, dan khsusnya kaidah-kaidah struktur frasa dan kaidah-kaidah
penyelinap bahasa yang kreatif”
The sentence above is considered as incomplete because it is served in a
buch of noun phrases which has no clear subject, thus the absence of verb and
object (Nababan, 1999, p. 71).
e. Long sentence
This factor starts with the concern that the longer sentence the harder it is
to be understood. Since a long sentence must contain many words in it, therefore,
the reader should have an extra effort to understand the sentence yet the meaning
suggested by the relation between words (Nababan, 1999, p. 71; Wuriyantoro,
2018, p. 77). The term long sentence here means that the word unit in the sentence
is longer, but the idea it contains is only one. This sometimes causes the reader
confused to catch the idea.
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Sentence with more words Sentence with fewer words
“He remembered that, for lack of money,
anyhow for the first few years, the two of them,
Guilla and he, would have to live in this house
after they were married; and he almost blessed
their poverty”
“Modulation is an ideational as much as an
interpersonal system”
The table shows how two sides in reverse. The first uses more words and
the other uses fewer words. In the reference pointed by Adjat Sakri in Nababan,
the sentence that contains more than 21 words is considered to have a higher level
of intricacy than others which has fewer than 21 words. Coincidentally as seen in
the table the first column has 37 words, meaning to say that the sentence is harder
to be understood (Nababan, 1999, pp. 71-72).
f. Complex sentence
Complex sentence is a sentence that conveys more than one idea combined
into a sentence. The multiple ideas in the sentence cause it is harder to be
understood, hence, the level of readability would be regarded lower (Nababan,
1999, p. 73; Wuriyantoro, 2018, p. 78). The example of complex sentence can be
seen in the table below;
Complex sentence Ideas containing
“Young people need to develop the values, attitudes, and the problem-solving skills essential to their paticipation in a political system which was
designed, is still based on, an assumption that all citizens would be so prepared”
a. “Young people need to develop the values” b. “Young people need to develop the
attitudes”
c. “Young people need to develop the problem-solving skills”
d. “The values are essential to their participation in a political system”
e. “The attitudes are essential to their participation in a political system”
f. “The problem-solving skills are essential to their participation in a political system”
g. “A political system was designed on an
assumption” h. “A political system is still based on an
assumption” i. “The assumption is all citizens would be so
prepared”
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The table in previous page shows that there are some ideas combining in a
single sentence. This sentence which altogether carries some ideas would affect
the readers in attempt to understand it clearly. It is notably that the more ideas
containing in a sentence, the more difficult the readers will understand the
sentence (Nababan, 1999, p. 74).
g. Unsensible sequence of the text
The notion of the unsensible sequence of the text deals with the account
that a sentence is of no free but bound to the preceeding and the following
sentences in a text. It is also perceivable that the grammatical error in the sentence
which comes in the sense of a not-connected sequence would give readers a
harder times to understand the meaning (Nababan, 1999, pp. 75-77). For example:
“If the book consist of page with the own special meaning so many sentence which has special
meaning, each as genetic mssage. In the cromosones has the message and gen network, with the
specific characteristic in the human body based on the reseach estimated more then 100.000 gen (Holmes, 1985)”
The text quoted from Nababan was taken from a reseach report. This text
shows no connection of the first sentence about the book and page to the second
sentence that discusses about cromosones, gen network, and specific
characteristic in the human body (Nababan, 1999, p. 77).
4. Theory of Plot
Every story must have a plot. In literary works plot attained as a structure
of a temporal succession and causality compounding on affecting the event of in a
story. This theory of plot which was initially argued by Aristotle, developed by a
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20
German critic Gustav Freytag that is known to his inverted v, a way to depict a
normal plot. According to him, the plot is divided into five parts, exposition,
rising action, climax, resolution, falling action and denouement (Martin, 1986, p.
81).
Since the data are taken from literary work, therefore, this theory is
imployed merely to assist the researcher in terms of limiting the data that are
going to be analyzed from the point of view of plot.
a. Exposition
Exposition as suggested by Gustav Freytag is an opening part to a
narrative story usually carries the introduction of characters, setting and situation.
Similarly, Thomas S. Kane states
It is a part of the plot which gives us the background information about
the characters, telling us what we need to know in order to understand
why they act as they do in what is about to unfold (Kane, 1998, p. 267).
Therefore, this is an important part to make known the surface of the story to the
reader.
b. Rising action
This is the area where conflict is introduced and developed in dealing with
opposition of the other characters or things to the main character’s intention
(Bulman, 2007, p. 190).
d. Climax
Climax is “the point of highest interest, whereat the reader makes the
greatest emotional response which designates the turning point of the action”
(Holman, 1986, p. 92).
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e. Falling action
Falling action stands as the result of the climax. it begins “often with a
tragic force, exhibits the falling fortunes of the ‘hero’ and the successful efforts of
the counter players, and culminate in the catastrophe (Holman, 1986, p. 198).
f. Denouement
This is the last part of the plot which describes the consolation of the
character, the phase when everything is resolved, and the story reaches its end
(Nurgiyantoro, 2018, p. 210). It is explicitly stated by Holman,
The unraveling of the plot in drama of fiction; the solution of the
mystery’thy explanation or outcome. It implies an ingenious untying of
the knot of an intrigue, involving not only a satisfactory
misunderstandings connected with the plot of complication (Holman,
1986, p. 137).
C. Theoretical Framework
In conducting this study, there are two research problems of category shift
and redability of two versions of Indoesian translation of Poe’s “The Tell-Tale
Heart” that the researcher examines. The first problem focusing on identifying the
types of category shift in two TTs, while the other focusing on examining the
readability of two versions. In attempt to answer the problems, there are applied 5
studies comprise 4 journal articles and 1 undergraduate thesis. These studies are
utilized in order to see the comparison and contranst to this present study.
Apparently, these studies are arguably helpful enough for the reseacher in finding
the utmost way in answering the problems. Moreover, to answer the first problem,
there is one theory to employ in this study which is translation shift theory
suggested by Catford. The purpose of this theory is to put the basic idea about the
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22
translation shift itself and to make limit the scope of shift that is being examined.
Based on this theory, the researcher manages to make use only the category shift
as the main theory. In addition, there is also applied the theory of plot suggested
by Freytag which enables the researcher to stipulate the limit of data being taken
only from exposition and rising action.
The second focus of this present study is to identify the level of readability
of the two TTs. In solving this problem, the researcher utilizes Nababan theory of
readability. This theory offers the aspects to concern while examining a text in
terms of readability. In particular, those aspects are factors that affecting a text to
be readable or vice versa. These factors assist the reseacher in establishing the
questionnaire and help the researcher in analysing the TTs in the scope that they
suggest.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the applied methodology which aims at giving a
clear exposition about the process related to the data acquirement. Here are
subchapters that are going to be specifically discussed. Firstly, the areas of
research which conveys the expenditure of the study. Secondly, the object of the
study which intends to give a clear description of the analyzed data, thirdly, the
method of the study which shows how the data are obtained. Lastly, the research
procedure of the study which presents the types of data, data collection,
population and sample and the data analysis of the study.
A. Areas of Research
In this study, the researcher chooses to examine and analyze the literary
work, and the focus of this study is actually to observe the monologue in the scope
of analyzing the category shift and readability of the work. Hence, this research is
classified into the area of genre translation (Williams & Chesterman, 2002, p.
10).
B. Object of the Study
The object of this study are sentences taken from exposition and rising
action in two versions of the Indonesian translation of Poe’s “The Tell-Tale
Heart” which are respectively translated into, “Jantung yang mengaduh” by Shinta
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24
Dewi, and “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” by Maggie Tjoakin. These sentences as
the object are analyzed one by one in identifying the category shift and the level
of readability of the TTS.
The sentences are chosen only from introduction until the rising action of
the story because these are important parts that usually determine the tone of a
story.
C. Method of the Study
In conducting this research, the researcher applies both qualitative and
quantitative methods. The qualitative method is applied since the researcher uses
the library and explicatory method. The use of qualitative method can be seen in
thorough description of analysis and findings. According to Newman and Benz,
qualitative research are those generally subsumed under the headings and names
include case studies, field studies, grounded theory, document studies, naturalistic
inquiry, observational studies, interview studies, and descriptive studies (Newman
& Benz, 1998, p. 9).
Therewith, the quantitative method is applied since the researcher
undertakes a survey which is done by distributing questionnaire on collecting
data. Quantitative designs include experimental studies, quasi-experimental
studies, pretest-postest designs, and others. According to Campbell and Stanley
(1963) in Newman and Benz, quantitative research method, falls under the
category of empirical studies or statistical studies (Newman & Benz, 1998, p. 10).
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In addition to that, the data taken are primary in the sense that all the data
is initially collected, thereupon analyzed and examined by the researcher.
D. Research Procedure
1. Types of Data
In terms of type of data, this study is classified into the type of objective
and affective data that could be elaborated as follows:
The data collected were taken from the original short story of Edgar Allan
Poe entitled “The Tell-Tale Heart” (ST) and two Indonesian translated version of
the piece, “Jantung yang Mengaduh” translated by Shinta Dewi, along with
“Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” conducted by Maggie Tjoakin. Since the data were
taken from both ST and TTs, consequently, this research was categorized into the
objective data.
In a way, still in the process, this research was also categorized into
affective data. The reason why was due to the fact that the researcher undertook a
survey by distributing questionnaire to the particular respondents in order to
obtain data. Specifically, the questionnaire was taken in order to acquire the data
of readability in two Indonesian translated version of Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart”.
In doing so, the researcher distributed questionnaires to 20 students that
are in 7th semester out of Sanata Dharma University, particularly students of
English letters department. There were two types of questionnaire to distributed,
the first was the questionnaire to measure the readability of “Jantung yang
Mengaduh”, while the other was to measure “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa.” The
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26
first questionnaire of “Jantung yang Mengaduh” was given to the first 10 students,
while the second questionnaire was distributed to the other 10 students. The
researcher divided the respondents into two groups, regarding that, first, because
the content was too long, thus it would not be effective in way that there will be
unnecessary exhaustion of respondent in the process of filling it. The second was
because the researcher considered that it would be better for a respondent to fill
only one questionnaire instead of two besides for it is too long, also it would leave
the respondent to fill the questionnaire without affected by the other one. The
reseacher purposively chose the respondent from 7th semester in order to
minimalize the lack of knowledge possessed by respondent regarding the factors
occuring. The students this semester veritably attends the Morphoponology class
and Theories and Practices in Translation which respectively deals with the
meaning in the sentence such as ambiguous; and the use of borrowing in a
sentence.
2. Data Collection
In conducting this research, the researcher employed a sampling method
whereby selecting sentences only from introduction and rising action in the TTs.
In doing so, the researcher applied the traditional plot theory suggested by Gustav
Freytag. The theory classifies plot into five major parts such as exposition, rising
action, and falling action and denouement. After categorizing sentences into each
part, the researcher continued on choosing sentences from exposition and rising
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27
action only. Afterwards, the data were analyzed to find the occurrence of category
shift in both Indonesian versions. Data coding can be seen in table below;
Table 1. Example of Data Coding
In which,
1 : Number of the data (the first number of the whole data)
ST : Source Text (The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe)
Ex : Exposition
TT1 : Target Text 1 (“Jantung yang Mengaduh”)
TT2 : Target Text 2 (“Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”)
JYM : “Jantung Yang Mengaduh”
GJYT : “Gema Jantung Yang Tersiksa”
In further section, the researcher inputs the collected data of both TTs in a
questionnaire and distributed it in order to obtain the result of readability of each
TT.
3. Population and Sample
The population was the total sentences in “Jantung yang Mengaduh”, and
“Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa.” According to Countwordsworth there are 382
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
1/ST/Ex
True, nervous-
very, very
nervous I had been and I am;
1/JYM/Ex
Benar sekali! Gugup
–sedari tadi dan
sampai sekarang aku sungguh amat
gugup.
1/GJYT/Ex
Benar sekali! Gugup –
itu yang kurasakan
dari tadi sampai sekarang, gugup luar
biasa
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sentences in total to which respectively comprises 190 sentences from TT1, and
192 sentences from TT2 (Rocca, 2019). Since the population data were too large,
consequently, the researcher conducted sampling method data by applying the
theory of plot in order to help researcher limiting the data. This theory considers
the sequence of action that initially starts with exposition, then rising action,
climax, and falling action. In this study, the researcher employed only exposition
and rising action to limit the data. The data were taken from only exposition and
rising action since those parts are the area to set the tone of a story, especially the
climax in the story. As the result, the sample data to analyze were 78 sentences in
“Jantung yang Mengaduh, while 77 sentences in “Gema Jantung yang
Mengaduh.”
4. Data Analysis
In this section, the data analysis is conducted in two major parts. First,
there will be identification of category shift by using Catford’s theory of
translation shift, and the second part is to analyze the readability of each TT based
on results of distributed questionnaire.
This part goes on with the categorization of the occuring shift in the text.
The analysis of shift occurence in the text would be seen in the following table:
Table 2. Example of Category Shift Analysis No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
1/ST/Ex True,
nervous-very,
very nervous
I had been and I am;
1/JYM/Ex Benar sekali!
Gugup –
sedari tadi
dan sampai sekarang aku
sungguh amat
gugup
1/GJYT/Ex Benar sekali!
Gugup –itu
yang
kurasakan dari tadi
sampai
sekarang,
gugup luar
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biasa
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift and 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 unit shift and 1 class shift
Example above shows that the ST undergoes unit shift and class shift in
the TTs. The occurring of unit shift is shown by conversion of the word True into
Benar sekali which is a phrase in Bahasa Indonesia. The second shift occuring in
this sentence is class shift pointed out in the translation of the clause, I had been
and I am. Each word; I (pronoun) had been (verb), I (pronoun) am (verb)
translated into sedari tadi dan sampai sekarang which act as an adverb (TT1). In
TT2, it is translated as, itu yang kurasakan dari tadi sampai sekarang. The clause
itu yang kurasakan stays in its original form which is a pronoun (itu) and a verb
(kurasakan) while the second clause dari tadi sampai sekarang performs as an
adverb.
Second part, the result of distributed questionnaire is analyzed in order to
obtain both TTs’ level of readability. The example can be seen below:
Table 3. Example of Readability Data Analysis of TT1/JYM
No. Data TT1/JYM R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 ∑R
3/JYT/EXP
Kegugupan ini, alih-alih
merusak atau
menumpulkannya, justru
telah mempertajam indra-indraku.
NR R NR R R R R NR NR NR 5
The table above shows the sentence level of readability to which it is still
regarded as readable despite there are some of respondents to concern it as not
readable. Of those who choose readable (R2, R4, R5, R6, R7), surely they have no
issues about the sentence readability. However the respondents who rather not
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readability (R1, R3, R8, R9, R10), they have a particular concern to make it so.
For them, the sentence is, incomplete (R1), this means that there must be an
absence of at least one aspect in establishing the intact sentence; unfamiliar (R3,
R9), this factor is checked since for respondents there must be a new word in the
sentence that affecting the wholity, leading to unintelligible sentence; ambiguous
(R8, R9), this means the respondents argue that the sentence must contain more
than one idea; unsensible sequence (R10) means that there must be word or idea
that diverse the whole line or sequence, resulting in an odd text as perceived by
the respondents.
Table 4. Example of Readability Data Analysis of TT2/GJYT
No. Data TT2/ GJYT R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 ∑R
3//GJYT/EXP
Kalaupun benar aku
gila, kegilaan itu
justru telah
menajamkan semua
indraku, bukan
mematikan atau
menumpulkan mereka
R R R R R R NR NR NR R 7
The table above shows that the sentence has a higher level of readability
since 7 respondents choose it so. This is visible that the 7 respondets have no issue
in understanding and accepting the sentence. Differently, the other 3 respondents
(R7, R8, R9) recognize the sentence as not readable. In their perspective, the
sentence is regarded to contain borrowing (R7), means that there must be a loan
word from other language to be used in the sentence; incomplete (R8), this means
that there is an absence of at least one supporting element of the sentence making
it to be not readable; and lastly, ambiguous (R9), this indicates that respondent
may think of the sentence to contain two or more ideas.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter discusses the analysis and findings based on the research
questions which is divided into two major parts. First part presented the
elaboration of category shift occurences in TTs, while the second part is dedicated
to measure the readability of each TT.
A. The Types of Category Shift in Two Versions of the Indonesian
Translation of Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart”
In this part, the category shift occurences based on theory of translation
shift argued by Catford (Catford, 1965, pp. 75-82) is observed. The shift is
classified into four parts; structure shift, unit shift, class shift and intra-system
shift. Theese types of shift will be identified and examined in “Jantung yang
Mengaduh”, and “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa.” The total data to analyze are 157
sentences comprised of 79 belongs to “Jantung yang Mengaduh” and 78 belongs
to “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa.”
Regarding that the sample data are too large, therefore, the researcher
decides to put two TTs in one table while conducting the analysis of category
shift whose each explanation is provided following the table of the data.
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There is one clustered-columns chart employed to present the results of the
category shift occurences in between “Jantung yang mengaduh” and “Gema
Jantung yang Tersiksa.”
Chart 1. Comparison of Category Shift Occurences in “Jantung yang
Mengaduh” and “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”
Chart above shows the comparison of the category shift occurence
between two TTs. First to discuss is structure shift. The structure shift in JYM
with the total occurence of 63 times is obsolutely higher than GJYT which gains
only 43 times of occurence. Second is unit shift. This shift occurence in JYM is
Lower than in GJYT displayed by the ratio of 42 to 54. Third is class shift with
the highest score to obtain by JYM with 24 times of occurence, slightly diverse to
GJYT with mere 20 times of occurence. The last is intra-system shift. The chart
points the higher score belongs to JYM over GJYT at the ratio of 18 to 12 times
of occurence. Below is elaborated thoroughly the category occurence in both TTs
with the aid of charts.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Structure shift Unit shift Class shift Intra-system shift
JYM GJYT
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Chart 2. Category Shift in “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
The chart above shows the percentage of occurence of category shift in
JYM. The occurence of each shift virtually appears in particular category in the
data, explained as follows;
The structure shift mostly occurs in the noun phrase category, in this case
the transposition between modifier to head and vice versa with 50 times of
occurence, followed by the transposition of object to subject with 4 times;
transitivity for 3 times; polarity 2 times; and to the last four, question to
imperative form; active to passive voice; and complement to subject transposition
each obtains 1 times of occurence.
Unit shift as the second most frequent shift presents in the category of
word to phrase category as the dominant gaining 27 times of occurence; phrase to
word 11 occurences; clause to phrase 2 occurences; word to clause and phrase to
clause each has 1 occurence.
There acquired by class shift 24 times of occurrence in total. The shift
prevails in the class of word such as; adjective to verb with 6 times of occurrence,
then preposition to verb 5 times; noun to adjective over 3 times. Besides there are
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Structure shift Unit shift Class shfit Intra-system shift
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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also verb to particle over 1 times; adverb to adjective over 2 times; verb to adverb
over 2 times; verb to adjective over 2 times, noun to verb over 1 times,
preposition to noun over 1 times, and clause phrase to adverb over 1 times of
occurrence in total.
The intra-system shift appears in the changing from plural into singular
form of word with the total 16 times of occurence; while singular to plural 2
times of occurence.
Chart 3. Category Shift in “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”
The chart points out that there are all types of category shift occuring in
the data; structure shift, unit shift, class shift, and intra-system shift. Structure
shift as the second frequent shift occurs over 43 times occurences, while unit shift
as the most frequent shift occurs over 54 times occurences, besides, class shift and
intra-system shift each appears over 21 times occurences, and 12 times occurences
througout the data. Those shifts appear in variously in the sentences are
observable as follows;
Unit shift with the total 54 times of occurrence spotted in the sentence in
varied terms such as; first, word to phrase over 36 times of occurence; second,
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Structure shift Unit shift Class shift Intra-system shift
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
35
word to clause over 7 times; third, phrase to word over 9 times, fourt, phrase to
clause over 1 times; and lastly, clause to phrase over 1 times.
Structure shift as the second most occurring shift in GJYT attains 42 times
of occurrence. The phenomenon experienced in particular term in the sentence
which itemized in; phrase transposition for 31 times of occurence; transitivity for
2 times; object-subject transposition 5 times; diction 1 times; polarity for 2 times;
and indirect to direct object for 1 times of occurence.
Class shift obtains 21 times of occurrence TT. The occurrence prevails in
the sense of; adjective to noun over 3 times of occurence, then adjective to verb
over 3 times, and preposition to verb 4 times. There are involved noun to
adjective for 3 times, adverb to adjective for 4 times, preposition to noun 1 times,
verb to adjective 1, clause phrase to adverb 1, and verb to noun for 1 times of
occurence.
Intra-system shift occuring in the changing of the plural into singular in
the TT with the frequency of 11 times of occurence; and the singular to plural
with 1 times of occurence.
Below is provided the thoroughly analysis of category shift occurring in
both TTs.
Table 5. Types of Shift in Datum Number 1
No. Data Source Text No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
1/ST/Ex True,
nervous-very,
very nervous I had been
and I am
1/JYM/Ex Benar sekali!
Gugup –
sedari tadi dan sampai
sekarang aku
sungguh amat
gugup.
1/GJYT/Ex Benar sekali!
Gugup –itu
yang kurasakan
dari tadi
sampai
sekarang,
gugup luar
biasa
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift and 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 unit shift and 1 class shift
The first shift to occur in this datum is unit shift. This is shown by the
word True is translated into benar sekali in both TTs. Furthermore, the first
sentence of JYM (TT1) undergoes class shift. The sentence I had been and I am
(S-V-Conj-S-V) which is a noun phrase clause translated into sedari tadi sampai
sekarang (adverb). The translator elipses I so that to avoid the unnecessary
repetition of pronoun. On the other hand, GJYT (TT2) undergoes another unit
shift. This can be seen in the translation of word very which into phrase luar biasa
which is a phrase (TT2). Along with that, very undergoes a class shift from
adverb to adjective as shown in luar biasa (TT2).
Table 6. Types of Shift in Datum Number 2 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
2/ST/Ex But why will
you say that I
am mad?
2/JYM/Ex Tapi mengapa
kau
menganggapku
gila?
2/GJYT/Ex Tapi, itu
bukan berarti
aku gila kan?
Occuring shift in TT1 : -
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
In above datum there is a change of structure in TT2. The structure of the
question in ST which started with ‘why’ (Why+S+V+Clause) requires an
explanatory answer, while in TT2, when it is translated to English it would match
perfectly to, “It does not mean I am crazy, right?” this kind of question is
rethorical, meaning to say it does not necessarily require an answer.
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Table 7. Types of Shift in Datum Number 3 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
3/ST/Ex The disease
had
sharpened
my senses –
not
destroyed, not dulled
them
3/JYM/Ex Kegugupan ini,
alih-alih merusak
atau
menumpulkannya,
justru telah
mempertajam indra-indraku
3/GJYT/Ex Kalaupun
benar aku gila,
kegilaan itu
justru telah
menajamkan
semua indraku, bukan
mematikan
atau
menumpulkan
mereka
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift and 1 intra-system shift
The TT1 undergoes structure shift. This shift is shown by the phrase, my
senses (S-P) turning into indra-indraku (P-S). The subject my in ST becomes ‘ku’,
performing an object in the TT1. Meanwhile, the TT2 possess the structure and
intra-system. The structure shift is shown by the translation of phrase my senses
(S-P) which is translated into Indraku (P-S), the position of subject my turns into
object as in ‘ku’. While, intra-system shift is shown through the changes of
plural into singular in the word senses into indra.
Table 8. Types of Shift in Datum Number 4 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
4/ST/Ex Above all
was the sense
of hearing
acute.
4/JYM/Ex Yang terutama
sekali, indra
pendengaranku
yang begitu
peka
4/GJYT/Ex di antara indra
lainnya, yang
sekarang
kurasakan
paling tajam
adalah
pendengaranku
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 unit shift
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38
In this datum the only shift occuring is unit shift. This shift is shown by
the addition of word unit in the sentence as the word all is translated to indra
lainnya (TT2). The same shift can also be seen in the word acute translated into
phrase begitu peka (TT1), and paling tajam (TT2).
Table 9. Types of Shift in Datum Number 5 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
5/ST/Ex I heard all
things in
the heaven
and in the
earth.
5/JYM/Ex Aku
mendengar
segala hal
yang terjadi
di surga dan
di bumi
5/GJYT/Ex Aku bisa
mendengar
semua yang
telah terjadi
di bumi,
bahkan di surga
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 intra-system shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift
The TT1 undergoes intra-system shift shown by the word things (plural)
translated into hal (singular), Whereas the TT2 exposes unit shift which is
marked by the translation of phrase all things seen in the word semua. Seemingly,
the translator wants to put emphasis in the word all rather than things of the ST.
Table 10. Types of Shift in Datum Number 6 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
6/ST/Ex I heard many things in hell.
6/JYM/Ex Bahkan aku mendengar
banyak hal
yang ada di
neraka
6/GJYT/Ex Dan, lebih dari itu,
pendengaranku
juga bisa
menangkap
apa-apa saja
yang terjadi di
neraka
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 intra-system shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : -
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
39
The shift occurring in the TT1 is intra-system shift. The shift in
obviously shown by translator in rendering the ST’s word things which is plural
into hal which is singular.
Table 11. Types of Shift in Datum Number 7 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
7/ST/Ex How, then,
am I mad?
7/JYM/Ex Kalau begitu,
bagaimana
mungkin aku
ini gila?
7/GJYT/Ex Kalau sudah
begitu,
masihkah kau
akan
menyimpulkan
bahwa aku gila?
There is no shift occurring in the above datum.
Table 12. Types of Shift in Datum Number 8 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
8/ST/Ex Hearken! and
observe how
healthily—
how calmly I
can tell you
the whole story
8/JYM/Ex Dengarkan
baik-baik!
Perhatikan
betapa aku
bisa
menceritakan seluruh
ceritanya
kepadamu
dengan
tenang dan
dengan akal
sehat.
8/GJYT/Ex Coba dengar!
Pasang
telinga!
Aku akan
menceritakan
semuanya kepadamu
dengan
pembawaan
tenang serta
berbekal akal
sehat.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 unit shift
The only occuring shift in TT1 is unit shift. The first evidence is shown
by the word Hearken! Is translated in TT1 as Dengarkan baik-baik! a changing
from word into phrase category. It seems that the translator wants to put a stress to
the exclamation word so that the addressee realy act as is intended to do. TT2 also
shows the similar case as the same ST’s word is translated into coba dengar.
Another unit shift is shown in the TT2 by the translation of word calmly into
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40
berbekal akal sehat which is by this changing, there obviously the unit transforms
from word into phrase category. Unit shift also shows up in the reducing of
amount of word by the ST’s phrase whole story becoming semuanya (word rank)
in TT2.
Table 13. Types of Shift in Datum Number 9 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
9/ST/Ex It is
impossible to
say how first
the idea
entered my
brain;
9/JYM/Ex Mustahil
rasanya
menceritakan
bagaimana
awalnya ide
itu tercetus di benakku.
9/GJYT/Ex Kalau kau
bertanya
darimana aku
mendapatkan
ide itu, sulit
bagiku untuk menjelaskannya:
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : -
The TT1 possess the structure shift shown by the phrase my brain (M-H)
translated into benakku (H-M). my as the modifier and brain as the head of the
phrase have their position change in TT1, my=benak performs a head, while
brain=benak performs a modifier. TT1 also carries the reduction of number of
word it is impossible becomes mustahil only which is a clause reduced into a
word unit.
Table 14. Types of Shift in Datum Number 10 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
10/ST/Ex but once
conceived,
it haunted
me day and
night.
10/JYM/Ex Tapi begitu
mendapatkanny
a, ide itu selalu
terngiang di
pikiranku siang
dan malam.
10/GJYT/Ex
Tapi
kesimpulannya
adalah begitu aku
mendapat ide
tersebut, siang-
malam aku
memikirkannya.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
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41
There is a structure shift occurring in this datum. The verb haunted in it
haunted me entails an object me, but as it changes to terngiang (TT1) it perfoms
an intransitive verb which does not require an object. Differently, TT2 chooses me
(aku) the object in ST as the subject instead of it as in the ST whereby ineluctably
turns the subject into object. Unit shift is spotted as the word conceived translated
aku mendapat ide tersebut, a shift from phrase into clause (TT2).
Table 15. Types of Shift in Datum Number 11 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
11/ST/Ex Object there
was none.
11/JYM/Ex Aku tidak
punya
maksud apa-
apa
11/GJYT/Ex Jujur saja aku
tidak punya
motif
terselubung.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
In this datum, as both translators put aku as the subject and at once render
the word none standing as subject in ST to be an object in both TTs; maksud apa-
apa (TT1), and motif terselubung (TT2). This is classified into structure shift.
There is also unit shift applied in both TTs. In TT1 the word object is translated
into maksud apa-apa, while TT2 as motif terselubung. The case is that the
category of word changes into noun phrase.
Table 16. Types of Shift in Datum Number 12 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
12/ST/Ex Passion there
was none.
12/JYM/GJYT Amarah yang
terpendam
pun aku tidak merasakan.
12/GJYT/Ex Aku juga
tidak pernah
berniat macam-
macam.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift, 1 stucture shift
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
42
TT1 undergoes a unit shift marked by: passion is translated into amarah
yang terpendam which surely a noun phrase. Secondly, still at unit shift, the
word none becomes aku tidak merasakan. Clearly the word amount is added from
a word into a sentence. The TT2 also involves the same shift. The word none
changes into phrase as passion becomes berniat macam-macam. There is also
structure shift happens in the TT2 as the ST’s subject none is translated into the
object of the sentence as berniat macam-macam.
Table 17. Types of Shift in Datum Number 13 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
13/ST/Ex I loved the
old man.
13/JYM/Ex Malah aku
menyayangi
lelaki tua itu.
13/GJYT/Ex Asal kau
tahu, aku
menyayangi
lelaki tua itu.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
In this datum both TTs exhibits the use of structure shift that is shown in
the translation of phrases the old man translated into lelaki tua itu. The structure
of both TTs transforms from M-H into H-M. In the translation, the head comes
first then followed by modifiers as seen in lelaki tua itu.
Table 18. Types of Shift in Datum Number 14 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
14/ST/Ex He had
never
wronged me.
14/JYM/Ex Dia juga tak
pernah
memperlakukanku dengan kasar.
14/GJYT/Ex Beliau tidak
pernah
menyakitiku
There is no shift in the above datum
Table 19. Types of Shift in Datum Number 15 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
15/ST/Ex He had never
given me
insult.
15/JYM/Ex Tidak juga
dia pernah
menghinaku.
15/GJYT/Ex Apalagi
mencelaku
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Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift
The unit shift also prevails in this datum. The phrase given me insult
which consists of phrasal verb given insult translated as menghina (TT1) and
mencela (TT2) only.
Table 20. Types of Shift in Datum Number 16 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
16/ST/Ex For his gold I had no desire
16/JYM/Ex Hartanyapun tidak aku
ingini.
16/GJYT/Ex Aku juga tidak
menginginkan
harta
kekayaannya
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift
In the datum above, the shift occuring is structrure shift. The shift
appears in both TT. The ST’s part showing the shift is in the phrase his gold
which is respectively translated into hartanya (TT1) and kekayaannya (TT2). In
the translation, harta and kekayaan both are head then comes first before the
modifier nya. Another shift appearing shift is class shift. This shift occurs in both
TTs. It shown in the word desire respectively translated into ingini and
menginginkan. This objects that the word class changes from adjective into verb
in the translations.
Table 21. Types of Shift in Datum Number 17 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
17/ST/Ex I think it was
his eye!
yes, it was
this! One of
his eyes
resembled
that of a
vulture—a
17/JYM/Ex Kurasa
karena
matanya! Ya,
itu dia!
Matanya
seperti mata
burung
pemakan
17/GJYT/Ex Lantas apa yang
menggangguku?
Matanya! Itu
dia! Aku yakin
sekarang.
Sebelah
matanya
mengingatkanku
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
pale blue
eye, with a
film over it.
bangkai –
mata biru
pucat,
dengan
dilapisi
selaput.
akan mata
burung bangkai
–warnanya biru
pucat, dilapisi
selaput tipis
yang
menjijikkan
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift, 2 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift, 1 class shift, 1 unit shift
There are four shifts appearing in this sentence; structure, intra-system,
class, and unit shift. The structure shift is shown in the translation of phrase his
eye becoming matanya in both TTs. The structure changes from M-H into H-M as
the head, eye which comes lastly in the phrase has to move to the first place of the
phrase in the translations. The other structure shift is brought out by the phrase a
pale blue eye which its sturucture is M-H, turns into mata biru pucat in TT1, and
warnanya biru pucat in TT2. Both TTs shows a pattern of H-M, the head must
come first in Bahasa Indonesia.
The second shift is intra-system shift. The shift is shown in the
translation of ST’s word eyes turns into mata in both TTs. The case is that the
plural form transforms into singular in Bahasa Indonesia.
The third shift is class shift. The ST’s word resembled which is a verb
turns into seperti which is a particle in TT1. The other part that also shows the
class shift is ST’s word over that is a preposition translated into dilapisi which is a
verb in TT1. The other part showing class shift is that the preposition with is
translated into dilapisi which performs a verb. This occurs in TT2 only.
Lastly there is unit shift which appears only in TT2. This shown in the
translation of film which is a unit of word, then changes into a phrase selaput tipis
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
45
yang menjijikkan. Presumably, the translator wants to put emphasis on the
character’s feeling towards ‘the eye’.
Table 22. Types of Shift in Datum Number 18 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
18/ST/Ex Whenever it
fell
upon me, my
blood ran
cold; and so
by degrees—very
gradually—I
made up my
mind to take
the life of the
old
man, and thus
rid myself of
the eye for
ever.
18/JYM/Ex Setiap kali
mata itu
terarah
kepadaku,
aku menjadi
sangat takut; dan perlahan
demi perlahan
–secara
berangsur-
angsur –
kuputuskan
untuk
mencabut
nyawa lelaki
tua itu, jadi
aku bisa terbebas dari
tetapan mata
itu selama-
lamanya.
18/GJYT/Ex Setiap kali
menatapku,
darahku
mengalir
dingin,
hingga akhirnya
tumbuh hasrat
di dadaku
untuk
membunuh
beliau, agar
aku bisa
terbebaskan
dari
pandangan
mata yang membuatku
jijik setengah
mati.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift,
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
There is a structure shift occuring in TT2. The ST’s word my blood is
translated into darahku. In this sense, the order of structure changes from H-M
into M-H. This shift also occurs in the word old man which is translated into
lelaki tua (TT1). The case is still the same whereby the order is reversed from H-
M into M-H.
The second shift occuring is unit shift. There are some words added in
TT2. It is clearly shown in the clause pandangan mata yang membuatku jijik
setengah mati, as the translation of the eye. The shift departs from the phrase into
a clause form.
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46
Table 23. Types of Shift in Datum Number 19 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
19/ST/Ex Now this is
the point.
19/JYM/Ex Nah, begini
pokok
ceritaku
19/GJYT/Ex Nah, ini
sebenarnya
inti ceritaku
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift
The datum shows that there is a unit shift as seen in the translation of
point in both TTs. The translator of TT1 translates it as pokok ceritaku, while the
other translator renders it as inti ceritaku. Both translations are in phrase form,
changes from its ST which is only in unit of word.
Table 24. Types of Shift in Datum Number 20 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
20/ST/Ex You fancy me
mad.
20/JYM/Ex Kau mengira
aku gila.
20/GJYT/Ex Kaupikir aku
gila.
There is no category shift occurring in this datum
Table 25. Types of Shift in Datum Number 21 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
21/ST/Ex Madmen know nothing
21/JYM/Ex Orang gila itu tidak tahu
apa-apa.
21/GJYT/Ex Tapi sebenarnya
orang gila itu
kan tidak tahu
apa-apa. Beda
halnya
denganku
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 structure shift
There is an intra-system shift appearing in both TTs. The phenomenon is
shown in the translation of the ST’s word madmen translated as orang gila in both
TTs. The word men in madmen itself is a plural but then changes into Bahasa as
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
47
orang which is singular. This phrase also undergoes a structure shift whereat its
modifier and head changes their position, from M-H into H-M.
Table 26. Types of Shift in Datum Number 22 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
22/ST/Ex But you
should
have seen
me.
22/JYM/Ex Tapi kau
seharusnya
memperhatikanku.
22/GJYT/Ex Seharusnya
kau lihat
bagaimana aku
melakukannya.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift
There is unit shift applied in TT2. The word me which performs a unit of
word, turns into a clause in TT2 that is, bagaimana aku melakukannya. Instead of
focusing to the character himself, the translator wants to put stress in the action of
what the character is up to do.
Table 27. Types of Shift in Datum Number 23 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
23/ST/Ex You should
have seen
how wisely I
proceeded—with what
caution—
with what
foresight—
with what
dissimulation
I went to
work!
23/JYM/Ex Kau akan
melihat betapa
cerdiknya aku
menyelesaikan perkerjaanku.
Betapa rapih
dan terencana,
kemudian aku
berpura-pura
tidak tahu apa-
apa
23/GJYT/Ex Aku
membunuh
lelaki tua itu
dengan hati-hati–
seksama–
penuh
perencanaan
dan taktik
manipulasi.
Ini bukan
perkerjaan
kecil lho!
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 2 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift, 3 unit shift
The structure shift occurring in TT1 and TT2 is obtained by translating
proceed as menyelesaikan (TT1) and membunuh (TT2). The structure changes
here because the verb proceeded in this term performing an intransitive verb,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48
which does not require an object. However, the translator of both TTs translate the
verb into a transitive verb leading to the addition of object as its consequence. The
TT1 verb menyelesaikan requires object pekerjaanku while the in the other text,
the verb membunuh requires object lelaki tua itu.
There is also the changing of word class as seen in word caution which is
noun translated into cerdik an adjective (TT1), whereas foresight which is noun
rendered as terencana which is a verb (TT1). In the same sense, translator of TT2
renders caution as an adjective in seksama.
In this datum, unit shift takes charge in TT2 seen in the changing of;
wisely to hati-hati; foresight to penuh perencenaan; and dissimulation to taktik
manipulasi. These all are the signs of word conversion to phrase category.
Table 28. Types of Shift in Datum Number 24 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
24/ST/Ex I was never
kinder to the
old man
than during
the whole week before
I killed him.
24/JYM/Ex Selama
seminggu
penuh sebelum
membunuhnya,
aku bersikap lebih baik hati
terhadap lelaki
tua itu.
24/GJYT/Ex Sebelum
membunuhnya,
aku
menghabiskan
waktu seminggu
penuh
mengambil
perhatian
beliau dan
menjadi orang
kesayangannya.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
The shift occurring in the datum is structure shift in terms of polarity.
The ST applies a negation to the sentence as seen in I was never…, even so, the
translators of two TTs choose to use affirmation as seen in the beginning of the
sentence, selama seminggu penuh sebelum (TT1), and sebelum membunuhnya,
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49
(TT2). The other structure shift is shown in the phrase old man translated into
lelaki tua in TT1. The structure changes from M-H into H-M.
Table 29. Types of Shift in Datum Number 25 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
25/ST/RA And every
night, about
midnight, I
turned the
latch of his
door and opened it –oh,
so gently
25/JYM/RA Dan setiap
malam,
sekitar tengah
malam,
kuputar
gagang pintunya dan
kubuka–
dengan
amaaat pelan!
25/GJYT/RA Lalu, setiap
malam,
menjelang
tengah
malam, aku
memutar kunci dan
membuka
pintu
kamarnya
pelan-pelan –
pelaaan
sekali.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift
There is structure shift appearing in this datum shown in the word his
door’s translation of both TTs. The translator of TT1 translates the word as
pintunya while the other translates it as kamarnya. In Bahasa Indonesia, the
modifiers follows the head of a phrase, therefore, the structure order shifts from
M-H into H-M.
The other shift is class shift which shown in the translation of word gently.
This word which acts as an adverb, translated in TT2 as pelan which plays an
adjective.
Table 30. Types of Shift in Datum Number 26 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
26/ST/RA And then,
when I had
made an
opening
sufficient for
my head, I put in a dark
lantern, all
26/JYM/RA Lalu setelah
pintu terbuka
sedikit hingga
cukup melihat
ke dalam,
kuulurkan tangan uang
menenteng
26/GJYT/RA Aku hanya
mendorong
pintu itu
selebar yang
kuperlukan
supaya aku bisa
menjulurkan
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50
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
closed,
closed, so that
no light shone
out, and then
I thrust in my
head.
lentera
berkatup yang
semua
katupnya
kurapatkan
sehingga
cahayanya
tidak
menyorot ke
ruangan,
kemudian
kujulurkan kepala ke
dalam.
kepalaku ke
dalam.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift, 1 class shift,
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
The change of structure is employed in the TT1 pointing the shift from
active voice into passive. The active voice is represented by I had made an
opening, nevertheless, the translator of TT1 disobeys the action of made an
opening and wants to focus merely to the result leading to the using of stative
passive as seen in the phrase pintu terbuka sedikit.
The word class of ST for my head which is a prepositional phrase shifts its
form to a verb as seen in melihat ke dalam (TT1).
The other shift occurring in this datum is structure shift shown in; dark
lantern to lentera berkatup (TT1); my head to kepalaku (TT2); These are
phenomena that indicates the transposition of structure from H-M to M-H.
Table 31. Types of Shift in Datum Number 27 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
27/ST/RA Oh you
would have
laughed to
see how
cunningly I
thrust it in!
I moved it
slowly –very,
27/JYM/RA Oh kau pasti
akan tertawa
jika melihat
betapa
cerdiknya aku
menjulurkan
kepalaku ke
dalam!
27/GJYT/RA Kemudian, aku
mengulurkan
sebelah tangan
ke dalam
kamar,
menenteng
sebentuk
lentera yang
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51
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
very slowly,
so that I
might not
disturb the
old man’s
sleep
Dengan
perlahan aku
bergerak –
sangat, sangat
pelan sehinga
tidak
mengganggu
tidur si lelaki
tua.
terselubung
dalam kain
gelap agar
sinarnya tidak
membangunkan
lelaki tua itu
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift, 1 class shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
Unit shift appears in the word it translated as a phrase in kepalaku (TT1).
Besides, there is also class shift denoted in the translation of adverb cunningly
into cerdik performing an adjective (TT1).
There is structure shift occurring in both TTs. The phrase old man is
translated into lelaki tua. This indicates that the Structure order changes from M-
H to H-M.
Table 32. Types of Shift in Datum Number 28 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
28/ST/RA It took me an
hour to place
my whole
head within
the opening so far that I
could see him
as he lay
upon his bed.
28/JYM/RA Dibutuhkan
waktu satu
jam untuk
melongokkan
kepala ke dalam bukaan
pintu kamar
itu sehingga
aku bisa
melihat laki-
laki itu
terbaring di
ranjangnya.
28/GJYT/RA Aku sangat
berhati-hati
dalam setiap
gerak-gerikku
hingga hanya untuk
melongokkan
kepala ke
dalam bukaan
pintu kamar
saja aku
butuh waktu
sekitar satu
jam.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift
There is unit shift occurring in the word my whole head translated into
kepala (both TTs). There is a changing of unit from phrase into word category.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52
Structure shift is shown in the phrase his bed translated into ranjangnya (TT1).
The case is also similar to the first phrase whose M-H converted into H-M.
Table 33. Types of Shift in Datum Number 29 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
29/ST/RA Ha! Would a
madman have
been so wise
as this?
29/JYM/RA Ha! Bisakah
seorang yang
gila bertindak
sehati-hati
ini?
29/GJYT/RA Ha! –apakah
orang gila
bisa
melakukan
semua ini
tanpa sekalipun
terpergok?
Tidak, kan?
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 class shift, 1 unit shift
There is a class shift occurring in both TTs. First, it is shown in the
translation of the word wise in TT1 which is an adjective, transfroms into
bertindak which is a verb. Second, in TT2 it is translated as melakukan which is
also a verb.
There is also unit shift shown in the translation of word this. The word
undergoes a shift from lower level into the higher level which is initially a word
rank but then becomes a phrase. This can be spotted in TT2 as the word translated
into semua ini.
Table 34. Types of Shift in Datum Number 30 No. Data ST No. Data TT2 No. Data TT2
30/ST/RA And then,
when my
head was well
in the room, I
undid the
lantern
cautiously –
oh, so
cautiously –
cautiously (for the
hinges
30/JYM/RA Kemudian,
ketika sudah
melongokkan
kepalaku ke
dalam kamar,
kubuka katup
penutup
lentera
dengan hati-
hati, -oh, dengan sangat
hati-hati –
30/GJYT/RA Setelah aku
melongokkan
kepala ke
dalam kamar,
aku mulai
meredupkan
cahaya
lentera dalam
genggamanku
dengan sangat hati-hati,
apalagi
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53
No. Data ST No. Data TT2 No. Data TT2 cracked) karena engsel
katupnya bisa
berderit.
karena engsel
pintu mulai
berderit
berisik.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift
There is a structure shift occurring in the translation of phrase my head.
TT1’s translates this phrase as kepalaku which directly complies the changing of
structure. The ST’s structure which is M-H in my head turns into H-M in kepalaku
of both TTs.
There is also intra-system shift which shown in the transformation of
word hinges which is plural into engsel which is singular in both TTs.
Table 35. Types of Shift in Datum Number 31 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
31/ST/RA I undid it just
so much that
a single thin
ray fell upon
the vulture
eye.
31/JYM/RA Katup lentera
kubuka
seperlunya,
hingga
seberkas
sinarnya
cukup untuk
menyoroti
mata burung
bangkai itu.
/31GJYT/RA Redup cahaya
lentera kini
begitu halus
menerobos
ruangan
kamar hingga
hanya
sanggup
menerangi
bagian wajah beliau.
Sebenarnya,
tujuanku
sekadar untuk
mengintip
mata burung
bangkai itu.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 unit shift, 2 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift, 1 structure shift
The word it is translated to katup lentera which is a phrase, and yet
indicating the unit shift in TT1. The phrase fell upon translated as menyoroti
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
54
(TT1) and menerangi (TT2) obviously denotes the unit shift by the changing of
phrase into word category.
Structure shift is spotted int the translation of vulture eye as mata burung
bangkai in both TTs. The order of structure shifts from M-H into H-M. The
structure shift also appears in the reposition of the object it in I undid it just so
much…in TT1 the object is put preceeding subject and verb of the sentence which
seen as follows; katup lentera kubuka.
Table 36. Types of Shift in Datum Number 32 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
32/ST/RA And this I did
for seven
long nights –
every night
just at midnight –
but I found
the eye
always
closed; and
so it was
impossible to
do the work;
32/JYM/RA Ini kulakukan
salama tujuh
malam –setiap
malam persis
saat tengah malam –tapi
mata itu selalu
saja dalam
keadaan
tertutup. Kalau
matanya
tertutup,
mustahil aku
bisa
membunuhnya,
32/GJYT/RA Tujuh malam
berturut-turut
aku
mengendap-
endap ke kamar tidur
lelaki tua itu,
namun setiap
kali aku
melongokkan
kepalaku ke
dalam mata
beliau selalu
ditutup; maka
sulit bagiku
untu k
melakukan apa yang
ingin
kulakukan.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 intra-system shift, 2 unit shift
The word nights in the form of plural translated as malam in both TTs
which is singular. This indicates the present of intra-system shift in the datum.
The structure of sentence but I found the eye….is rendered as mata itu
selalu saja…, by the translator of TT1. This imples that the translator changes the
structure that is the object to be the subject in TT: eye as object turns into mata as
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
55
the subject. Supposedly, the translator wants to put a stress in the eye as the major
cause of the problem.
Unit shift occurring in TT2 can be seen in the translation of eye becomes
mata beliau which shows a shift from word into phrase category. The other unit
shift occurring is that the word work is translated into a clause as spotted in apa
yang ingin kulakukan (TT2).
Table 37. Types of Shift in Datum Number 33 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
33/ST/RA for it was not
the old man
who vexed
me, but his
evil eye.
33/JYM/RA Karena bukan
sosok lelaki
tua itu yang
membuatku
jengkel, tapi mata
jahatnya.
33/GJYT/RA Terus-terang,
aku tidak
punya
masalah
dengan beliau, tetapi
matanya itu,
lho! Mata
setan! Iiiii
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift,
The shift occurring in this datum is structure shift. This can be seen in the
translation of the phrase old man which is translated into lelaki tua in TT1. The
structure appears to shift from M-H to H-M. The other structure shift is spotted in
the TT1 which is mata jahatnya, and TT2 matanya. Both which are translated
from phrase his evil eye undergoes the structure order from M-H to H-M.
Another shift occurring is unit shift. The verb vexed is translated to be a
phrase as TT1 translates the word as membuatku jengkel. The unit goes from a
word into phrase rank.
Table 38. Types of Shift in Datum Number 34 No.Data ST No.Data TT1 No.Data TT2
34/ST/RA And every
morning,
34/JYM/RA Dan setiap
pagi, ketika
34/GJYT/RA Kalau kau
mau tahu,
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56
No.Data ST No.Data TT1 No.Data TT2
when the day
broke, I went
boldly into
the chamber,
an spoke
courageously
to him,
calling him
by name in a
hearty tone,
and inquiring
how he had passed the
night.
fajar
menyingsing,
aku dengan
berani masuk
ke kamar, dan
berbicara
kepadanya
dengan
santai,
memanggil
namanya
dengan nada ramah, dan
menanyakan
bagaimana
tidurnya
semalam.
setiap pagi,
saat matahari
bersinar
cerah, aku
melenggang
masuk ke
dalam kamar
tidur beliau
dengan
seenaknya,
mengajak
basa-basi, berbicara
dengan nada
ramah sambil
menanyakan
apakah beliau
tidur nyenyak
semalam.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
The translation of phrase hearty tone uncovers the structure shift in its
translation as seen in both TTs, rendered as nada ramah which the order of the
structure transposed from M-H to H-M.
There is also another shift occurring in TT2 which is unit shift marked by
translation of chamber to kamar tidur beliau, which shows the unit change from
word to phrase cateogy.
Table 39. Types of Shift in Datum Number 35 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
35/ST/RA So you see he would have been a very profound old
man, indeed, to suspect that every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him while he slept.
35/JYM/RA Karena itulah, kau lihat, dia pasti lelaki tua yang sangat
cerdas kalau sampai bisa mencurigai bahwa setiap malam, persis jam dua belas, aku mengamatinya
saat dia tertidur.
35/GJYT/RA Maka itu, kecuali beliau punya indra khusus untuk
mendeteksi apa yang tidak terdeteksi, rasanya mustahil baginya untuk mencurigaiku.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
57
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 class shift
The first occurring shift in this datum is structure shift shown in the
phrase old man’s translation, lelaki tua (TT1). The structure order changes from
M-H into H-M.
Another shift is class shift. This occurs in the phrase very profound which
is translated into TT2 as indra khusus. The word very as an adverb transforms into
khusus which is an adjective. On the other hand, the word profound which is an
adjective translated into indra which is a noun.
Table 40. Types of Shift in Datum Number 36 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
36/ST/RA Upon the
eight night I
was more
than usually
cautious in
opening the
door.
36/JYM/RA Pada malam
kedelapan,
aku lebih
berhati-hati
saat
membuka
pintu kamar
lelaki tua itu.
36/GJYT/RA Di malam
kedelapan,
aku lebih
berhati-hati
saat
membuka
pintu kamar
beliau.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift, 1 unit shfit
Structure shift happens in the translation of phrase eight night which
similarly rendered to both TTs as malam kedelapan. The structure of the phrase
which is initially stands as M-H transforming to H-M.
There is also class shift marked by the change of word class from
preposition to noun as seen in in rendered as saat. The shift occurs in both TTs.
The word door also undergoes a shift of unit as spotted in TT1 as pintu
kamar lelaki tua itu, and TT2 as pintu kamar beliau.
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58
Table 41. Types of Shift in Datum Number 37 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
37/ST/RA A watch’s
minute hand
moves more
quickly than
did mine.
37/JYM/RA Gerakanku
sungguh amat
pelan.
37/GJYT/RA Bila malam-
malam
sebelumnya
au bergerak
pelan, kali ini
jauh lebih pelan lagi.
There is no shift occurring in above datum.
Table 42. Types of Shift in Datum Number 38 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
38/ST/RA Never before
that night had
I felt the
extent of my
own powers –
of my sagacity.
38/JYM/RA Aku baru
menyadari
betapa
hebatnya
diriku ini –
betapa cerdiknya aku
ini.
38/GJYT/RA Entah kenapa,
di malam
kedelapan
aku baru
menyadari
untuk pertama
kalinya –
betapa hebat
perbuatanku
itu, akal-
akalanku.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
There is a change of structure between ST and both TTs. The change of
structure is nothing short of polarity entailing affirmation and negation. The
author applied a negation by stating that never berfore that I..., diversely the
translators of both TTs subtitute the negation with affirmation by similarly
rendering the clause becomes aku baru menyadari. This is actually the way of
how the translator put an emphasis to their translation
Table 43. Types of Shift in Datum Number 39 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
39/ST/RA I could scarcely contain my feelings of
triumph.
39/JYM/RA Aku nyaris tidak bisa mengendalikan
perasan gembira ini.
39/GJYT/RA Aku tidak bisa
membendung
rasa bangga yang
membumbung
dalam dada.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
59
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 class shift, 1 unit shift
The translation of word feelings undergoes an intra-system shift when
translated into TT1. The plural sense in the ST’s word becomes singular as seen in
the translation, perasaan. In TT2 the translation is also in the form of singular,
rasa.
Class shift also partakes in two TTs. The word triumph stands as a noun
in the phrase feelings of thriumph, translated into adjective in both TTs. The
translator of TT1 renders it as gembira, while the translator of the TT2 renders it
as bangga.
The last occuring shift is unit shift. The translator transforms the phrase
feelings of triumph into rasa bangga yang membumbung dalam dada (TT2).
Hereby, in this sense, the phrase changes to clause category.
Table 44. Types of Shift in Datum Number 40 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
40/ST/RA To think that
there I was,
opening the
door, little by
little, and he
not even to
dream of my
secret deeds
or thoughts.
40/JYM/RA Coba
bayangkan
aku di sini
membuka
pintu
kamarnya
sedikit demi
sedikit, dan
dia bahkan
tidak
mencurigai tindakan atau
pikiran
rahasiaku.
40/GJYT/RA Bayangkan
saja, selama
delapan
malam beliau
tidak pernah
sekali pun
mencurigai
tindakanku
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 structure shift
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
60
The shift occurs is intra-system shift. The phrase deeds and thougts each
represents a plural form. However, each is translated into a singular form as seen
in TT1 pikiran dan rahasiaku, and TT2 tindakanku.
Distinct to English structure pattern of making the head in the end of a
phrase, Bahasa Indonesia instead put the head as the initial of a phrase.
Consequently, the transposition of structure from M-H to H-M can be seen in my
secret deeds or thoughts when translated as tindakan atau pikiran rahasiaku
(TT1) and tindakanku (TT2).
Table 45. Types of Shift in Datum Number 41 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
41/ST/RA I fairly
chuckled at
the idea;
41/JYM/RA Aku tertawa
kecil
membayangka
nnya.
41/GJYT/RA Aku jadi geli
sendiri
memikirkannya.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 class shift,
There is a class shift occurring in TT1. The word fairy which is an adverb
transfroms to kecil which is an adjective. The second class shift occurring is
shown in the translation of the preposition at which translated into
membayangkan (TT1) and memikirkan (TT2) which are verbs. In TT2, the verb
chuckled is also translated into an adjective as shown in the word geli.
Table 46. Types of Shift in Datum Number 42 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
42/ST/RA and perhaps he heard me; for
he moved on the bed suddenly, as if startled.
42/JYM/RA Mungkin dia mendengar
tawaku, karena dia tiba-tiba bergeser di ranjangnya, seakan terkejut.
42/GJYT/RA Tiba-tiba kulihat beliau
bergeser di atas ranjang, seolah dikagetkan sesuatu.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
61
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : -
There is a unit shift in the TT1 as shown in me translated into tawaku
which is a phrase. The translator uses tawaku since the sentence is still related to
the previous sentence which tells that the character is fairy chuckled.
Table 47. Types of Shift in Datum Number 43 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
43/ST/RA Now you may
think that I
drew back –
but no.
43/JYM/RA Kau mungkin
mengira aku
akan bergerak
mundur –tapi
tidak.
43/GJYT/RA Waduh!
Jangan-
jangan –kau
pasti mengira
aku akan
mundur melihat ini,
tapi justru
kebalikannya.
Occuring shift in TT1 : -
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift, class shift,
There is unit shift occurring in TT2 as seen in the translation of word no
which translated to a phrase justru kebalikannya. Simultaneously, the phrase
undergoes a class shift since the word class which is an adjective turning into a
noun phrase as no is rendered as justru kebalikannya. By using this expression
seemingly, the translator wants to clarify the idea that the character is being
adamant on his action.
Table 48. Types of Shift in Datum Number 44 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
44/ST/RA His room was
as black as
pitch with the
thick
darkness (for
the shutters
were close
fastened,
through fear
of robbers),
44/JYM/RA Kamar lelaki
tua itu gelap
gulita. Daun
penutup
jendela
tertutup rapat
karena
khawatir ada
pencuri yang
masuk. Jadi,
44/GJYT/RA Kamar tidur
beliau
bernuansa
sangat gelap
(tirainya
ditutup rapat
demi
mengusir
maling) dan
aku dapat
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62
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
and so I knew
that he could
not see the
opening of
the door, and
I kept
pushing it on
steadily,
steadily.
aku yakin dia
tidak bisa
melihat
bukaan
pintunya.
Dan aku pun
terus
mendorong
pintu kamar
dengan
gerakan
mantap
memastikan
bahwa
dengan
pencahayaan
terbatas,
beliau takkan
bisa
melihatku,
atau pintu
yang sedikit
terbuka.
Oleh sebab itu, aku terus
mendorong
pintu
kamarnya.
Pelaaaan
sekali.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift, 1 class shift, 2 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift, 1 class shift, 2 unit shift
Phrase his room obtains its Indonesian form as kamar lelaki tua itu (TT1)
and kamar tidur beliau (TT2). The case is that the structure order of the phrase
appears to shift from H-M to M-H.
Intra-system shift occurs in the plurality shift as robbers which is plural
translated to TTs as pencuri (TT1) and maling (TT2), showing both in singular
form.
The word knew shifts to yakin (TT1) presents the occurring of word class
as the verb changes to adjective. The class shift also occurs in the translation of
steadily to pelaaan sekali in TT2. The word class of steadily is an adverb while
pelaaan sekali performs an adjective phrase.
The last shift occurring in this datum is unit shift. This shift occurrence is
signed by the translation of steadily to gerakan mantap (TT1), and steadily to
pelaaan sekali (TT2). This marks the shift of unit from word to phrase category.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
63
This shift also occurs as the word his rendered as lelaki tua itu (TT1) and room as
kamar tidur (TT2).
Table 49. Types of Shift in Datum Number 45 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
45/ST/RA I had my head
in, and was
about to open
the lantern,
when my
thumb slipped upon the tin
fastening, and
the old man
sprang up in
the bed,
crying out –
who’s there?
45/JYM/RA Aku sudah
melongokkan
kepala ke
dalam dan
baru saja
hendak membuka
katup lentera,
ketika ibu
jariku
menyentuh
dan justru
mengetuk
lempengan
katup
sehingga
membuat lelaki tua itu
terbangun di
ranjangnya
dan berteriak,
“siapa di
situ?”
45/GJYT/RA Tapi baru saja
aku
menjulurkan
kepala ke
dalam kamar
beliau, dan dengan
sebelah
tangan
hendak
menyalakan
lentera, tiba-
tiba lelaki tua
itu bangkit
duduk di atas
ranjang
seraya berteriak
lantang –
“siapa di
situ?”
Occuring shift in TT1 : 4 unit shift, 2 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift, 1 structure shift
The first unit occuring is unit shift. The shift as seen in lantern to katup
lentera; is a word to phrase shift. While slipped upon to menyentuh; crying out to
berteriak are phrase to word shift (TT1). Another is bed becoming ranjangnya.
Whilst the TT2 is displayed in the word thumb to be sebelah tangan, word to
phrase.
The second shift is structure shift, marked by my thumb translated as ibu
jariku (TT1). The shift happens since the structure goes a changing from M-H to H-M in
the TT. The other structure shift is shown by the transposition of modifier-head as is
visible in old man to lelaki tua (both TTs).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
64
Table 50. Types of Shift in Datum Number 46
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
46/ST/RA I kept quite
still and said
nothing. For a
whole hour I
did not move
a muscle, and in the
meantime I
did not hear
him lie down.
46/JYM/RA Aku tetap
diam, dan
tidak
menjawab.
Selama sejam
penuh aku tidak
bergerak
sedikitpun.
Sementara
itu, tidak
kudengar
lelaki tua itu
berbaring
lagi.
46/GJYT/RA Aku tidak
menjawab,
tidak juga
bergerak.
Otot-ototku
tegang. Selama sejam
penuh aku
tidak
mendengar
beliau
kembali
merebahkan
tubuhnya di
atas ranjang.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
I did not move a muscle is translated into TT2 as otot-ototku tegang. The
sentence of ST clearly undergoes a structure shift in the TT. The order of the
structure changes here as the translator renders the object muscle as the subject in
the the TT, at once removing the subject I.
There is also unit shift occurring in word him which translated as lelaki
tua itu of TT1. The shift starts from a word to phrase category. The shift also
appears in the translation of verb phrase lie down becoming a clause in TT2 that is
kembali merebahkan tubuhnya di atas ranjang.
Table 51. Types of Shift in Datum Number 47 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
47/ST/RA He was still
sitting up in
the bed
listening; -just as I have
done, night
after night,
hearkening to
the death
watches in
the wall.
47/JYM/RA Dia masih saja
duduk di
ranjangnya
seraya menyimak
persis yang
kulakukan
malam demi
malam, sambil
mendengarkan
suara
47GJYT/RA Tampaknya
beliau masih
berada dalam
posisi duduk, memasang
telinga,persis
seperti yang
kulakukan
tiap malam,
berjaga-jaga,
siapa tahu
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65
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
kumbang
kayu yang
mengetuk-
ngetuk di
dinding.
malaikat
kematian
tengah berdiri
mengawasi di
balik dinding
kamar.
Occuring shift in TT1 : -
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 unit shift
There is a unit shift occurring in TT2 as seen in the translation of verb
listening translated to memasang telinga a phrase which refers to a tense action of
of mere listening to something. Besides, the translator also renders in the ‘wall’
into di balik ‘dinding kamar.’ Translator wants to put a clear description to the
place where the character is in.
Table 52. Types of Shift in Datum Number 48 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
48/ST/RA Presently I
heard a slight
groan, and I
knew it was
the groan of
mortal terror.
48/JYM/RA Sekarang
kudengar
suara erangan
lemah, dan
aku tahu
erangan ini
disebabkan
oleh rasa takut yang
luar biasa.
48/GJYT/RA Saat ini aku
mendengar
erangan
lemah;
erangan yang
bermuara dari
rasa takut luar
biasa.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift, 1 class shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 structure shift, 1 class shift
There is structure shift occuring in this datum as the slight groan
becoming suara erangan lemah (TT1), and erangan lemah (TT2). Both TTs
display the structure order changing from M-H to H-M. The other structure shift
as seen in the datum is mortal terror whose structure is M-H, converted into rasa
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
66
takut yang luar biasa (TT1) and rasa takut luar biasa (TT2) whose structure is H-
M.
There is also class shift shown in the translation of word of to disebabkan
(TT1), and bermuara (TT2). The word class of known as preposition changes to
verb in both TTs.
Unit shift also occurs in the addition of word unit to the translation of
word groan which becomes suara erangan stands as a phrase (TT1).
Table 53. Types of Shift in Datum Number 49 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
49/ST/RA it was not a
groan of pain
or of grief –
oh, no! –it
was the low stifed sound
that arises
from the
bottom of the
soul when
overcharged
with awe.
49/JYM/RA Bukan
erangan sakit
atau sedih –
oh sama
sekali bukan! Ini suara
cekikan
tertahan yang
muncul dari
dasar jiwa
saat dipenuhi
rasa teror
mengerikan
49/GJYT/RA Erangan itu
bukan
erangan sakit,
ataupun duka
–sama sekali bukan!
melainkan
erangan yang
bangkit dari
dalam jiwa
dan dimotori
rasa takut
akan sesuatu
yang tidak
kasatmata.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 unit shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 3 unit shift
The unit shift occurs as the word no is translated as sama sekali bukan in
both TTs. The unit changes from word to phrase. Another unit shift also occurs in
the TT2 as the word low stifed sound translated to erangan only. This clarifies
that there is a shifting from phrase into word category. The other part displaying
unit shift is the word awe which translated separately as rasa terror mengerikan
and rasa takut akan sesuatu yang tidak kasat mata. The shift departs from a word
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
67
level and ends in a phrase level (TT1), whilst the other ends in a clause level
(TT2).
Besides, there is also structure shift appearing in this datum. The noun
phrase low stif sound gains its Indonesian version as suara cekikikan tertahan
(TT1). The translation points out the modifier (low stif) and the head (sound) of
the phrase converts from M-H into H-M, visible in cekikikan (head) yang tertahan
(modifier).
Table 54. Types of Shift in Datum Number 50 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
50/ST/RA I knew the
sound well.
50/JYM/RA Aku kenal
betul suara
itu.
50/GJYT/RA Aku kenal
sekali
erangan itu.
There is no shift in above datum.
Table 55. Types of Shift in Datum Number 51 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
51/ST/RA Many a
night, just at
midnight,
when all the
world slept,
it has welled
up from my
own bosom,
deepening, with its
dreadful
echo, the
terrors that
distracted
me.
51/JYM/RA Setiap malam,
persis tengah
malam, ketika
dunia tertidur
lelap, suara itu
meluap dari
jiwaku, dengan
gema yang
menakutkan. Perasaan teror
yang
menggelisahkan
51/GJYT/RA aku bisa
merasakan
apa yang
tengah
dirasakan
beliau, karena
sering kali, di
tengah
malam, saat dia terlelap
dalam buaian
tidur, erangan
yang sama
bangkit dari
dalam jiwaku
menggema
penuh teror,
mengganggu
alam sadarku.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift, 1 class shift, 1 intra-system shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 intra-system shift
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68
The structure shift is implied throughout the translation of my own
bossom which is jiwaku (TT1). The structure order transposes from M-H to H-M.
the modifier (my own) and the head (bossom) is reordered into head (jiwa) and
modifier (ku). Besides, the phrase dreadful echo (TT1) undergoes the same
transposition when translated as gema yang menakutkan, M-H into H-M.
Class shift is also present in this datum showing in the dreadful translated
as menakutkan (TT1). The word class transmutes from an adjective into a verb.
Intra-system shift shown up in word Terrors which is plural, yet
translated in both TTs as teror that is singular.
Table 56. Types of Shift in Datum Number 52 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
52/ST/RA I say I knew
it well.
52/JYM/RA Sudah
kukatakan,
aku kenal
betul suara
ini.
52/GJYT/RA Sudah
kubilang aku
mengenal
erangan itu.
There is no shift occurring in above datum.
Table 57. Types of Shift in Datum Number 53 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
53/ST/RA I knew what
the old man
felt, and
pitied him,
although I
chuckled at
heart.
53/JYM/RA Aku tahu apa
yang
dirasakan si
lelaki tua, dan
karena itu,
aku merasa
kasihan
padanya,
meski aku
tertawa dalam
hati.
53/GJYT/RA Lantas, aku
jatuh iba
terhadap
beliau,
mengingat
teror yang
melanda
jiwanya,
meski dalam
hati aku
tersenyum
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 unit shift
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
69
The first shift occurring is structure shift. The phrase old man whose
structure is M-H turns to be H-M in TT1 as lelaki tua. On the other hand, the
translator of TT2 translates the phrase to beliau. This indicates the unit shift
phrase to word category.
Unit shift also occurs in the Bahasa Indonesia version of pitied, which is
merasa kasihan, therefore there is a changing of word category into phrase (TT1).
The TT2 translator also conducts the same thing by bringing the word into a
phrase category which is jatuh iba.
Table 58. Types of Shift in Datum Number 54 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
54/ST/RA I knew that he
had been
lying awake
ever since the
first slight noise, when
he had turned
in the bed.
54/JYM/RA Kutahu dia
kini terjaga
sejak kali
pertama
dikejutkan gaduh pelan,
ketika dia
bergeser di
ranjangnya.
54/GJYT/RA Sejak awal
aku sadar
bahwa beliau
sudah mulai
merasakan kejanggalan
dalam kamar
tidurnya,
terlebih saat
ia menggeser
tubuh di atas
ranjang.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : -
Unit shift happens as the verb lying awake translated in TT1 as terjaga.
The shift goes from phrase to word category. This also prevails in the translation
of bed in TT1 as ranjangnya showing a shift from word into phrase category.
Table 59. Types of Shift in Datum Number 55 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
55/ST/RA His fears had been ever since
growing upon him.
55/JYM/RA Ketakutannya kian
bertambah.
55/GJYT/RA Rasa takutnya sedikit demi
sedikit semakin memuncak;
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift, unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
70
There are two shifts appearing in this datum. First is structure shift. The
phrase His fears, M-H, experiences the changing of structure order in both TTs,
visualized as ketakutannya (TT1) and takutnya (TT2), H-M.
The second appearing shift is intra-system shift as shown in the plurality
of the word fears translated separatedly as ketakutan and rasa takut in TTs. Both
of which are singular.
The last to discuss is unit shift. The phrase ever since is translated into
kian (TT1). This shows the reduction of word unit from phrase to word.
Table 60. Types of Shift in Datum Number 56 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
56/ST/RA He had been
trying to
fancy them
causeless,
but could not.
56/JYM/RA Dia terus
mencoba
memikirkan
semua ini
yang biasa, tapi percuma
saja.
56/GJYT/RA namun beliau
tetap mencoba
mengusir
kekhawatirannya.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : -
The class shift occurs in the word percuma (TT1) performing an adjective
that is shifted from the negation of modals verb could not.
Table 61. Types of Shift in Datum Number 57 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
57/ST/RA He had been
saying to
himself –“it is
nothing but
the wind in
the chimney –
it is only a
mouse
crossing the
floor,” or “ it
is merely a
cricked which
57/JYM/RA Dia terus
berkata
kepada diri
sendiri, “itu
hanya angin
yang masuk
ke dalam
cerobong
asap. Itu
hanya seekor
tikus yang
berjalan di
57/GJYT/RA Berkali-kali
beliau berkata
pada dirinya
sendiri,
“suara aneh
itu pasti
disebabkan
karena
embusan
angin malam
yang
terperangkap
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
71
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
has made a
single chirp.”
lantai,” atau
“itu Cuma
suara jangkrik
yang
mengerik.”
di dalam
cerobong
asap –atau
suara tikus
jalan-jalan.”
Atau “derik
jangkrik.”
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 class shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 class shift, 5 unit shift
Preposition in in phrase in the chimney undergoes a class shift in both
TTs. The preposition is translated as masuk by TT1 translator, meanwhile
translated as terperangkap di dalam by TT2’s translator. This indicates that the
shift departs from preposition to verb category. Moreover, the phrase
terperangkap di dalam (TT2) detected to shift in terms of unit as the result of
transmuting word to phrase.
Unit shift also appears in translation of it to suara aneh itu (TT2); wind to
embusan angin malam (TT2); crossing to jalan-jalan (TT2). These are
categorized as the shift from word into phrase. Other than that, the clause it is
merely a cricked which has made a single chirp rendered as jangkrik yang
mengerik (TT1) and derik jangkrik (TT2). Both translations justify the idea of
shiftting from clause to phrase category.
Table 62. Types of Shift in Datum Number 58 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
58/ST/RA Yes, he has
been trying to
comfort
himself with
these suppositions;
but he had
found all in
vain. All in
58/JYM/RA Ya dia
berusaha
menenangkan
dirinya
dengan dugaan-
dugaan ini,
tapi semua
sia-sia belaka.
58/GJYT/RA Jangan heran,
apabila
dihadapkan
pada situasi
serupa, semua orang juga
pasti mencari
penjelasa
paling logis.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
72
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
vain; Termasuk kau
dan aku.
Namun,
dalam kasus
ini, pada
akhirnya
tidak ada
satupun
penjelasan
logis itu yang
berhasil
membuat lelaki tua itu
tenang
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : -
Unit shift appears in the translation of he had found all in vain which is
semua sia-sia belaka in TT1. This clearly shows that the clause undergoes a shift
into phrase category. The translator seemingly avoids the repetition of phrase all
in vain by just adding word belaka to emphasize the proposition.
Table 63. Types of Shift in Datum Number 59 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
59/ST/RA because
death, in
approaching
him, had
stalked with
his black
shadow
before him,
and
enveloped the
victim.
59/JYM/RA Percuma
karena maut
yang datang
mendekat
telah
mengikuti
lelaki tua
dengan
bayangan
gelapnya dan
meyelubungi korban-
korbannya.
59/GJYT/RA Toh nyatanya
sia-sia saja
beliau
mencoba
untuk
rasional;
karena
kematian
datang seperti
bayangan
hitam yang menyelimuti
korban-
korbannya
bahkan
sebelum
sosoknya
yang gelap
tiba di
hadapan
mereka.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
73
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift
The sturcture shift appears in TT1. The phrase his black shadow which
its structure order is M-M-H, translated into bayangan gelap nya which has the
structure H-M. The phrase structure converts from M-H to H-M. Whilst, the TT2
translator only translates the phrase black shadow only, thus it becomes bayangan
hitam, yet the structure is similarly built as when translated using his.
Intra-system shift also occurs in both TTs. The singular word victim
translated into korban-korbanya which in the form of plural noun.
Table 64. Types of Shift in Datum Number 60 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
60/ST/RA And it was
the mournful
influence of
the
unperceived
shadow that
caused him to
feel –
although he
neither saw
nor hear –to
feel the presence of
my head
within the
room.
60/JYM/RA Pengaruh
suram dari
bayang-
bayang yang
tak terlihat
inilah yang
membuatnya
merasa –
meski dia
tidak melihat
ataupun
mendengar –merasakan
kehadiranku
di dalam
kamar itu.
60/GJYT/RA Aku sangat
yakin lelaki
tua itu bisa
merasakan
kehadiranku –
meski beliau
sama sekali
tidak
melihatku –di
dalam kamar
tidurnya.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
The structure shift shows up in the TT1’s initial sentence it was mournful
influence. The structure containing in it is definitely S-P-C, however it turns out
that the translation of TT1 changes the structure of the sentence into a phrase
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
74
Pengaruh suram posits a subject and altogrther the head of the phrase.
Unperceived shadow also exhibits the resemble case (structure shift) for the TT1
translator renders the phrase as bayang-bayang yang tak terlihat. The order of the
phrase structure changes from M-H into H-M. Another structure shift in the
datum shown in TT2 as the intransitive-infinitive to feel is translated in the TT as
merasakan kehadiranku which is a transitive verb.
The intra-system shift occurs in the phrase bayang-bayang (TT1) which
appears in plural form denying its ST’ form, shadow which in singular.
The phrase kamar tidurnya in TT2 indicates the presence of unit shift
since its corresponding part in ST is only a word, room. The unit of word, hence
goes from word into phrase category.
Table 65. Types of Shift in Datum Number 61 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
61/ST/RA when I had
waited a long
time, very
patiently,
without hearing him
lie down, I
resolved to
open a little –
a very, very
little crevice
in the lantern.
So I opened it
–
62/JYM/RA Sewaktu aku
sudah
menunggu
begitu lama,
dengan sangat sabar, tanpa
mendengar
lelaki tua itu
terbaring
tidur,
kuputuskan
untuk
membuka
sedikit-
sangat sedikit
– katup lentera.
62/GJYT/RA Setelah lama
menunggu,
kuperhatikan,
dia tetap
berada dalam posisi duduk
di atas
ranjang, maka
kuputuskan
untuk
menyalakan
lentera pelan-
pelan,
menghadirkan
cahaya yang
sangat minim.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
Long time in ST is translated as begitu lama in TT1 denoting the
Sturctural change of order from M-H to H-M. The structure shift occurs also in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
75
the structure changing of the adverb position in TT2 pelan-pelan corresponding to
a very, very little. The position of the adverb in the ST follows the verb open, and
preceeds the object crevic. Nevertheless, in TT2 the adverb follows the object
lantern
There is also unit shift shown in the translation of verb phrase lie down
rendered in TT1 as terbaring which is in a word category. The shift goes from
word to phrase.
Table 66. Types of Shift in Datum Number 62 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
62/ST/RA You cannot
imagine how
stealthily,
stealthily –
until, at length, a
single dim
ray, like the
thread of the
spider shot
from out the
crevice and
fell upon the
vulture eye
62JYM/RA Kau tidak bisa
membayangkan
betapa aku
membukanya
dengan diam-diam, sampai
akhirnya
secercah sinar
bagai benang
laba-laba
tersorot dari
celah di lentera
dan menyoroti
mata burung
bangkai itu.
62/GJYT/RA Kulakukan
semua itu
tanpa bersuara
–kau mungkin
tak bisa membayangka
n betapa sunyi
gerak-gerikku
–hingga
secercah sinar
redup terulur
keluar dari
dalam bukaan
lentera bak
benang sutra
laba-laba
mencuat keluar di antar
celah lentera
menyinari
mata burung
bangkai
tersebut.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 unit shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift, 1 structure shift
The unit shift appears in the translation of word spider which is in single
word unit, thus it is rendered in both TTs as laba-laba which is a phrase. There is
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76
also word until which is translated in TT1 as sampai akhirnya which performs a
phrase.
The vulture eye which is translated into mata burung bangkai in both TTs
indicates the structural shift of order. This denotes the position change of M-H in
vulture eye into H-M in mata burung bangkai.
Table 67. Types of Shift in Datum Number 63 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
63/ST/RA It was open –
wide, wide
open –and I
grew furious
as I gazed
upon it.
63/JYM/RA Mata itu
terbuka –
terbuka lebar
–dan aku
menjadi
berang saat menatapnya.
63/GJYT/RA Mata itu
terbuka lebar
dan tak lama
hatiku pun
mengamuk.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 class shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 class shift, 1 structure shift
The word open in clause it was open is functioned as an adjective,
however gaining the verb form when translated as terbuka in both TTs. This
denotes the presence of class shift.
Phrase terbuka lebar in both TTs as a translation of phrase wide open
indicates the structure shift wherby the structure order converts from M-H in ST
to H-M in TT.
Table 68. Types of Shift in Datum Number 64 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
64/ST/RA I saw it with perfect distinctness –all a dull blue, with a hideous veil over it that
chilled the very marrow in my bones;
64/JYM/RA Aku melihat mata itu dengan sangat jelas –warna biru pucat itu, dengan dilapisi
selaput mengerikan yang membuatku merasa sungguh amat takut.
64/GJYT/RA Aku melihatnya dengan jelas –warna yang pucat, selaput yang
menjijikkan, ugh! Tulang-tulangku terasa ngilu menatap sorotannya.
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77
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 class shift, 3 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 class shift, 4 structure shift
Rendering distinctess as jelas in both TTs obviously indicates word class
shift from noun to adjective.
The structure shift presents in the translation of phrase dull blue as warna
biru pucat (TT1) and warna yang pucat (TT2). This shows the structure changing
from M-H to H-M. The structure also transmutes in translating hideous veil as
selaput yang mengerikan (TT1) and selaput yang menjijikan (TT2). It transposes
from M-H to H-M. Translation of my bones as tulang-tulangku (TT2) also carries
the same idea as M-H renders to H-M. Another case is that when translator of TT1
renders chilled the very marrow of my bones as membuatku merasa sungguh
takut, there implied a structural change since the verb chilled entails the object the
very marrow…., while the verb membuat in TT1 does not entail any object but a
complement. The adverb and adjective in clause merasa sungguh takut stands as
complement describing the subject, in this case the character. Meanwhile, In TT2
the phrase my bones transposes from object into subject as in tulang-tulangku
terasa…
Table 69. Types of Shift in Datum Number 65 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
65/ST/RA But I could see
nothing else of the old man’s face or person; for I had directed the ray as if by instinct, precisely upon
the damned spot.
65/JYM/RA Tapi aku tidak
melihat bagian lain dari wajah atau sosok si lelaki tua karena aku telah mengarahkan sinar lentera
seolah dengan refleks, tepat ke mata terkutuk itu.
65/GJYT/RA Tapi aku juga
seolah tersihir, tak mau tahu tentang hal lain, terus mengarahkan cahaya lentera yang remang kea rah mata
sial itu.
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Occuring shift in TT1 : 3 unit shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift, 1 structure shift
There is unit shift appearing in the TT1’s translation of man’s face as
wajah only. The similar case happens when the word person switches to a phrase
in TT1 as seen in sosok si lelaki tua. The first case, the shift goes from phrase to
word category, while the other switches from word to phrase category. Unit shift
occurring in both TTs also denoted by ray which translated into sinar lentera
(TT1) and cahaya lentera yang remang (TT2). The shift goes from word into
phrase category.
Structure shift occurs in phrase damned spot translation. Both TTs’
translator separatedly renders the phrase as mata terkutuk (TT1), and mata sial
(TT2). The structure order transmutes from M-H to H-M.
Table 70. Types of Shift in Datum Number 66 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
66/ST/RA And now
have I not
told you that
what you
mistake for
madness is
but over-
acuteness of
the senses?
66/JYM/RA Bukankankah
tadi sudah
kukatakan
bahwa
dugaanmu
yang keliru
tentang
kegilaanku itu
sebenarnya
hanyalah
ketajaman indra yang
terlalu kuat?
66/GJYT/RA Bukankah
tadi sudah
kukatakan
bahwa
kegilaan
mampu
menajamkan
indra
manusia?
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 intra-system shift
Intra-system shift shown in the word senses which is plural taranslated as
indra in both TTs. Therefore, the system falls from plural into singular in the TTs.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
79
By rendering over-acuteness of the senses as indra yang terlalu kuat TT1
exhibits a transposition of structure order from M-H in ST to H-M in TT.
Table 71. Types of Shift in Datum Number 67
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
67/ST/RA –now, I say, there came
to my ears a
low, dull, quick sound,
such as a
watch makes when
enveloped in
cotton.
67/JYM/RA Nah, sekarang di
telingaku
terdengar suara cepat
yang rendah
dan samar-samar,
seperti suara
jam saat
diredam dalam
bantal
67/GJYT/RA Nah, pada saat ini aku
mendengar
suara samar, namun
teratur:
seperti jam tangan yang
diredam
suaranya
oleh bantal kapuk.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift, 1 intra-system shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
The structure Verb-Prepositional Phrase carried out by phrase came to my
ears shifts to Prepositional Phrase-Verb as seen in TT1, di telingaku terdengar.
This indicates the presence of structure shift in terms of transposition. Besides, it
also happens in the low, dull, quick sound which applies M-H, then changes into
suara cepat yang rendah dan samar-samar (TT1), and suara samar namun
teratur (TT2). Both TTs employs structure H-M, thereupon, the shift transposes
from M-H to H-M.
Here also occurs the intra-system shift as seen in ears which plural gains
its singular form as translated into TT1 as telinga.
Table 72. Types of Shift in Datum Number 68 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
68/ST/RA I knew that
sound well
too
68/JYM/RA Aku juga
mengenal
betul suara
itu.
68/GJYT/RA Meski tak
lazim, aku
juga
mengenal
suara itu
dengan baik.
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80
Occuring shift in TT1 : -
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift
The unit shift appearing as the word well is translated into a form of
phrase dengan baik in TT2. The shift starts from word into phrase category.
Table 73. Types of Shift in Datum Number 69 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
69/ST/RA It was the beating of the
old man’s
heart.
69/JYM/RA Suara itu berasal dari
denyut
jantung si
lelaki tua
69/GJYT/RA Denyut itu milik jantung
si lelaki tua
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift
The structure shift appearing in this datum shown in the translation of
phrase old man translated as lelaki tua in both TTs. The phrase experiences a shift
of structure order from M-H in the ST into H-M in TT.
It is interesting to know that the translator of TT2 renders was a copula as
milik which is a noun. The word class plays role since verb is translated into
noun.
Table 74. Types of Shift in Datum Number 70
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
70/ST/RA It increased
my fury, as
the beating of a drum
stimulates
the soldier
into courage.
70/JYM/RA Denyut jantung
itu meluapkan
amarahku, bagai tabuhan
drum yang
membangkitkan
keberanian
dalam diri
prajurit.
70/GJYT/RA Amarahku
kini tak bisa
ditahan lagi, detak jantung
belialu bagai
tabuhan drum
yang
mengundang
kenekatan
prajurit
perang.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 structure shift
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81
The structure of the clause a drum stimulates the soldier into courage in
TT1 as keberanian dalam diri prajurit. The clause is translated that way because
the translator perhaps considers that it will be odd in Bahasa when saying tabuhan
membangkitkan prajurit untuk bersemangat. Instead, it is common to say
membangkitkan keberanian dalam diri prajurit. The TT2 also operates the same
pattern as seen in drum mengundang kenekatan prajurit perang.
The other structure shift to present is shown in the phrase my fury which
then translated into both TTs as amarahku. The order goes reverselly between the
ST and TTs from M-H to H-M.
Table 75. Types of Shift in Datum Number 71 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
71/ST/RA But even yet I
refrained and
kept still. I
scarcely
breathed. I held the
lantern
motionless.
71/JYM/RA Meskipun
begitu, aku
menahan diri
dan tetap
diam. Aku menahan
napas.
Kupegang
erat lentera
sehingga
tidak
bergoyang-
goyang.
71/GJYT/RA Tapi aku
tetap diam.
Menahan
napas.
Kupegang erat lentera
dalam
genggamanku
tanpa
bergerak
sedikit pun.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shfit, 2 unit shift
The first shift to occur is structure shift shown in the order of the
structure goes from H-M into M-H, as seen in the phrase kept still and translated
into tetap diam in both TTs. Moreover, this datum shows also a unit shift. First in
the TT1, the word unit is shown to be adding as visibel in motionless translated
into sehingga tidak bergoyang-goyang. While in TT2, the word is translated into
tanpa bergerak sedikitpun. There is also unit shift in TT2 but now the reduction
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82
process takes the part. The two clauses I refrained and kept still. I scarcelly
breathed are to be found translated as menahan napas only. The TT2 translator
seemingly focused directly on the phrase scarcely breathed which then translated
into TT2 as Menahan napas.
Table 76. Types of Shift in Datum Number 72 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
72/ST/RA I tried how
steadily I
could to
maintain the
ray upon the
eye.
72/JYM/RA Kucoba
sebisa
mungkin
tetap
mengarahkan
sinarnya ke mata itu
72/GJYT/RA Kutahan
pancaran
sinar yang
menyeruak
lemah di
antara impitan
kegelapan
malam dan
jatuh terus di
mata jahanam
itu.
Occuring shift in TT1 : -
Occuring shift in TT2 : 2 unit shift
There is a unit shift occuring in TT2. The word ray is translated as
pancaran sinar yang menyeruak lemah di antara inpitan kegelapan malam. The
shift departs from word into clause category. Unit shift also happens in the word
eye which is translated as mata jahanam itu (TT2). This indicates the movement
of word unit from word into a phrase level.
Table 77. Types of Shift in Datum Number 73 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
73/ST/RA Meantime, the hellish tattoo of the heart
increase. It grew quicker and quicker, and louder and louder every instant.
73/JYM/RA Saat itu tabuhan mengerikan
dari jantungnya terdengar menguat. Detaknya kian cepat dan cepat, dan suaranya makin keras.
73/GJYT/RA Sementara telingaku terus mendengar
denyut jantungnya, iramanya yang semakin cepat, suaranya yang lantang.
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83
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 unit shift, 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : -
The shift occuring in this datum is structure shift. The phenomenon can
be seen in the changing of structure order M-H in the ST’s phrase and its
translation in TT1 which has H-M structure, hellish tattoo becoming tabuhan
mengerikan.
The presence of unit shift is marked by the word terdengar menguat
(TT1) as translated from the ST’s increase. There is unit addition from single
word into a phrase.
The class of word grew is verb, however it shifts to an adverb as translated
in TT1, kian.
Table 78. Types of Shift in Datum Number 74 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
74/ST/RA The old
man’s terror
must have
been extreme!
74/JYM/RA Ketakutan
lelaki tua itu
pasti sudah
memuncak!
74/GJYT/RA Beliau pasti
dicekam
teror!
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 :
The shift appearing is structure shift. This shift marks the changing of
structure order. The order starts with M-H and ends with H-M. This can be seen in
the translation of phrase The old man’s terror translation in TT1 which is
translated into Ketakutan lelaki tua itu.
The word extreme which is rendered as memuncak in TT1 signifies the
class shift from the adjective into verb.
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Table 79. Types of Shift in Datum Number 75 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
75/ST/RA It grew
louder, I say,
louder every
moment! –do
you mark me
well? I have told you that I
am
nervous:so I
am.
75/JYM/RA Detaknya
bertambah
keras, lebih
kencang
setiap saat!
Kau perhatikan
baik-baik apa
yang tadi
kukatakan
kalau aku ini
gugup.
Aku memang
gugup.
75/GJYT/RA No
translation is
provided.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift, 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : -
Structure of the question do you mark me well? Changes into the
imperative structure as seen in TT1 Kau perhatikan baik-baik. Each sentence,
either ST or TT1 would give a different impact to the listener or the addressee.
The question in ST contains a rethorical aspect allowing no answer from the
addressee. However, as the translation’s structure shifting from question into
imperative, the addresse would produce a different mental response to it. We can
simply say that the sentence in ST is applying a polite way whilst the other is
enabling a tenser way of asking the addressee’s attention.
Besides, there is also class shift denoted in the translation of copula am in
TT1. The word which posits a verb is translated as gugup which is an adjective.
Table 80. Types of Shift in Datum Number 76 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
76/ST/RA And now at
the dead hour
of the night,
amid the
dreadful silence of that
old house, so
76/JYM/RA Dan sekarang
di malam
buta ini, di
tengah
kesunyian rumah tua itu,
betapa
76/GJYT/RA Percaya atau
tidak, rasa
gugup yang
melandaku
kini membuatku
senang
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85
No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
strange a
noise as this
excited me to
zf llable
terror.
anehnya suara
seperti ini
justru
membuatku
bergairah
sekaligus
takut
setengah
mati.
sekaligus
takut.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 2 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift
There is a structure shift happening in malam buta of TT1 as the
correspondence to the phrase the dead hour of the night. The structure shift from
M-H to H-M. The other structure shift can be discovered in TT1 translation of
uncontrollable terror. The translator renders the phrase as takut setengah mati.
The structure of the translation changes from M-H into H-M. Diversely, the
translator of TT2 renders the phrase as takut affecting on the reducing of word
unit from phrase into word category (unit shift).
Unit shift can be seen in the translation of verb exited which turns into
verb phrase membuatku bergairah in TT1 and membuatku senang in TT2.
Table 81. Types of Shift in Datum Number 77 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
77/ST/RA Yet, for some minutes longer I refrained and stood still. But the beating
grew louder, louder! I thought the heart must burst.
77/JYM/RA Tapi, selama beberapa menit lebih lama aku menahan diri dan bergeming.
Detak itu kian kencang, dan kencang! Sampai kukira jantung itu bisa saja meledak.
77/GJYT/RA Di tengah kesunyian malam, aku tak berkutik. Denyut jantung
lelaki tua itu semakin keras mengetuk genderang telingaku. Dag! Dig! Dug! Aku khawatir jantungnya
akan meletus seperti balon yang ditusuk jarum.
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86
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 intra-system shift, 1 class shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 unit shift
The shift occuring in the datum is intra-system shift, class shift and unit
shift. The intra-system shift is shown in the changing of plural into singular as
seen in minutes into menit (TT1).
The other shift showing up is class shift. This shift can be seen in the
changing of word class of verb into an adverb. The evidence is shown in the word
grew changes into kian of TT1.
Unit shift occuring in the tranlation of burst in TT2, meletus seperti balon
yang ditusuk jarum strengthens the idea that there is a shift from word into clause
category.
Table 82. Types of Shift in Datum Number 78 No. Data ST No. Data TT1 No. Data TT2
78/ST/RA And now a
new anxiety
seized me –
the sound
would be
heard by a
neighbor! The
old man’s
hour had
come
78/JYM/RA Sekarang
kegelisahan
lain
menyergapku
–suara itu
bisa saja
terdengar
oleh seorang
tetangga! Ajal
si lelaki tua
sudah tiba!
78/GJYT/RA Dan aku juga
resah kalau-
kalau ada
tetangga yang
mendengar
denyut
jantung yang
sama
menggelegar
dari dalam
rumah ini. Aku harus
melakukan
sesuatu.
Occuring shift in TT1 : 1 structure shift
Occuring shift in TT2 : 1 structure shift
The clause aku harus melakukan sesuatu in TT2 indeed produces a
distinctive meaning compared to the old man’s hour had come. The translator of
the TT presumably focuses on the intention carries out by the sentence (plan to
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87
murder) instead of just translating the message. Through the translation she also
provides the idea of the character as an active person; ‘instead of waiting for the
hour to come, I want to approach the hour’. Along with that, the phrase old man’s
hour appears to shift in terms of structure as compared to the TT1 ajal si lelaki
tua. This is a changing from M-H to H-M.
B. The Readabilty of Indonesian Translation in “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
and “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”
After analyzing the first part that is the category shift in both TTs, the
second part is purposively conducted to answer the second problem which is to
identify the readability level of TTs. Specifically, this part comprised of two parts.
The first part is given to elaborate the level of readability of “Jantung yang
Mengaduh” translated by Shinta Dewi, thus, the second part is left for “Gema
Jantung yang Tersiksa” translated by Maggie Tjoakin To help the explanation of
the data, there provided charts in color that is also expected to be helping the
understanding.
Chart 4. Readability between JYM and GJYT
45%
55%
Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa Jantung yang Mengaduh
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88
Comparison of both TTs is obviously visible through experiencing the
readable and not readable sides in their sentences. The contranst is clearly spotted
in the pie chart above as “Jantung yang Mengaduh” apparent to have a higher
level of readability over “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa.” Out of 78 data in each
TT, “Jantung yang Mengaduh is opted over 335 times to be readable while 269
times is opted for “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa.”
In order to obtain the details, this part separates the data in two parts. The
first part is readability of “Jantung yang Mengaduh” and the second part is
readability of “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa.”
1. Readability of “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
This section observes the level of readability of “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
and the factors affecting it. Initially, this part begins with the explanation of the
readability of the TT in general, hence, succeeded by the the discussion of the
factors comprised of two parts; readable data and not readable data. The
explanation is given sequentially starts with the readable data, and then followed
by not readable data. The analysis will be preceeded by supplying charts then
followed by an elaboration.
Chart 5. Readability of “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
81%
19%
Readable Not Readable
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The chart above depicts “Jantung yang Mengaduh” to be more readable
over not readable, for the average sentences in the text gain 81% while not
readable sentences stands in 19% in total. The results containing surely cannot be
separated from the factors affecting its readability. There occurs all factors as
suggested by Nababan (Nababan, 1999, pp. 62-77); complete; short; familiar; no
borrowing; and sensible sequence. Accordingly, the subsection is divided into two
parts as well discussing factors occurring in both readable data and not readable
data.
a. Readable Data
This section discusses analysis of frequency of factors occurring in the
questionnaire which establishes the data to be readable. The factors occurring in
the questionnaire are complete, short, familiar, no borrowing, clear, and sensible
sequence.
Chart 6. The Frequency of Readability Factors in “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
As seen in the chart above, there all occuring factors to employ by the
respondents. The most frequent factor is familiar with the total 251 times of
occurrence, followed by clear with 244 times of occurrence, next, complete with
total occurrence in 170 times, then sensible sequence over 154 times, short over
116 times, and at last no borrowing over 96 times of occurrence in the TT. It is
0
100
200
300
Complete Short Familiar No borrowing Clear Sensiblesequence
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important to notice that the obtained data differs one to another since the
respondents did not fill all column when picking a side. They only filled the
column where they find out the factors suit their deliberations. Below is provided
the example of readability data analysis:
No. Data JYM R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 ∑R
2/JYM/Ex Tapi mengapa
kau
menganggapku
gila?
R R R R R R R R R R 10
The table above shows an example of readability data based on distributed
questionnaire. The table, as can be seen, displays the fact that all respondents of
the TT agree that the sentece is readable. It means that all the respondets have no
problem in understanding and accepting the sentence, hence, it gains a perfect
score, 10.
b. Not-Readable Data
This part observes the frequency of factors occurring that built the
sentences to be not readable. Those factors are incomplete, long, unfamiliar,
contains borrowing, ambiguous, and unsensible sequence. The elaboration of
these factors are given as visible in the chart below:
Chart 7. The Frequency of Not-Readable Factors in “Jantung yang
Mengaduh”
0
20
40
60
Incomplete Long Unfamiliar Containsborrowing
Ambiguous Unsensiblesequence
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According to chart above, there are occuring all factors affecting the not
readability of sentences in the TT. Started from the higest score, realized to be
familiar stands in 56 times of occurence, followed by ambiguous in 54 time of
occurence, thus, long 24 times, contains borrowing 20 times, while incomplete
and unsensible sequence both gain 19 times of occurence. It notable that the
varying data happen due to the fact that the respondent only filled the column
where they perceive to conform their deliberations. To complete the analysis,
below is presented table of not-readable data:
No. Data JYM R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 ∑NR
60/JYM/Ra Pengaruh
suram dari
bayang-
bayang tak
terlihat
inilah yang
membuatnya
merasa –
meski dia
tidak
melihat ataupun
mendengar
–merasakan
kehadiranku
di dalam
kamar itu.
NR R R NR R NR NR NR NR NR 7
The table above shows the level of readability of datum number 60. It
depicts that there are 7 out of 10 respondents to choose this sentence as not
readable while there are 3 of them claim to understand it, and so picking readable.
The 7 respondents choose not readable since in their perspective, the sentence is
first, ambiguous, meaning to say that the sentence purposes more than one idea;
second, long, as for them the sentence is literally long, hence, making it hard to be
understood; third, unfamiliar, that there must be a word or more which in its usage
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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is regarded as new for the respondents leading to their preference of not readable;
incomplete, meaning to say that there must be an absence of an element of a
sentence; and lastly unsensible sequence that there must be a word or idea that
does not follow the sequence or line where it should be.
2. Readability of “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”
This part discusses the level of readability of the second TT, “Gema
Jantung yang Tersiksa” in relation to the factors affecting it. Thus, an elaboration
is provided with the aid of chart. The readability analysis of this text is divided
into two minor parts. The first part speaks the readability data in general, whilst
the second part scrutinizes the factors occurence in the data which consists of
readability and not readable data. Inherently, the chart of readability data is
shown, hence followed by charts elaborating each readable data and not readable
data. In doing so, charts are applied to give a strong description of the data itself.
Chart 8. Readability of “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”
It is evident that the text contains more readable over not readable
sentence that ineluctably directs the text to be readable in general. As the chart
points, there is spotted readable data experiences 74% of 572 times of occurence,
74%
26%
Readable Not Readable
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whereas not readable data takes 26% of 198 times of occurence. The outcome
derived from how frequent readability factors occuring, those factors are;
complete-incomplete, short-long, familiar-unfamiliar, no borrowing-contains
borrowing, clear-ambiguous, and sensible-unsensible sequence. This factors
subsequently discussed in the readable and not readable data.
a. Readable Data
This section provides the discussion about the occurence of factors in
affecting the readability of the data. Those occuring factors are complete, short,
familiar, no borrowing, clear, and sensible sequence. Below, the data is provided
by employing chart intended to help the understanding of it, hence followed by
the explanation.
Chart 9. The Frequency of Readability Factors in “Gema Jantung yang
Tersiksa”
Obviously, all factors are present in the data. The frequency shows that
though disparate, the occurences among factors are not too significant. Clear is
spotted having 292 as the most frequent factor occuring followed in a slight
number below familiar with 291, next, complete with 221 times, thus short with
181 times, sensible sequence with 159 times, and no borrowing with 156 times of
occurence. It is notable that the factors chosen are in accordance with various
0
100
200
300
400
Complete Short Familiar No borrowing Clear Sensiblesequence
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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deliberations of the respondents that presumably fit them leading to the fluctiation
among the factors. Below is presented an example of readable data analysis:
No. Data GJYT R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 ∑R
57/TT2/Ra
Berkali-kali beliau
berkata pada
dirinya sendiri,
“suara aneh itu
pasti disebabkan
karena embusan
angin malam yang
terperangkap di
dalam cerobong
asap –atau suara
tikus jalan-jalan.”
Atau “derik jangkrik.”
NR R R R R R R R R NR 8
The table shows that there are 8 respondents who choose the sentence as
readable. It means that they have no issue towards the understanding and
accepting the sentence. However, there are still 2 respondents to choose reversely.
These 2 respondents (R1, R10) have their own consideration in making them do
so. At first, R1 choose not readable because of his regarding the sentence as
unfamiliar, which means that there has to be at least one word that is new or in the
usage in the sentence is arguably unintelligible. Secondly, the other respondent
R10 also regards that the sentence has unsensible sequence, meaning to say that
there must be a word or an idea in the sentence that does not follow or match the
sequence as they are supposed to be.
b. Not-Readable Data
This part focuses on unraveling the occurence of factors that make the data
not to be readable. Those factors are incomplete, long, unfamiliar, contains
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borrowing, ambiguous, and unsensible sequence. Furthermore, there is included a
chart in order to give the visual aid in elaborating the data.
Chart 10. The Frequency of Not-Readable Factors in “Gema Jantung yang
Tersiksa”
The chart above displays the range of occurences among factors in TT.
Starting from the most frequent to occur, there is ambiguous with 78 times of
occurence, incomplete with 67, unsensible sequence with 55, ufamiliar with 50,
followed by long with 41, and ended by contains borrowing with 23 times of
occurence. The range is fluctuative regarding the deliberations of the respondent
in filling the column. In picking a side whether a sentence is readable or not, there
were some respondents who fill chose a factor, while there were also some who
chose more than one factor. The analysis of the not readable data is served below;
No. Data GJYT R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 ∑NR
35/TT2/Ra
Maka itu,
kecuali beliau punya indra
khusus untuk
mendeteksi apa
yang tidak
terdeteksi,
rasanya
mustahil
baginya untuk
mencurigaiku.
R NR NR R R NR NR NR NR NR 7
The table above displays the level of readability of datum 35. It obviously
showing the contranst between the respondents who pick readable and not
0
20
40
60
80
100
Incomplete Long Unfamiliar Containsborrowing
Ambiguous Unsensiblesequence
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readable data, as 3 of them have no problem in understanding the sentence, most
of them, 7 respondents choose the sentence to be not readable. R2 regard the
sentence to be ambiguous. It means that there must be a statement or an idea in the
sentence that contains more that one meaning. Besides, R3 also regards the
sentence to be long, and therefore choose it as not readable. Moreover, R6 and
R10 claim that the sentence has an unsensible sequence, it means that there must
be a part, word, or an idea that does not follow the sequence they are supposed to
be. R8 and R9 do the same by considering the sentence to be incomplete, that
there must be the absence of at least one element in establishing a sentence.
Lastly, R7 picks not readable since his considering the factor unfamiliar, that there
must be a new word that in its usage in the sentence affecting the other words,
thus, leading to be unconceivable.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
Translation conducted in the area of literary work is truly a matter that
should not be underrated owing to the uniqueness it conveys which would lead to
be effortful for translators. Those uniqueness can be figurative languages,
nuances, structure, and many more others. In that sense, this researh aimed to
examine the category shift and the level of readability in two versions of the
Indonesian translation of Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” which is managed based on
a qualitative and quantitative method.
Departing from the qualitative reseach analysis there found in both TTs all
types of category shift to occur; structure, unit, class, and intra-system shift whose
each TT produces a distinct outcome. The detail of shift occuring displays
structure shift to come as the most frequent shift in JYM, as unit shift to be the
most frequent shift in GJYT. The difference happens, to which there are more
shift occurring in JYM to GJYT, and structure shift occurring more in JYM to
GJYT due to the fact that the translator of TT1 seeks to find the formal
correspondence translation of the words and structures produced by the author in
the ST, which is not the concern of the second TT’s translator who emphasizes
more in adding expression to the TT. This ineluctably impacts the more unit shift
appearing in GJYT rather than in JYM.
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From quantitative research’s point of view in terms of readability, both
TTs are perceived to be readable, however, JYM in fact turns to have a higher
level of readability to the second TT, GJYM, which is visible in the precentage of
55% to 45%. Besides, familiar and clear are the most frequent factors to choose in
the readable data of both TTs. ln the not-readable data, JYM displays the
unfamiliar and ambiguous to the most frequent factors appearing, while GJYT
spots factors incomplete and ambiguous to be the frequent.
To the closing of findings and analysis, it can be concluded that, there
must be occured all types of category shift in each literary translation. The
problem of which there are distinctive frequencies of the shift occurring in
between the two translations is due to how faithfully the translators render the text
in terms of providing a formal correspondence translation in the TT. This indeed
resulting on the level of readability possessed by each TT. Ultimately, the more
category shift occurring and the dominant use of structure shift in JYM imply the
translator’s commitment of complying a formal correspondence translation to the
ST which establishes it to be concise but altogether unyielding in view of the fact
that it nails too much to the form and structure of ST, yet leading to be more
readable. On the other hand, by employing less category shift and the fact that unit
shift prominently occurs in GJYT, the translator’s show her intention of bringing
a dynamic equivalence translation which employs a more natural translation to the
ST. This ineluctably constructs the TT to flow and becomes more communicative,
however, impacting on the lower level of readability to the text. Lastly, JYM
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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comes out to be more readable than GJYT for the students of English letters
department.
Since the readability result derived from a restricted area which involves
mere students from English letters department, therefore, a further research
regarding a wider scope of respondents is needed in the distant future to clarify
the readability of the TTs.
Additionally, this undergraduate thesis also discovers the numerous usage
of expression shift in TT2 as the effect of producing more dynamic equivalence
by the translator. Therefore, a further reseach is needed also ,m to examine the
causes and effects of the expression shift occuring in the literary work.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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REFERENCES
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Bulman, C. (2007). Creative Writing: A Guide and Glossary to Fiction Writing.
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Dastjerdi, H. V., & Mohammadi, A. (2013). Revisiting "Retranslation
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Newman, I., & Benz, C. R. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitatice Researh
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1. “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe
TRUE!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but
why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses—not
destroyed—not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all
things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I
mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily—how calmly I can tell you the whole
story.
It is impossible to say how first the idea entered mybrain; but once
conceived, it haunted me day and night. Object there was none. Passion there was
none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me
insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! yes, it was this! One of
his eyes resembled that of a vulture—a pale blue eye, with a film over it.
Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees—very
gradually—I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself
of the eye for ever.
Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you
should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded—with what
caution—with what foresight—with what dissimulation I went to work! I was
never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. And
every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it—oh, so
gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a
dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my
head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it
slowly—very, very slowly, so that I might not disturb the old man’s sleep. It took
me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him
as he lay upon his bed. Ha!—would a madman have been so wise as this? And
then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern cautiously—oh, so
cautiously—cautiously (for the hinges creaked)—I undid it just so much that a
single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights—
every night just at midnight—but I found the eye always closed; and so it was
impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil
Eye. And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the chamber, and
spoke courageously to him, calling him by name in a hearty tone, and inquiring
how he had passed the night. So you see he would have been a very profound old
man, indeed, to suspect that every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him
while he slept.
Upon the eighth night I was more than usually cautious in opening the
door. A watch’s minute hand moves more quickly than did mine. Never before
that night had I felt the extent of my own powers—of my sagacity. I could
scarcely contain my feelings of triumph. To think that there I was, opening the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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door, little by little, and he not even to dream of my secret deeds or thoughts. I
fairly chuckled at the idea; and perhaps he heard me; for he moved on the bed
suddenly, as if startled. Now you may think that I drew back—but no. His room
was as black as pitch with the thick darkness (for the shutters were close fastened,
through fear of robbers), and so I knew that he could not see the opening of the
door, and I kept pushing it on steadily, steadily.
I had my head in, and was about to open the lantern, when my thumb
slipped upon the tin fastening, and the old man sprang up in the bed, crying out—
“Who’s there?”
I kept quite still and said nothing. For a whole hour I did not move a
muscle, and in the meantime I did not hear him lie down. He was still sitting up in
the bed listening;— just as I have done, night after night, hearkening to the death
watches in the wall.
Presently I heard a slight groan, and I knew it was the groan of mortal
terror. It was not a groan of pain or of grief—oh, no!—it was the low stifled sound
that arises from the bottom of the soul when overcharged with awe. I knew the
sound well. Many a night, just at midnight, when all the world slept, it has welled
up from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that
distracted me. I say I knew it well. I knew what the old man felt, and pitied him,
although I chuckled at heart. I knew that he had been lying awake ever since the
first slight noise, when he had turned in the bed. His fears had been ever since
growing upon him. He had been trying to fancy them causeless, but could not. He
had been saying to himself—“It is nothing but the wind in the chimney—it is only
a mouse crossing the floor,” or “it is merely a cricket which has made a single
chirp.” Yes, he has been trying to comfort himself with these suppositions; but he
had found all in vain. All in vain; because Death, in approaching him, had stalked
with his black shadow before him, and enveloped the victim. And it was the
mournful influence of the unperceived shadow that caused him to feel—although
he neither saw nor heard—to feel the presence of my head within the room.
When I had waited a long time, very patiently, without hearing him lie
down, I resolved to open a little—a very, very little crevice in the lantern. So I
opened it—you cannot imagine how stealthily, stealthily—until, at length, a single
dim ray, like the thread of the spider, shot from out the crevice and full upon the
vulture eye.
It was open—wide, wide open—and I grew furious as I gazed upon it. I
saw it with perfect distinctness—all a dull blue, with a hideous veil over it that
chilled the very marrow in my bones; but I could see nothing else of the old man’s
face or person: for I had directed the ray as if by instinct, precisely upon the
damned spot.
And now have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but
over-acuteness of the senses?—now, I say, there came to my ears a low, dull,
quick sound, such as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. I knew that sound
well too. It was the beating of the old man’s heart. It increased my fury, as the
beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage.
But even yet I refrained and kept still. I scarcely breathed. I held the
lantern motionless. I tried how steadily I could maintain the ray upon the eye.
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Meantime the hellish tattoo of the heart increased. It grew quicker and quicker,
and louder and louder every instant. The old man’s terror must have been
extreme! It grew louder, I say, louder every moment!—do you mark me well? I
have told you that I am nervous: so I am. And now at the dead hour of the night,
amid the dreadful silence of that old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to
uncontrollable terror. Yet, for some minutes longer I refrained and stood still. But
the beating grew louder, louder! I thought the heart must burst. And now a new
anxiety seized me—the sound would be heard by a neighbor! The old man’s hour
had come!
Appendix 2. “Jantung yang Mengaduh” by Shita Dewi
Benar sekali! Gugup –sedari tadi dan sampai sekarang aku sungguh amat
gugup. Tapi mengapa kau menganggapku gila?Kegugupan ini, alih-alih merusak
atau menumpulkannya, justru telah mempertajam indra-indraku. Yang terutama
sekali, indra pendengaranku yang begitu peka Aku mendengar segala hal yang
terjadi di surga dan di bumi Bahkan aku mendengar banyak hal yang ada di
neraka Kalau begitu, bagaimana mungkin aku ini gila? Dengarkan baik-baik!
Perhatikan betapa aku bisa menceritakan seluruh ceritanya kepadamu dengan
tenang dan dengan akal sehat.
Mustahil rasanya menceritakan bagaimana awalnya ide itu tercetus di
benakku. Tapi begitu mendapatkannya, ide itu selalu terngiang di pikiranku siang
dan malam. Aku tidak punya maksud apa-apa Amarah yang terpendam pun aku
tidak merasakan. Malah aku menyayangi lelaki tua itu. Dia juga tak pernah
memperlakukanku dengan kasar. Tidak juga dia pernah menghinaku. Hartanyapun
tidak aku ingini. Kurasa karena matanya! Ya, itu dia! Matanya seperti mata
burung pemakan bangkai –mata biru pucat, dengan dilapisi selaput. Setiap kali
mata itu terarah kepadaku, aku menjadi sangat takut; dan perlahan demi perlahan
–secara berangsur-angsur –kuputuskan untuk mencabut nyawa lelaki tua itu, jadi
aku bisa terbebas dari tetapan mata itu selama-lamanya.
Nah, begini pokok ceritaku. Kau mengira aku gila. Orang gila itu tidak
tahu apa-apa. Tapi kau seharusnya memperhatikanku. Kau akan melihat betapa
cerdiknya aku menyelesaikan perkerjaanku. Betapa rapih dan terencana,
kemudian aku berpura-pura tidak tahu apa-apa. Selama seminggu penuh sebelum
membunuhnya, aku bersikap lebih baik hati terhadap lelaki tua itu. Dan setiap
malam, sekitar tengah malam, kuputar gagang pintunya dan kubuka –dengan
amaaat pelan! Lalu setelah pintu terbuka sedikit hingga cukup melihat ke dalam,
kuulurkan tangan uang menenteng lentera berkatup yang semua katupnya
kurapatkan sehingga cahayanya tidak menyorot ke ruangan, kemudian kujulurkan
kepala ke dalam. Oh kau pasti akan tertawa jika melihat betapa cerdiknya aku
menjulurkan kepalaku ke dalam! Dengan perlahan aku bergerak –sangat, sangat
pelan sehinga tidak mengganggu tidur si lelaki tua.
Dibutuhkan waktu satu jam untuk melongokkan kepala ke dalam bukaan
pintu kamar itu sehingga aku bias melihat laki-laki itu terbaring di ranjangnya.
Ha! Bisakah seorang yang gila bertindak sehati-hati ini? Kemudian, ketika sudah
melongokkan kepalaku ke dalam kamar, kubuka katup penutup lentera dengan
hati-hati, -oh, dengan sangat hati-hati –karena engsel katupnya bisa berderit.
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lentera kubuka seperlunya, hingga seberkas sinarnya cukup untuk menyoroti mata
burung bangkai itu. Ini kulakukan salama tujuh malam –setiap malam persis saat
tengah malam –tapi mata itu selalu saja dalam keadaan tertutup. Kalau matanya
tertutup, mustahil aku bisa membunuhnya, Karena bukan sosok lelaki tua itu yang
membuatku jengkel, tapi mata jahatnya.
Dan setiap pagi, ketika fajar menyingsing, aku dengan berani masuk ke
kamar, dan berbicara kepadanya dengan santai, memanggilanamanya dengan nada
ramah, dan menanyakan bagaimana tidurnya semalam. Karena itulah, kau lihat,
dia pasti lelaki tua yang sangat cerdas kalau sampai bisa mencurigai bahwa setiap
malam, persis jam dua belas, aku mengamatinya saat dia tertidur.
Pada malam kedelapan, aku lebih berhati-hati saat membuka pintu kamar
lelaki tua itu. Gerakanku sungguh amat pelan. Aku baru menyadari betapa
hebatnya diriku ini –betapa cerdiknya aku ini. Aku nyaris tidak bisa
mengendalikan perasan gembira ini. Coba bayangkan aku di sini membuka pintu
kamarnya sedikit demi sedikit, dan dia bahkan mencurigai tindakan atau pikiran
rahasiaku. Aku tertawa kecil membayangkannya. Mungkin dia mendengar
tawaku, karea dia tiba-tiba bergeser di ranjangnya seakan terkejut. Kau mungkin
mengira aku akan bergerak mundur –tapi tidak. Kamar lelaki tua itu gelap gulita.
Daun penutup jendela tertutup rapat karena khawatir ada pencuri yang masuk.
Jadi,aku yakin dia tidak bisa melihat bukaan pintunya. Dan aku pun terus
mendorong pintu kamar dengan gerakan mantap.
Aku sudah melongokkan kepala ke dalam dan baru saja hendak membuka
katup lentera, ketika ibu jariku menyentuh dan justru mengetuk lempengan katup
sehingga membuat lelaki tua itu terbangun di ranjangnya dan berteriak, “siapa di
situ?”
Aku tetap diam, dan tidak menjawab. Selama sejam penuh aku tidak
bergerak sedikitpun. Sementara itu, tidak kudengar lelaki tua itu berbaring lagi.
Dia masih saja duduk di ranjangnya seraya menyimak persis yang kulakukan
malam demi malam, sambil mendengarkan suara kumbang kayu yang mengetuk-
ngetuk di dinding.
Sekarang kudengar suara erangan lemah, dan aku tahu erangan ini
disebabkan oleh rasa takut yang luar biasa. Bukan erangan sakit atau sedih –oh
sama sekali bukan! Ini suara cekikan tertahan yang muncul dari dasar jiwa saat
dipenuhi rasa teror mengerikan. Aku kenal betul suara itu. Setiap malam, persis
tengah malam, ketika dunia tertidur lelap, suara itu meluap dari jiwaku, dengan
gema yang menakutkan. Perasaan teror yang menggelisahkan Sudah kukatakan,
aku kenal betul suara ini. Aku tahu apa yang dirasakan si lelaki tua, dank arena
itu, aku merasa kasihan padanya, meski aku tertawa dalam hati. Kutahu dia kini
terjaga sejak kali pertama dikejutkan gaduh pelan, ketika dia bergeser di
ranjangnya. Ketakutannya kian bertambah. Dia terus mencoba memikirkan semua
ini yang biasa, tapi percuma saja.
Dia terus berkata kepada diri sendiri, “itu hanya angin yang masuk ke dalam
cerobong asap. Itu hanya seekor tikus yang berjalan di lantai,” atau “itu Cuma
suara jangkrik yang mengerik.” Ya dia berusaha menenangkan dirinya dengan
dugaan-dugaan ini, tapi semua sia-sia belaka. Percuma karena maut yang datang
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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mendekat telah mengikuti lelaki tua dengan bayangan gelapnya dan meyelubungi
korban-korbannya.
Pengaruh suram dari bayang-bayang yang tak terlihat inilah yang membuatnya
merasa –meski dia tidak melihat ataupun mendengar –merasakan kehadiranku di
dalam kamar itu.
Sewaktu aku sudah menunggu begitu lama, dengan sangat sabar, tanpa
mendengar lelaki tua itu terbaring tidur, kuputuskan untuk membuka sedikit-
sangat sedikit – katup lentera. Kau tidak bisa membayangkan betapa aku
membukanya dengan diam-diam, sampai akhirnya secercah sinar bagai benang
laba-laba tersorot dari celah di lentera dan menyoroti mata burung bangkai itu.
Mata itu terbuka –terbuka lebar –dan aku menjadi berang saat menatapnya.
Aku melihat mata itu dengan sangat jelas –warna biru pucat itu, dengan dilapisi
selaput mengerikan yang membuatku merasa sungguh amat takut. Tapi aku tidak
melihat bagian lain dari wajah atau sosok si lelaki tua karena aku telah
mengarahkan sinar lentera seolah dengan refleks, tepat ke mata terkutuk itu.
Bukankankah tadi sudah kukatakan bahwa dugaanmu yang keliru tentang
kegilaanku itu sebenarnya hanyalah ketajaman indra yang terlalu kuat? Nah,
sekarang di telingaku terdengar suara cepat yang rendah dan samar-samar, seperti
suara jam saat diredam dalam bantal. Aku juga mengenal betul suara itu. Suara itu
berasal dari denyut jantung si lelaki tua. Denyut jantung itu meluapkan amarahku,
bagai tabuhan drum yang membangkitkan keberanian dalam diri prajurit.
Meskipun begitu, aku menahan diri dan tetap diam. Aku menahan napas.
Kupegang erat lentera sehingga tidak bergoyang-goyang. Kucoba sebisa mungkin
tetap mengarahkan sinarnya ke mata itu. Saat itu tabuhan mengerikan dari
jantungnya terdengar menguat. Detaknya kian cepat dan cepat, dan suaranya
makin keras. Ketakutan lelaki tua itu pasti sudah memuncak! Detaknya bertambah
keras, lebih kencang setiap saat! Kau perhatikan baik-baik apa yang tadi
kukatakan kalau aku ini gugup. Aku memang gugup. Dan sekarang di malam buta
ini, di tengah kesunyian rumah tua itu, betapa anehnya suara seperti ini justru
membuatku bergairah sekaligus takut setengah mati. Tapi, selama beberapa menit
lebih lama aku menahan diri dan bergeming. Detak itu kian kencang, dan
kencang! Sampai kukira jantung itu bisa saja meledak. Sekarang kegelisahan laing
menyergapku –suara itu bisa saja terdengar oleh seorang tetangga! Ajal si lelaki
tua sudah tiba!
Appendix 3. “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa” by Magie Tjoakin
Benar sekali! Gugup –itu yang kurasakan dari tadi sampai sekarang, gugup
luar biasa. Tapi, itu bukan berarti aku gila, kan? Kalaupun benar aku gila, kegilaan
itu justru telah menajamkan semua indraku, bukan mematikan atau menumpulkan
mereka. Di antara indra lainnya, yang sekarang kurasakan paling tajam adalah
pendengaranku. Aku bisa mendengar semua yang telah terjadi di bumi, bahkan di
surga. Dan, lebih dari itu, pendengaranku juga bisa menangkap apa-apa saja yang
terjadi di neraka. Kalau sudah begitu, masihkah kau akan menyimpulkan bahwa
aku gila? Coba dengar! Pasang telinga! Aku akan menceritakan semuanya
kepadamu dengan pembawaan tenang serta berbekal akal sehat.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Kalau kau bertanya darimana aku mendapatkan ide itu, sulit bagiku untuk
menjelaskannya: Tapi kesumpulannya adalah begitu aku mendapat ide tersebut,
siang-malam aku memikirkannya. Jujur saja aku tidak punya motif terselubung.
Aku juga tidak pernah berniat macam-macam. Asal kau tahu, aku menyayangi
lelaki tua itu. Beliau tidak pernah menyakitiku apalagi mencelaku. Aku juga tidak
menginginkan harta kekayaannya.
Lantas apa yang menggangguku?
Matanya! Itu dia! Aku yakin sekarang. Sebelah matanya mengingatkanku
akan mata burung bangkai –warnanya biru pucat, dilapisi selaput tipis yang
menjijikkan Setiap kali menatapku, darahku mengalir dingin, hingga akhirnya
tumbuh hasrat di dadaku untuk membunuh beliau, agar aku bisa terbebaskan dari
pandangan mata yang membuatku jijik setengah mati.
Nah, ini sebenarnya inti ceritaku Kaupikir aku gila. Tapi sebenarnya orang
gila itu kan tidak tahu apa-apa. Beda halnya denganku: Seharusnya kau lihat
bagaimana aku melakukannya. Aku membunuh lelaki tua itu dengan hati-hati –
seksama –penuh perencanaan dan taktik manipulasi. Ini bukan perkerjaan kecil
lho! Sebelum membunuhnya, aku menghabiskan waktu seminggu penuh
mengambil perhatian beliau dan menjadi orang kesayangannya. Lalu, setiap
malam, menjelang tengah malam, aku memutar kunci dan membuka pintu
kamarnya pelan-pelan –pelaaan sekali. Aku hanya mendorong pintu itu selebar
yang kuperlukan supaya aku bisa menjulurkan kepalaku ke dalam. Kemudian, aku
mengulurkan sebelah tangan ke dalam kamar, menenteng sebentuk lentera yang
terselubung dalam kain gelap agar sinarnya tidak membangunkan lelaki tua itu.
Aku sangat berhati-hati dalam setiap gerak-gerikku hingga hanya untuk
melongokkan kepala ke dalam bukaan pintu kamar saja aku butuh waktu sekitar
satu jam. Ha! –apakah orang gila bisa melakukan semua ini tanpa sekalipun
terpergok? Tidak, kan?
Mari kulanjutkan ceritaku...
Setelah aku melongokkan kepala ke dalam kamar, aku mulai meredupkan cahaya
lentera dalam genggamanku dengan sangat hati-hati, apalagi karena engsel pintu
mulai berderit berisik. Redup cahaya lentera kini begitu halus menerobos ruangan
kamar hingga hanya sanggup menerangi bagian wajah beliau. Sebenarnya,
tujuanku sekadar untuk mengintip mata burung bangkai itu. Tujuh malam
berturut-turut aku mengendap-endap ke kamar tidur lelaki tua itu, namun setiap
kali aku melongokkan kepalaku ke dalam mata beliau selalu ditutup; maka sulit
bagiku untu k melakukan apa yang ingin kulakukan. Terus-terang, aku tidak
punya masalah dengan beliau, tetapi matanya itu, lho! Mata setan! Iiiii!
Kalau kau mau tahu, setiap pagi, saat mathari bersinar cerah, aku
melenggang masuk ke dalam kamar tidur berliau dengan seenaknya, mengajak
basa-basi, berbicara dengan nada ramah sambil menanyakan apakah beliay tidur
nyenyak semalam. Maka itu, kecuali beliau punya indra khusus untuk mendeteksi
apa yang tidak terdeteksi, rasanya mustahil baginya untuk mencurigaiku.
Di malam kedelapan, aku lebih berhati-hati saat membuka pintu kamar
beliau. Bila malam-malam sebelumnya au bergerak pelan, kali ini jauh lebih pelan
lagi. Entah kenapa, di malam kedelapan aku baru menyadari untuk pertama
kalinya –betapa hebat perbuatanku itu, akal-akalanku. Aku tidak bisa
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
108
membendung rasa bangga yang membumbung dalam dada. Bayangkan saja,
selama delapan malam beliau tidak pernah sekali pun mencurigai tindakanku. Aku
jadi geli sendiri memikirkannya. Tiba-tiba kulihat beliau di atas ranjang seolah
dikagetkan sesuatu. Waduh! Jangan-jangan –
Kau pasti mengira aku akan mundur melihat ini, tapi justru kebalikannya.
Kamar tidur beliau bernuansa sangat gelap (tirainya ditutup rapat demi mengusir
maling) dan aku dapat memastikan bahwa dengan pencahayaan terbatas, beliau
takkan bisa melihatku, atau pintu yang sedikit terbuka. Oleh sebab itu, aku terus
mendorong pintu kamarnya, pelaaaan sekali.
Tapi baru saja aku menjulurkan kepala ke dalam kamar beliau, dan dengan
sebelah tangan hendak menyalakan lentera, tiba-tiba lelaki tua itu bangkit duduk
di atas ranjang seraya berteriak lantang –“siapa di situ?”
Aku tidak menjawab, tidak juga bergerak. Otot-ototku tegang.…. selama
sejam penuh aku tidak mendengar beliau kembali merebahkan tubhnya di atas
ranjang. Tampaknya beliau masih berada dalam posisi duduk, memasang
telinga,persis seperti yang kulakukan tiap malam, berjaga-jaga, siapa tahu
malaikat kematian tengah berdiri mengawasi di balik dinding kamar.
Saat ini aku mendengar erangan lemah; erangan yang bermuara dari rasa
takut luar biasa. Erangan itu bukan erangan sakit, ataupun duka –sama sekali
bukan! melainkan erangan yang bangkit dari dalam jiwa dan dimotori rasa takut
akan sesuatu yang tidak kasatmata. Aku kenal sekali erangan itu. aku bisa
merasakan apa yang tengah dirasakan beliau, karena sering kali, di tengah malam,
saat dia terlelap dalam buaian tidur, erangan yang sama bangkit dari dalam jiwaku
menggema penuh terror, mengganggu alam sadarku. Sudah kubilang aku
mengenal erangan itu. Lantas, aku jatuh iba terhadap beliau, mengingat teror yang
melanda jiwanya, meski dalam hati aku tersenyum.
Sejak awal aku sadar bahwa beliau sudah mulai merasakan kejanggalan
dalam kamar tidurnya, terlebih saat ia menggeser tubuh di atas ranjang. Rasa
takutnya sedikit demi sedikit semakin memuncak; namun beliau tetap mencoba
mengusir kekhawatirannya. Berkali-kali beliau berkata pada dirinya sendiri,
“suara aneh itu pasti disebabkan karena embusan angin malam yang terperangkap
di dalam cerobong asap –atau suara tikus jalan-jalan.” Atau “derik jangkrik.”
Jangan heran, apabila dihadapkan pada situasi serupa, semua orang juga
pasti mencari penjelasa paling logis. Termasuk kau dan aku. Namun, dalam kasus
ini, pada akhirnya tidak ada satupun penjelasan logis itu yang berhasil membuat
lelaki tua itu tenang. Toh nyatanya sia-sia saja beliau mencoba untuk rasional;
karena kematian datang seperti bayangan hitam yang menyelimuti korban-
korbannya bahkan sebelum sosoknya yang gelap tiba di hadapan mereka. Aku
sangat yakin lelaki tua itu bisa merasakan kehadiranku –meski beliau sama sekali
tidak melihatku –di dalam kamar tidurnya.
Setelah lama menunggu, kuperhatikan, dia tetap berada dalam posisi
duduk di atas ranjang, maka kuputuskan untuk menyalakan lentera pelan-pelan,
menghadirkan cahaya yang sangat minim. Kulakukan semua itu tanpa bersuara –
kau mungkin tak bisa membayangkan betapa sunyi gerak-gerikku –hingga
secercah sinar redup terulur keluar dari dalam bukaan lentera bak benang sutra
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
109
laba-laba mencuat keluar di antar celah lentera menyinari mata burung bangkai
tersebut.
Mata itu terbuka lebar dan tak lama hatiku pun mengamuk. Aku
melihatnya dengan jelas –warna yang pucat, selaput yang menjijikkan, ugh!
Tulang-tulangku terasa ngilu menatap sorotannya. Tapi aku juga seolah tersihir,
tak mau tahu tentang hal lain, terus mentarahkan cahaya lentera yang remang
kearah mata sial itu.
Bukankah tadi sudah kukatakan bahwa kegilaan mampu menajamkan
indra manusia? Nah, pada saat ini aku mendengar suara samar, namun teratur:
seperti jam tangan yang diredam suaranya oleh bantal kapuk. Meski tak lazim,
aku juga mengenal suara itu dengan baik. Denyut itu milik jantung si lelaki tua
Amarahku kini tak bisa ditahan lagi, detak jantung belialu bagai tabuhan drum
yang mengundang kenekatan prajurit perang.
Tapi aku tetap diam. Menahan napas. Kupegang erat lentera dalam
genggamanku tanpa bergerak sedikit pun. Kutahan pancaran sinar yang
menyeruak lemah di antara impitan kegelapan malam dan jatuh terus di mata
jahanam itu. Sementara telingaku terus mendengar denyut jantungnya, iramanya
yang semakin cepat, suaranya yang lantang. Beliau pasti dicekam teror!
Percaya atau tidak, rasa gugup yang melandaku kini membuatku senang
sekaligus takut. Di tengah kesunyian malam, aku tak berkutik. Denyut jantung
lelaki tua itu semakin keras mengetuk genderang telingaku. Dag! Dig! Dug! Aku
khawatir jantungnya akan meletus seperti balon yang ditusuk jarum. Dan aku juga
resah kalau-kalau ada tetangga yang mendengar denyut jantung yang sama
menggelegar dari dalam rumah ini. Aku harus melakukan sesuatu.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
110
Appendix 4. Questionnaire of Readability of “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
KUESIONER KETERBACAAN DUA VERSI TERJEMAHAN BAHASA
INDONESIA DARI “THE TELL-TALE HEART” OLEH EDGAR ALLAN
POE
Sehubungan dengan penulisan skripsi, maka saya Wenseslaus S. J. Lamere
mahasiswa program studi Sastra Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma
menggunakan kuesioner sebagai salah satu metode utama dalam mengumpulkan
data. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat keterbacaan dari dua versi
terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia yakni JANTUNG YANG MENGADUH
(JYM). Teks tersebut merupakan terjemahan dari teks asli berjudul THE TELL-
TALE HEART, karya Edgar Allan Poe.
Dengan demikian, penulis berharap agar responden dapat mengisi
kuesioner ini demi kelancaran penelitian dan penulisan skripi.
Hormat saya,
Wenseslaus S. J. Lamere
Petunjuk pengisian:
- Kuesioner bersifat anonim
- Berilah tanda centang () pada kolom;
Terbaca (Readable) serta pada kolom alasan (boleh memilih lebih
dari satu alasan), apabila kalimat yang dibaca mudah dimengerti,
atau;
Tidak Terbaca (Not Readable) serta pada kolom asalan (boleh
memilih lebih dari satu alasan), apabila kalimat yang dibaca kurang
dan atau tidak dimengerti.
Nb; Apabila dalam pengisian ditemukan kesamaan dalam hal keterbacaan atau
sebaliknya, maka responden boleh mencentang dua kolom sekaligus seperti di
bawah ini;
Data responden:
Nama :
Program studi :
Semester :
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
111
No JYM T TT
Alasan terbaca Alasan tidak terbaca
Kalimat
lengkap
Kalimat
pendek
Dipahami
familier
Tidak
memakai
kata
serapan
Kalimat
jelas
Alur
pikiran
runut
dan
logis
Kalimat
tidak
lengkap
Kalimat
panjang
Dipahami
asing
Memakai
kata
serapan
Kalimat
ambigu
Alur
pikiran
tidak
runut
dan
tidak
logis
1
Benar sekali! Gugup –sedari tadi dan sampai sekarang aku sungguh amat gugup.
2 Tapi mengapa kau menganggapku gila?
3
Kegugupan ini, alih-alih merusak atau menumpulkannya, justru telah mempertajam indra-indraku.
4 Yang terutama sekali,
indra pendengaranku yang begitu peka
5 Aku mendengar segala hal yang terjadi di surga dan di bumi
6 Bahkan aku mendengar banyak hal yang ada di
neraka
7 Kalau begitu, bagaimana mungkin aku ini gila?
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
112
8
Dengarkan baik-baik! Perhatikan betapa aku bisa menceritakan seluruh ceritanya kepadamu dengan tenang dan dengan akal sehat.
9
Mustahil rasanya menceritakan bagaimana awalnya ide itu tercetus di
benakku.
10
Tapi begitu mendapatkannya, ide itu selalu terngiang di pikiranku siang dana malam.
11 Aku tidak punya maksud
apa-apa
12 Amarah yang terpendam pun aku tidak merasakan.
13 Malah aku menyayangi lelaki tua itu.
14 Dia juga tak pernah
memperlakukanku dengan kasar.
15 Tidak juga dia pernah menghinaku.
16 Hartanyapun tidak aku ingini.
17
Kurasa karena matanya! Ya, itu dia! Matanya seperti mata burung pemakan bangkai –mata biru pucat, dengan dilapisi
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
113
selaput.
18
Setiap kali mata itu terarah kepadaku, aku menjadi sangat takut; dan perlahan demi perlahan –secara berangsur-angsur –kuputuskan untuk
mencabut nyawa lelaki tua itu, jadi aku bisa terbebas dari tetapan mata itu selama-lamanya.
19 Nah, begini pokok ceritaku
20 Kau mengira aku gila.
21 Orang gila itu tidak tahu apa-apa.
22 Tapi kau seharusnya memperhatikanku.
23
Kau akan melihat betapa cerdiknya aku menyelesaikan perkerjaanku. Betapa rapih dan terencana, kemudian aku berpura-
pura tidak tahu apa-apa
24
Selama seminggu penuh sebelum membunuhnya, aku bersikap lebih baik hati terhadap lelaki tua itu.
25
Dan setiap malam, sekitar
tengah malam, kuputar gagang pintunya dan kubuka –dengan amaaat pelan!
26 Lalu setelah pintu terbuka sedikit hingga cukup
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
114
melihat ke dalam, kuulurkan tangan uang menenteng lentera berkatup yang semua katupnya kurapatkan sehingga cahayanya tidak menyorot ke ruangan, kemudian kujulurkan
kepala ke dalam.
27
Oh kau pasti akan tertawa jika melihat betapa cerdiknya aku menjulurkan kepalaku ke dalam! Dengan perlahan aku bergerak –sangat, sangat pelan sehinga tidak
mengganggu tidur si lelaki tua.
28
Dibutuhkan waktu satu jam untuk melongokkan kepala ke dalam bukaan pintu kamar itu sehingga aku bias melihat laki-laki
itu terbaring di ranjangnya.
29 Ha! Bisakah seorang yang gila bertindak sehati-hati ini?
30
Kemudian, ketika sudah melongokkan kepalaku ke
dalam kamar, kubuka katup penutup lentera dengan hati-hati, -oh, dengan sangat hati-hati –karena engsel katupnya bisa berderit.
31 lentera kubuka seperlunya, hingga
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
115
seberkas sinarnya cukup untuk menyoroti mata burung bangkai itu.
32
Ini kulakukan salama tujuh malam –setiap malam persis saat tengah malam –tapi mata itu
selalu saja dalam keadaan tertutup.
33
Kalau matanya tertutup, mustahil aku bisa membunuhnya, Karena bukan sosok lelaki tua itu yang membuatku jengkel, tapi mata jahatnya.
34
Dan setiap pagi, ketika fajar menyingsing, aku dengan berani masuk ke kamar, dan berbicara kepadanya dengan santai, memanggilanamanya dengan nada ramah, dan
menanyakan bagaimana tidurnya semalam.
35
Karena itulah, kau lihat, dia pasti lelaki tua yang sangat cerdas kalau sampai bisa mencurigai bahwa setiap malam, persis jam dua belas, aku
mengamatinya saat dia tertidur.
36
Pada malam kedelapan, aku lebih berhati-hati saat membuka pintu kamar lelaki tua itu.
37 Gerakanku sungguh amat
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pelan.
38 Aku baru menyadari betapa hebatnya diriku ini –betapa cerdiknya aku ini.
39 Aku nyaris tidak bisa mengendalikan perasan gembira ini.
40
Coba bayangkan aku di sini membuka pintu kamarnya sedikit demi sedikit, dan dia bahkan mencurigai tindakan atau pikiran rahasiaku.
41 Aku tertawa kecil
membayangkannya.
42
Mungkin dia mendengar tawaku, karea dia tiba-tiba bergeser di ranjangnya seakan terkejut.
43 Kau mungkin mengira
aku akan bergerak mundur –tapi tidak.
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44
Kamar lelaki tua itu gelap gulita. Daun penutup jendela tertutup rapat karena khawatir ada pencuri yang masuk. Jadi,aku yakin dia tidak bisa melihat bukaan pintunya.
Dan aku pun terus mendorong pintu kamar dengan gerakan mantap.
45
Aku sudah melongokkan kepala ke dalam dan baru saja hendak membuka katup lentera, ketika ibu jariku menyentuh dan
justru mengetuk lempengan katup sehingga membuat lelaki tua itu terbangun di ranjangnya dan berteriak, “siapa di situ?”
46
Aku tetap diam, dan tidak menjawab. Selama sejam
penuh aku tidak bergerak sedikitpun. Sementara itu, tidak kudengar lelaki tua itu berbaring lagi.
47
Dia masih saja duduk di ranjangnya seraya menyimak persis yang
kulakukan malam demi
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malam, sambil mendengarkan suara kumbang kayu yang mengetuk-ngetuk di dinding.
48
Sekarang kudengar suara erangan lemah, dan aku
tahu erangan ini disebabkan oleh rasa takut yang luar biasa.
49
Bukan erangan sakit atau sedih –oh sama sekali bukan! Ini suara cekikan tertahan yang muncul dari dasar jiwa saat dipenuhi
rasa teror mengerikan
50 Aku kenal betul suara itu.
51
Setiap malam, persis tengah malam, ketika dunia tertidur lelap, suara itu meluap dari jiwaku, dengan gema yang menakutkan. Perasaan teror yang menggelisahkan
52 Sudah kukatakan, aku kenal betul suara ini.
53
Aku tahu apa yang dirasakan si lelaki tua, dank arena itu, aku merasa kasihan padanya, meski aku tertawa dalam
hati.
54
Kutahu dia kini terjaga sejak kali pertama dikejutkan gaduh pelan, ketika dia bergeser di
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ranjangnya.
55 Ketakutannya kian bertambah.
56
Dia terus mencoba memikirkan semua ini yang biasa, tapi percuma saja.
57
Dia terus berkata kepada diri sendiri, “itu hanya angin yang masuk ke dalam cerobong asap. Itu hanya seekor tikus yang berjalan di lantai,” atau “itu Cuma suara jangkrik
yang mengerik.”
58
Ya dia berusaha menenangkan dirinya dengan dugaan-dugaan ini, tapi semua sia-sia belaka.
59
Percuma karena maut
yang datang mendekat telah mengikuti lelaki tua dengan bayangan gelapnya dan meyelubungi korban-korbannya.
60
Pengaruh suram dari bayang-bayang yang tak
terlihat inilah yang membuatnya merasa –meski dia tidak melihat ataupun mendengar –merasakan kehadiranku di dalam kamar itu.
61 Sewaktu aku sudah
menunggu begitu lama,
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dengan sangat sabar, tanpa mendengar lelaki tua itu terbaring tidur, kuputuskan untuk membuka sedikit-sangat sedikit – katup lentera.
62
Kau tidak bisa
membayangkan betapa aku membukanya dengan diam-diam, sampai akhirnya secercah sinar bagai benang laba-laba tersorot dari celah di lentera dan menyoroti mata burung bangkai itu.
63 Mata itu terbuka –terbuka lebar –dan aku menjadi berang saat menatapnya.
64
Aku melihat mata itu dengan sangat jelas –warna biru pucat itu, dengan dilapisi selaput
mengerikan yang membuatku merasa sungguh amat takut.
65
Tapi aku tidak melihat bagian lain dari wajah atau sosok si lelaki tua
karena aku telah mengarahkan sinar lentera seolah dengan refleks, tepat ke mata terkutuk itu.
66
Bukankankah tadi sudah kukatakan bahwa dugaanmu yang keliru tentang kegilaanku itu
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sebenarnya hanyalah ketajaman indra yang terlalu kuat?
67
Nah, sekarang di telingaku terdengar suara cepat yang rendah dan samar-samar, seperti suara
jam saat diredam dalam bantal
68 Aku juga mengenal betul suara itu.
69 Suara itu berasal dari denyut jantung si lelaki tua
70
Denyut jantung itu meluapkan amarahku, bagai tabuhan drum yang membangkitkan keberanian dalam diri prajurit.
71
Meskipun begitu, aku
menahan diri dan tetap diam. Aku menahan napas. Kupegang erat lentera sehingga tidak bergoyang-goyang.
72 Kucoba sebisa mungkin tetap mengarahkan
sinarnya ke mata itu.
73
Saat itu tabuhan mengerikan dari jantungnya terdengar menguat. Detaknya kian cepat dan cepat, dan suaranya makin
keras.
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74 Ketakutan lelaki tua itu pasti sudah memuncak!
75
Detaknya bertambah keras, lebih kencang setiap saat! Kau perhatikan baik-baik apa yang tadi kukatakan
kalau aku ini gugup. Aku memang gugup.
76
Dan sekarang di malam buta ini, di tengah kesunyian rumah tua itu, betapa anehnya suara seperti ini justru membuatku bergairah
sekaligus takut setengah mati.
77
Tapi, selama beberapa menit lebih lama aku menahan diri dan bergeming. Detak itu kian kencang, dan kencang!
Sampai kukira jantung itu bisa saja meledak.
78
Sekarang kegelisahan laing menyergapku –suara itu bisa saja terdengar oleh seorang tetangga! Ajal si lelaki tua sudah tiba!
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Appendix 5. Questionnaire of Readability of “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”
KUESIONER KETERBACAAN DUA VERSI TERJEMAHAN BAHASA
INDONESIA DARI “THE TELL-TALE HEART” OLEH EDGAR ALLAN
POE
Sehubungan dengan penulisan skripsi, maka saya Wenseslaus S. J. Lamere
mahasiswa program studi Sastra Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma
menggunakan kuesioner sebagai salah satu metode utama dalam mengumpulkan
data. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat keterbacaan dari dua versi
terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia yakni “GEMA JANTUNG YANG
TERSIKSA” (GJYT). Teks tersebut merupakan terjemahan dari teks asli
berjudul THE TELL-TALE HEART, karya Edgar Allan Poe.
Dengan demikian, penulis berharap agar responden dapat mengisi
kuesioner ini demi kelancaran penelitian dan penulisan skripi.
Hormat saya,
Wenseslaus S. J. Lamere
Petunjuk pengisian:
- Kuesioner bersifat anonim
- Berilah tanda centang () pada kolom;
Terbaca (Readable) serta pada kolom alasan (boleh memilih lebih
dari satu alasan), apabila kalimat yang dibaca mudah dimengerti,
atau;
Tidak Terbaca (Not Readable) serta pada kolom asalan (boleh
memilih lebih dari satu alasan), apabila kalimat yang dibaca kurang
dan atau tidak dimengerti.
Data responden:
Nama :
Program studi :
Semester : ::
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No
GJYT T TT
Alasan terbaca Alasan tidak terbaca
Kalimat
lengkap
Kalimat
pendek
Dipahami
familier
Tidak
memakai
kata
serapan
Kalimat
jelas
Alur
pikiran
runut
dan logis
Kalimat
tidak
lengkap
Kalimat
panjang
Dipahami
asing
Memakai
kata
serapan
Kalimat
ambigu
Alur
tidak
runut
dan
tidak
logis
1
Benar sekali! Gugup –itu yang kurasakan dari tadi sampai sekarang, gugup luar
biasa
2 Tapi, itu bukan berarti aku gila, kan?
3
Kalaupun benar aku gila, kegilaan itu justru telah menajamkan semua
indraku, bukan mematikan atau menumpulkan mereka
4
di antara indra lainnya, yang sekarang kurasakan paling tajam adalah pendengaranku.
5
Aku bisa mendengar semua yang telah terjadi di bumi, bahkan di surga
6
Dan, lebih dari itu, pendengaranku juga bisa menangkap apa-
apa saja yang terjadi di neraka
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7
Kalau sudah begitu, masihkah kau akan menyimpulkan bahwa aku gila?
8
Coba dengar! Pasang telinga! Aku akan menceritakan
semuanya kepadamu dengan pembawaan tenang serta berbekal akal sehat.
9
Kalau kau bertanya darimana aku mendapatkan ide itu, sulit bagiku untuk
menjelaskannya:
10
Tapi kesumpulannya adalah begitu aku mendapat ide tersebut, siang-malam aku memikirkannya.
11 Jujur saja aku tidak
punya motif terselubung.
12 Aku juga tidak pernah berniat macam-macam.
13 Asal kau tahu, aku menyayangi lelaki tua
itu.
14 Beliau tidak pernah menyakitiku
15 Apalagi mencelaku.
16 Aku juga tidak menginginkan harta
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126
kekayaannya
17
Lantas apa yang menggangguku? Matanya! Itu dia! Aku yakin sekarang. Sebelah matanya mengingatkanku akan
mata burung bangkai –warnanya biru pucat, dilapisi selaput tipis yang menjijikkan
18
Setiap kali menatapku, darahku mengalir dingin, hingga akhirnya
tumbuh hasrat di dadaku untuk membunuh beliau, agar aku bisa terbebaskan dari pandangan mata yang membuatku jijik setengah mati.
19 Nah, ini sebenarnya inti ceritaku
20 Kaupikir aku gila.
21
Tapi sebenarnya orang gila itu kan tidak tahu apa-apa. Beda halnya denganku
22 Seharusnya kau lihat
bagaimana aku melakukannya.
23 Aku membunuh lelaki tua itu dengan hati-hati –seksama –
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127
penuh perencanaan dan taktik manipulasi. Ini bukan perkerjaan kecil lho!
24
Sebelum membunuhnya, aku menghabiskan waktu
seminggu penuh mengambil perhatian beliau dan menjadi orang kesayangannya.
25
Lalu, setiap malam, menjelang tengah malam, aku memutar kunci dan membuka
pintu kamarnya pelan-pelan –pelaaan sekali.
26
Aku hanya mendorong pintu itu selebar yang kuperlukan supaya
aku bisa menjulurkan kepalaku ke dalam.
27
Kemudian, aku mengulurkan sebelah tangan ke dalam kamar, menenteng sebentuk lentera yang terselubung dalam
kain gelap agar sinarnya tidak membangunkan lelaki tua itu.
28
Aku sangat berhati-hati dalam setiap gerak-gerikku hingga hanya untuk
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melongokkan kepala ke dalam bukaan pintu kamar saja aku butuh waktu sekitar satu jam.
29
Ha! –apakah orang gila bisa melakukan
semua ini tanpa sekalipun terpergok? Tidak, kan?
30
Setelah aku melongokkan kepala ke dalam kamar, aku mulai meredupkan cahaya lentera dalam
genggamanku dengan sangat hati-hati, apalagi karena engsel pintu mulai berderit berisik.
31
Redup cahaya lentera kini begitu halus
menerobos ruangan kamar hingga hanya sanggup menerangi bagian wajah beliau. Sebenarnya, tujuanku sekadar untuk mengintip mata burung bangkai itu
32
Tujuh malam berturut-turut aku mengendap-endap ke kamar tidur lelaki tua itu, namun setiap kali aku melongokkan kepalaku ke dalam mata beliau selalu
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129
ditutup; maka sulit bagiku untu k melakukan apa yang ingin kulakukan.
33
Terus-terang, aku tidak punya masalah dengan beliau, tetapi
matanya itu, lho! Mata setan! Iiiii!
34
Kalau kau mau tahu, setiap pagi, saat mathari bersinar cerah, aku melenggang masuk ke dalam kamar tidur
berliau dengan seenaknya, mengajak basa-basi, berbicara dengan nada ramah sambil menanyakan apakah beliay tidur nyenyak semalam.
35
Maka itu, kecuali beliau punya indra khusus untuk mendeteksi apa yang tidak terdeteksi, rasanya mustahil baginya untuk mencurigaiku.
36
Di malam kedelapan, aku lebih berhati-hati saat membuka pintu kamar beliau.
37
Bila malam-malam sebelumnya au bergerak pelan, kali ini jauh lebih pelan
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130
lagi.
38
Entah kenapa, di malam kedelapan aku baru menyadari untuk pertama kalinya –betapa hebat perbuatanku itu, akal-
akalanku.
39
Aku tidak bisa membendung rasa bangga yang membumbung dalam dada.
40
Bayangkan saja,
selama delapan malam beliau tidak pernah sekali pun mencurigai tindakanku.
41 Aku jadi geli sendiri memikirkannya.
42
Tiba-tiba kulihat beliau di atas ranjang seolah dikagetkan sesuatu.
43
Waduh! Jangan-jangan –kau pasti mengira aku akan mundur melihat ini,
tapi justru kebalikannya.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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44
Kamar tidur beliau bernuansa sangat gelap (tirainya ditutup rapat demi mengusir maling) dan aku dapat memastikan bahwa dengan pencahayaan terbatas, beliau
takkan bisa melihatku, atau pintu yang sedikit terbuka. Oleh sebab itu, aku terus mendorong pintu kamarnya, pelaaaan sekali.
45
Tapi baru saja aku menjulurkan kepala ke dalam kamar
beliau, dan dengan sebelah tangan hendak menyalakan lentera, tiba-tiba lelaki tua itu bangkit duduk di atas ranjang seraya berteriak lantang –“siapa di
situ?”
46
Aku tidak menjawab, tidak juga bergerak. Otot-ototku tegang.…. selama sejam penuh aku tidak mendengar beliau kembali
merebahkan tubhnya di atas ranjang.
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47
Tampaknya beliau masih berada dalam posisi duduk, memasang telinga,persis seperti yang kulakukan tiap malam, berjaga-jaga, siapa tahu malaikat
kematian tengah berdiri mengawasi di balik dinding kamar.
48
Saat ini aku mendengar erangan lemah; erangan yang bermuara dari rasa takut luar biasa.
49
Erangan itu bukan erangan sakit, ataupun duka –sama sekali bukan! melainkan erangan yang bangkit dari dalam jiwa dan
dimotori rasa takut akan sesuatu yang tidak kasatmata.
50 Aku kenal sekali erangan itu.
51
aku bisa merasakan apa yang tengah
dirasakan beliau, karena sering kali, di tengah malam, saat dia terlelap dalam buaian tidur, erangan yang sama bangkit dari dalam jiwaku menggema penuh
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
133
terror, mengganggu alam sadarku.
52 Sudah kubilang aku mengenal erangan itu.
53
Lantas, aku jatuh iba terhadap beliau, mengingat teror yang
melanda jiwanya, meski dalam hati aku tersenyum.
54
Sejak awal aku sadar bahwa beliau sudah mulai merasakan kejanggalan dalam
kamar tidurnya, terlebih saat ia menggeser tubuh di atas ranjang.
55 Rasa takutnya sedikit demi sedikit semakin memuncak;
56 namun beliau tetap mencoba mengusir kekhawatirannya.
57
Berkali-kali beliau berkata pada dirinya sendiri, “suara aneh itu pasti disebabkan karena embusan
angin malam yang terperangkap di dalam cerobong asap –atau suara tikus jalan-jalan.” Atau “derik jangkrik.”
58 Jangan heran, apabila
dihadapkan pada
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134
situasi serupa, semua orang juga pasti mencari penjelasa paling logis. Termasuk kau dan aku. Namun, dalam kasus ini, pada akhirnya tidak ada
satupun penjelasan logis itu yang berhasil membuat lelaki tua itu tenang.
59
Toh nyatanya sia-sia saja beliau mencoba untuk rasional; karena kematian datang
seperti bayangan hitam yang menyelimuti korban-korbannya bahkan sebelum sosoknya yang gelap tiba di hadapan mereka.
60
Aku sangat yakin lelaki tua itu bisa merasakan kehadiranku –meski beliau sama sekali tidak melihatku –di dalam kamar tidurnya.
61
Setelah lama menunggu, kuperhatikan, dia tetap berada dalam posisi duduk di atas ranjang, maka kuputuskan untuk
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
135
menyalakan lentera pelan-pelan, menghadirkan cahaya yang sangat minim.
62
Kulakukan semua itu tanpa bersuara –kau mungkin tak bisa
membayangkan betapa sunyi gerak-gerikku –hingga secercah sinar redup terulur keluar dari dalam bukaan lentera bak benang sutra laba-laba mencuat keluar di antar celah
lentera menyinari mata burung bangkai tersebut.
63 Mata itu terbuka lebar dan tak lama hatiku pun mengamuk.
64
Aku melihatnya dengan jelas –warna yang pucat, selaput yang menjijikkan, ugh! Tulang-tulangku terasa ngilu menatap sorotannya.
65
Tapi aku juga seolah
tersihir, tak mau tahu tentang hal lain, terus mentarahkan cahaya lentera yang remang kea rah mata sial itu.
66 Bukankah tadi sudah kukatakan bahwa kegilaan mampu
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
136
menajamkan indra manusia?
67
Nah, pada saat ini aku mendengar suara samar, namun teratur: seperti jam tangan yang diredam
suaranya oleh bantal kapuk.
68 Meski tak lazim, aku juga mengenal suara itu dengan baik.
69 Denyut itu milik jantung si lelaki tua
70
Amarahku kini tak bisa ditahan lagi, detak jantung belialu bagai tabuhan drum yang mengundang kenekatan prajurit perang.
71
Tapi aku tetap diam. Menahan napas. Kupegang erat lentera dalam genggamanku tanpa bergerak sedikit pun.
72
Kutahan pancaran sinar yang menyeruak
lemah di antara impitan kegelapan malam dan jatuh terus di mata jahanam itu.
73
Sementara telingaku terus mendengar denyut jantungnya,
iramanya yang
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
137
semakin cepat, suaranya yang lantang.
74 Beliau pasti dicekam teror!
75
76
Percaya atau tidak, rasa gugup yang melandaku kini
membuatku senang sekaligus takut.
77
Di tengah kesunyian malam, aku tak berkutik. Denyut jantung lelaki tua itu semakin keras mengetuk genderang
telingaku. Dag! Dig! Dug! Aku khawatir jantungnya akan meletus seperti balon yang ditusuk jarum.
78
Dan aku juga resah kalau-kalau ada tetangga yang
mendengar denyut jantung yang sama menggelegar dari dalam rumah ini. Aku harus melakukan sesuatu.
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Appendix 6. Recapitulation of “Jantung yang Mengaduh”
No R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R NR
1 R R R R R NR R NR NR R 7 3
2 R R R R R R R R R R 10
3 NR R NR R R R R NR NR NR 5 5
4 NR R NR R R NR R R R NR 7 3
5 R R R R R R R R R R 10
6 NR R R R R R R R R NR 8 2
7 R R R R R R R R R NR 9 1
8 R R R R R R R R R R 10
9 R R R R R R R R R R 10
10 NR R R R R R R R NR NR 8 2
11 R R R R R R R R R R 10
12 R R NR R NR R R R R NR 7 3
13 R R NR R R R R NR R NR 7 3
14 R R R R R R R R R R 10
15 NR R NR R R NR NR NR R NR 4 6
16 R R R R R R R R NR R 9 1
17 R NR NR R NR R R R NR R 6 4
18 NR R R R R R R NR R NR 7 3
19 NR R NR NR R R R R NR R 6 4
20 R R R R R R R R R R 10
21 R R R R R R R R R R 10
22 R R NR R R R R R R R 9 1
23 NR R R R R R NR R R R 8 2
24 R R R R R R R R R R 10
25 NR R R R R R R R R NR 8 2
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
139
26 R R NR R NR NR R R R R 7 3
27 NR R R R NR R R R R R 8 2
28 NR R R R R R R R R R 9 1
29 R R R R R NR R R R NR 8 2
30 R R R R R NR NR R NR R 7 3
31 R R R R R R R NR NR NR 7 3
32 NR R R NR R NR R NR R R 6 4
33 R R R R R R R NR R R 9 1
34 NR R R R R R NR R R R 8 2
35 R R R R R NR R R R NR 8 2
36 R R R R R R R R NR R 9 1
37 R R R R R R R R R R 10
38 R R R R R R R R R R 10
39 R R R R R R R R R R 10
40 R R R NR R R R R R R 9 1
41 R R R R R R R R NR R 9 1
42 R R R R NR NR R R R NR 7 3
43 NR R R R R R R R R R 9 1
44 NR R R R R R R R NR NR 7 3
45 NR R R R R R R NR R R 8 2
46 R R R R R R R R NR R 9 1
47 NR R R R R R R R R NR 8 2
48 NR R R R R R R NR NR NR 6 4
49 NR R R R R R R NR R NR 7 3
50 R R R R R R R R R R 10
51 NR R R R R R R R R R 9 1
52 R R R R R R R R R R 10
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
140
53 NR R R R R R R R R R 9 1
54 R R R R NR NR R NR R NR 6 4
55 R R R R R NR R R R R 9 1
56 R R R R NR NR R R NR NR 6 4
57 R R R R R R R R R R 10
58 R R R R R R R R R R 10
59 NR R NR R R R R NR NR R 6 4
60 NR R R NR R NR NR NR NR NR 3 7
61 NR R R R R NR R R NR R 7 3
62 NR R R NR R R R NR R NR 6 4
63 NR R R R R NR NR R NR NR 5 5
64 NR R NR R R R R R R NR 7 3
65 R R R R R R R NR NR R 8 2
66 R R NR R R R R R NR R 8 2
67 R R NR NR NR R R R NR R 6 4
68 R R R R R R R R R R 10
69 NR R R R R R R R R R 9 1
70 R R R R R R R R NR NR 8 2
71 R R R R R R R R R R 10
72 R R R R R R R R R R 10
73 R R R R R R R NR NR R 8 2
74 R R R R R R R NR R R 9 1
75 R R R R R R R NR R R 9 1
76 R R R NR R NR R NR R R 7 3
77 R R R R R NR R NR R NR 7 3
78 R R R R R NR R NR R NR 7 3
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
141
Appendix 7. Recapitulation of “Gema Jantung yang Tersiksa”
No R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R NR
1 R R R R R R R NR R NR 8 2
2 R R R R R R R R R R 10
3 R R R R R R NR NR NR R 7 3
4 R R R R R NR R NR R R 8 2
5 R R R R R R R R R R 10
6 NR R R R R NR R R NR R 7 3
7 NR R R R R NR R R R R 8 2
8 R NR R R R NR R NR R R 7 3
9 R R R R R R R NR R R 9 1
10 NR R NR R R R R NR R R 7 3
11 NR R R R R R R R R R 9 1
12 NR R R R R R R R R R 9 1
13 R R R R R R R R R R 10
14 R R R R R R R NR NR R 8 2
15 R R R NR R R R NR NR NR 6 4
16 R R R R R R R R R R 10
17 R R NR NR R R R R NR R 7 3
18 NR R NR R R R NR NR NR NR 4 6
19 NR R R R R NR R NR R NR 6 4
20 R R R R R R R R R R 10
21 NR NR R R R R R R NR NR 6 4
22 NR R R R R R R R NR R 8 2
23 R R NR R R R NR R R NR 7 3
24 R NR NR R R R NR R NR R 6 4
25 R NR R R R NR R R NR NR 6 4
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
142
26 R NR R R R NR R R R R 8 2
27 NR NR R R R NR R R R R 6 4
28 R NR R R R NR R NR R NR 10
29 NR R NR R R R R NR R R 7 3
30 R NR R R R NR R R R R 8 2
31 NR R NR NR R NR R NR NR R 4 6
32 R NR R R R NR R NR NR R 6 4
33 R NR NR R R NR R NR NR NR 4 6
34 R R R R R R NR NR R R 8 2
35 R NR NR R R NR NR NR NR NR 3 7
36 R R R R R R R R NR R 9 1
37 R R R R R NR R R NR R 8 2
38 R R R R R NR R NR NR R 7 3
39 R R R R R R NR R NR R 8 2
40 R R R R R R R R R R 10
41 R R R R R R R R R R 10
42 NR NR NR NR R R R R NR R 5 5
43 NR R NR NR R NR R NR R NR 4 6
44 NR NR R R R NR NR NR NR NR 3 7
45 R R R R R R R NR NR R 8 2
46 R R R R R R R NR NR R 8 2
47 NR R R NR R R R NR NR R 6 4
48 R NR R R R R NR R NR R 7 3
49 R NR NR R R NR NR R R R 7 3
50 R NR R R R R R R R R 9 1
51 R NR NR R R R R NR NR R 6 4
52 R NR R R R R R R R R 9 1
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
143
53 R NR NR R R NR R R NR NR 5 5
54 R R R R R NR R R R R 9 1
55 R R R R R R R R R R 10
56 R R R R R R R R R R 10
57 NR R R R R R R R R NR 8 2
58 NR R R R R R NR NR NR NR 5 5
59 R R NR R R R NR R R NR 7 3
60 R R R R R R R R R R 10
61 R R R R R R R R R R 10
62 NR NR R NR R NR NR NR R NR 3 7
63 R R R R R R R R NR R 9 1
64 R R R NR R R R R NR R 8 2
65 R NR R NR R R R NR NR R 6 4
66 R R R R R NR NR R R R 8 2
67 NR R R R R R R R NR R 8 2
68 R R R R R R R NR R R 9 1
69 NR R R R R R R NR NR R 7 3
70 R R R NR R NR NR NR NR R 5 5
71 R R R R R R R R R R 10
72 R NR NR R R NR NR R NR R 5 5
73 R R R R R R R R NR NR 8 2
74 R NR R R R R R R NR R 8 2
75 R R R R R R R R R R 10
76 NR R R R R NR NR R R R 7 3
77 R R R R R NR R NR NR NR 6 4
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI