Casualties of World War I

• Great Britain: 947, 000 dead; 2,122,000 wounded• France: 1,385,000 dead; 3,044,000 wounded• Russia: 1,700,000 dead; 4,950,000 wounded• Italy: 460,000 dead; 947,000 wounded• US: 115,000 dead; 206,000 wounded• Germany: 1,808,000 dead; 4,247,000 wounded• Austrio-Hungarian Empire: 1,200,000 dead;

3,620,000 wounded• Ottoman Empire: 325,000 dead; 400,000 wounded

Versailles Treaty

• Really five separate treaties but can think of them as Versailles Treaty

• Two approaches: – Woodrow Wilson– Georges Clemenceau

(French Premier)

Woodrow Wilson’s Approach

• Fourteen Points– Guide to future peace– Open covenants of

peace; openly arrived at

– National Self-Determination

– League of Nations

Georges Clemenceau’s Approach

• Punish Germany– Blamed Germany for

the war– Disarm Germany– Demilitarize the

Rhineland– Create buffer states in

Eastern Europe– Make Germany pay for

the war (“war reparations”)

Results of the Versailles Conference

• Wilson got the League of Nations (but neither Germany nor USSR were in it)—US Senate vetoed entire Versailles Treaty.

• Punish Germany:– Germany blamed for war– No Army– Alsace-Lorraine to France– Rhineland demilitarized– No Armaments Industry– Germany pays for War and

Reparations (5 billion +)

National Self-Determination

• Eastern Europe– Austria-Hungary is

dismantled• Austria becomes small

country• Czechoslovakia• Yugoslavia• Poland

• Treaty of Trianon– Hungary becomes a

very small state, losing much territory and a majority of the Hungarians

– Romania (including large populations of Hungarians)

Middle East After Settlements

• British Role:– Arab Revolts

(Lawrence of Arabia)– Balfour Declaration

• French Role:– Got Involved in

Palestinian struggles to prevent British from getting all Middle East as new colonies

Treaty of Sevres, August 10, 1920

• Mandates (another name for colonies to please President Wilson)

• Jordon—mandate to British

• Palestine—to British• Syria and Lebanon—

French• Hijaz (Arab)

independent

Consequences of “Peace to End All War”

• Rise of the United States as the Great World Power (Massive transfer of wealth from Europe to the United States)

• Hitler - World War II

• The Holocaust

• Rise of the Soviet Union

• The Cold War Rivalry between U.S. and U.S.S.R.

• Arab-Israeli Conflict• Iraq-Iran War

• Persian Gulf War

• Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbian crisis

• 2003 Iraq War

• 2007 Iraq Crisis/Civil War?